Mixture Of Histamine Research Articles

Reduced Responses of Submucous Neurons from Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients to a Cocktail Containing Histamine, Serotonin, TNFα, and Tryptase (IBS-Cocktail).

Background and Aims: Malfunctions of enteric neurons are believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Our aim was to investigate whether neuronal activity in biopsies from IBS patients is altered in comparison to healthy controls (HC).Methods: Activity of human submucous neurons in response to electrical nerve stimulation and local application of nicotine or a mixture of histamine, serotonin, tryptase, and TNF-α (IBS-cocktail) was recorded in biopsies from 17 HC and 35 IBS patients with the calcium-sensitive-dye Fluo-4 AM. The concentrations of the mediators resembeled those found in biopsy supernatants or blood. Neuronal activity in guinea-pig submucous neurons was studied with the voltage-sensitive-dye di-8-ANEPPS.Results: Activity in submucous ganglia in response to nicotine or electrical nerve stimulation was not different between HC and IBS patients (P = 0.097 or P = 0.448). However, the neuronal response after application of the IBS-cocktail was significantly decreased (P = 0.039) independent of whether diarrhea (n = 12), constipation (n = 5) or bloating (n = 5) was the predominant symptom. In agreement with this we found that responses of submucous ganglia conditioned by overnight incubation with IBS mucosal biopsy supernatant to spritz application of this supernatant was significantly reduced (P = 0.019) when compared to incubation with HC supernatant.Conclusion: We demonstrated for the first time reduced neuronal responses in mucosal IBS biopsies to an IBS mediator cocktail. While excitability to classical stimuli of enteric neurons was comparable to HC, the activation by the IBS-cocktail was decreased. This was very likely due to desensitization to mediators constantly released by mucosal and immune cells in the gut wall of IBS patients.

Identification of a novel enzymatic activity from lactic acid bacteria able to degrade biogenic amines in wine

The main objectives of this study were the search for enzymatic activities responsible for biogenic amine (BA) degradation in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from wine, their identification, and the evaluation of their applicability for reducing BAs in wine. Fifty-three percent of the 76 LAB cell extracts showed activity against a mixture of histamine, tyramine, and putrescine when analyzed in-gel. The quantification of the degrading ability for each individual amine was tested in a synthetic medium and wine. Most of the bacteria analyzed were able to degrade the three amines in both conditions. The highest percentages of degradation in wine were those of putrescine: up to 41% diminution in 1 week. Enzymes responsible for amine degradation were isolated and purified from Lactobacillus plantarum J16 and Pediococcus acidilactici CECT 5930 strains and were identified as multicopper oxidases. This is the first report of an efficient BA reduction in wine by LAB. Furthermore, the identity of the enzymes involved has been revealed.

Photoinduced electron-transfer chemistry of the bielectrophoric N-phthaloyl derivatives of the amino acids tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.

The photochemistry of phthalimide derivatives of the electron-rich amino acids tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan 8–10 was studied with respect to photoinduced electron-transfer (PET) induced decarboxylation and Norrish II bond cleavage. Whereas exclusive photodecarboxylation of the tyrosine substrate 8 was observed, the histidine compound 9 resulted in a mixture of histamine and preferential Norrish cleavage. The tryptophan derivative 10 is photochemically inert and shows preferential decarboxylation only when induced by intermolecular PET.

Itch Induced by a Novel Method Leads to Limbic Deactivations— A Functional MRI Study

Functional brain imaging studies on itch usually use histamine as a stimulus and, in consequence, have to cope with the highly variable time course of this particular itch sensation. In this study, we describe a novel method of histamine application. To provoke itch, a mixture of histamine and codeine was applied through intradermally positioned microdialysis fiber. The itch was terminated by lidocaine application through the same fiber. During one fMRI session, this procedure was repeated four times in four different microdialysis fibers, including one placebo control. Itch ratings of the subjects were correlated with blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) effects. In a subsequent experiment performed in the same fMRI session, heat pain was provoked in the right forearm with a Peltier thermode. During both experiments, activation clusters were found in brain areas that have been described previously to be frequently activated in response to painful stimuli. This includes prefrontal areas, supplementary motor areas (SMA), premotor cortex, anterior insula, anterior midcingulate cortex, S1, S2, thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. In general, itch stimulation entailed more activation clusters, in particular on the contralateral brain side. Only on itch, but not on heat pain, negative BOLD signals were found in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala. The latter results may be associated with the itch induced urge to scratch. Amygdala deactivation may be related to the preparation of scratching by aiming to dissolve the otherwise aversive effects of the noxious scratch stimuli. These negative BOLD effects may also be attributed to the stressful character of itch stimulation.

Selective analysis of histamine in food by means of solid-phase extraction cleanup and chromatographic separation

A simple, practical technique is presented for the selective determination and measurement of histamine (HA) levels in fermented food. The method involved a solid-phase extraction cleanup using a Sep-Pak Plus C-18 cartridge and ion-paired reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (IP-RP-HPLC) separation, followed by detection of HA at its UV absorbance wavelength of 220 nm. After evaporating a methanolic extract from the food sample, the resulting residue was reconstituted with 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.0), and subsequently passed through the cartridge. The aliquot of the solution which came out of the cartridge was chromatographed in IP-RP mode on a C-18 column, as the stationary phase, and with a solution of 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.0)–acetonitrile–water (1:24:166, v/v) containing 2 mM sodium 1-octane sulfonic acid, as the mobile phase. When this method was applied to a mixture of HA, Cadaverine (Cad), Putrescine (Put), Serotonin (5HT), and Tyramine (Tyr), only HA was detected at 16.4 min of retention time. The method was fully validated and validation parameters were: linearity range 2–1000 ppm; correlation coefficient >0.991; mean recovery >99.5%; limit of quantification 2 ppm and limit of detection 0.5 ppm. The method was next applied to 12 brands of Miso (fermented soybean paste), 9 brands of Sake (rice wine), and 5 brands of Shouyu (Japanese soy sauce) to verify its ability to detect the presence of HA in a variety of fermented foods. The method proved to be both rapid and accurate and is therefore recommended for use in HA pollution surveys and in the routine practice of food-quality control.

Immunological induction of flavour aversion in mice. II. Passive/adoptive transfer and pharmacological inhibition.

Mice immunized with ovalbumin develop a strong aversion to ingesting sweetened egg white dilutions or ovalbumin solutions. In immunized animals, gavage or voluntary ingestion of ovalbumin triggers an increase of vascular permeability in the intestine; pretreatment with a mixture of histamine and serotonin antagonists blocked this reaction, but not the aversion; dexamethasone inhibited both the aversion and the increase in permeability. The aversion was transferred to normal recipient mice with high-titre anti-Ova sera obtained with complete Freund's adjuvant, but not with lower-titre serum pools of mice immunized with the help of Al(OH)3 adjuvant. However, the aversion was also (adoptively) transferred with whole spleen cells from immune donors. This later condition is inefficient to transfer the formation of high titres of specific antibodies.

Effect of chymotrypsin on rat blood pressure

1. 1. Chymotrypsin (Cht) administration (14 mg/kg, i.v.) to rats always caused hypertension; hypotension preceded this effect in 64% of the observations ( n = 11). 2. 2. A 68% reduction of circulating kininogen but not of angiotensinogen was observed after Cht administration. 3. 3. Cht effects were not affected by captopril, [Sar 1-Leu 8]-angiotensin II and alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists. In 70% of the observations ( n = 10) hypotension was abolished by a mixture of histamine H 1-and H 2-antagonists. Therefore histamine release may explain hypotension. 4. 4. Cht released in vitro from rat plasma, a substance producing hypertension in the rat and contraction of the guinea-pig ileum. Both effects were antagonized by [Sar 1-Leu 8]-angiotensin II. 5. 5. In spite of this angiotensin release in vitro, the hypertensive component of the in vivo response to Cht seems to be due to some other substance.

Ionic control of the size of the vesicle matrix of beige mouse mast cells.

Isolated matrices of the giant secretory vesicles of mast cells of the beige mouse were reliably produced by the osmotic lysis of isolated vesicles. These matrices maintained their form, and their sizes were easily measured using Nomarski optics. The size of the matrix depended on the ionic composition of the bathing solution. The physiologically relevant ions, histamine and serotonin, contracted the matrix. Multivalent cations condensed the matrix relative to univalents. Ag+, acid pH (below 5), and basic pH (above 9) expanded the matrix. In the presence of 10 mM histamine, lowering the pH from 9 to 5 contracted the matrix more than can be attributed to the pH-dependent matrix contraction in zero histamine. The nontitratable organic cation, dimethonium, contracts the matrix with little effect of pH in the range of 5-9. These results suggest that histamine acts as a matrix contractor in the divalent form. The dose-response (contraction) relation for histamine was gradual from micromolar to 316 mM (millimolar) histamine. Experiments with mixtures of histamine and sodium show antagonistic effects on the matrix but are inconsistent with either a model where ions compete for identical sites or a parallel model where ions interact with separate independent sites. In vigorous histamine washoff experiments, the half time for vesicle expansion in 10(-4) M pH buffer was approximately 4 s; in isotonic NaCl solution, it was 0.5 s. When 1 M histamine was presented to closely apposed matrices, fusion resulted. The matrix material returned to its initial shape after being mechanically deformed with a glass probe. These results suggest that the matrix size is controlled by its ion exchange properties. The matrix expansion can quantitatively account for the vesicular size increase observed upon exocytosis (as a postfusional event) and the osmotic nonideality of intact vesicles. The mechanical expansion is probably significant in the widening of the exocytotic pore and the dispersal of the vesicular contents.

Differential Pulse Polarography of Nickel(II) with Imidazole and Related Compounds

Abstract Electrochemical reductions of nickel(II) complexes with imidazole, histamine, histidine, and pilocarpine have been studied using differential pulse polarography in the presence of 1.0 mol dm−3 sodium acetate as supporting electrolyte. The peak potential for the complexes appeared at more positive potentials than for the nickel aquo ion. The positive shift ceases and then reverses to the negative direction for high ligand concentrations. Both histidine and pilocarpine have shown another wave which may be ascribed to the catalytic reduction of hydrogen ions in the solution. The peak height of the differential pulse pre-wave increases with the concentration of the ligands only when shift in potential is in the positive direction with the nickel ion concentration in excess of the organic ligand. The linearity of variation of the peak height with the concentration for the above mentioned compounds has been investigated. A mixture of histamine and histidine showed two separate peaks, permitting possibl...

Cellular aspects of conjunctival inflammation induced by the synergistic action of histamine and prostaglandins

Histamine or prostaglandin (PG) E1 or E2 administered to rabbits topically alone in high doses produced conjunctival vasodilation associated with little or no edema while their mixture at lower concentrations produced conjunctival vasodilation associated with profound edema. Sections of tissues treated with the mixture of histamine and PGE1 or PGE2 showed widespread epithelial and subepithelial inflammatory cellular infiltration. Conjunctival smears from eyes treated with the histamine/PG mixture contained small lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, including eosinophilic and occasionally basophilic cells. Differential staining of the polymorphs demonstrated both eosinophils and pseudoeosinophils. Histological examination of the conjunctival smears and sections of the lids obtained from eyes treated with either histamine or PGE1 or PGE2 alone did not show any detectable increase of inflammatory cells when compared to normal controls. The clinical and histological results indicate that the synergistic effect of histamine with PGs of the E-type in the conjunctiva produces an inflammatory response similar to that seen in various clinical forms of human allergic conjunctivitis. Such a response could not be produced by histamine or PGE1 or PGE2 alone even at much higher doses than in the mixture. The data indicate that an interplay of several different mediators may be crucial in the conjunctival response in allergy.

Histamine, prostaglandins and ocular inflammation

The interactions of different concentrations of prostaglandin E 1 and prostaglandin F 2α with histamine were studied both inside the rabbit eye following intracameral injections and externally on the conjunctiva after topical administration. Clinical observation and [ 125I]-albumin measurements showed that the simultaneous administration of prostaglandin E 1 (but not prostaglandin F 2α) potentiated the edema-producing action of histamine in conjunctival tissue. Similar results were obtained in a limited number of experiments using prostaglandin E 2. In addition, the mixture of histamine and prostaglandin E 1 (but not the individual components) resulted in the conjunctival area being hypersensitive to touch. Histamine alone, in doses up to 50 μg, produced very little effect when given by intracameral injection and in contrast to the results obtained in conjunctival tissue, neither prostaglandin E 1 nor prostaglandin F 2α enhanced the actions of histamine on intraocular pressure or the protein content of aqueous humor following simultaneous intracameral administration. These results suggest that prostaglandins may play a direct role in internal ocular inflammation but that in the conjunctiva, prostaglandins may serve to amplify the inflammatory responses produced by other vasoactive amines (histamine in the present study). It is suggested that drugs which inhibit the action or synthesis of prostaglandins may prove useful in treating various symptoms of external ocular inflammation.

Mechanisms of anaphylaxis in the mouse. Similarity of shock induced by anaphylaxis and by mixtures of histamine and serotonin.

Mechanisms of anaphylaxis in the mouse. Similarity of shock induced by anaphylaxis and by mixtures of histamine and serotonin.

Untersuchungen an Ionenaustauschmodellen zum Verständnis der Physiologie biogener Amine. Austauschversuche an einem schwefelsäuregruppentragenden Harz zum Verständnis von sogenannten Histaminliberationsvorgängen

Mixtures of histamine and other basic substances as hydrochlorides were added in equivalent amounts to an acid ion exchange system containing SO4-groups in the H+-form (Dowex 50 W × 2). After completion of the equilibrium, the amounts of both the free histamine and the competing substance were determined by potentiometric titration.

鮮魚によるヒスタミン中毒について

An allergic type of food poisoning broke out in some district of Kagawa Prefecture, Shikoku Island, in November, 1955. The incriminated food was fish broiled with sauce, which had been prepared from a species of fish called karasu in Japanese. The previous report dealt with the results of investigations in which a large quantity of histamine (12 mg per gram of fish broiled with sauce) had been detected from the incriminated food, the symptoms manifested by the patients involved, and the histamine-producing ability of the Morganella organisms isolated from the incriminated food. After that, experiments were performed on the effect of the histamine produced by the isolated Morganella organisms upon guinea pigs, especially changes in the differential blood cell count and the actual count of circulating eosinophils in them. The results obtained from these experiments are summarized as follows.1. When injected intraperitoneally with 3 cc of either histamine, the filtrate of the isolated strain through Seitz filter, or a mixture of histamine and “diphenhydramine hydrochloride, ” guinea pigs showed a sudden decrease in lymphocytes and a sudden increase in neutrophils in differential blood cell counts and a remarkable decrease in actual counts of circulating eosinophils. When the mixture of histamine and “diphenhydramine hydrochloride” was injected, the decrease in the actual counts of eosinophils was relatively a little slow.2. In guinea pigs injected with “diphenhydramine hydrochloride” solution, a decrease in lymphocytes and an increase in neutrophils in number were observed as in those injected with histamine, the Seitz filtrate of the isolated strain, or the mixture of histamine and “diphenhydramine hydrochloride.” The trend of such decrease or increase, however, was slow and the recovery of these cells to their normal numbers was rather rapid. No conspicuous changes were recognized in the actual count of eosinophils.3. In guinea pigs injected with a culture medium to which was added histidine, changes were hardly noticed in lymphocyte and neutrophil leukocyte counts and actual counts of eosinophils.4. In 5 cases examined, there were no distinct changes in the number of monocytes and no definite trend in the fluctuation of white blood cell counts in which some increase or decrease had been observed.

Influence of histamine on nerve block due to anti-histaminics.

MOST of the anti-histaminic drugs are local anæsthetics1. Procaine, too, has an anti-histaminic action2. Euler has demonstrated the presence of large amounts of histamine in certain nerves3. We have investigated the influence of histamine on the nerve block caused by procaine and some of the anti-histaminics. In the frog nerve–muscle preparation, we have found that a nerve block caused by, for example, pyribenzamine can be removed by washing with a solution containing, besides the blocking concentration of the local anæsthetic, a certain concentration of histamine. If the nerve is placed in contact with the mixture of histamine and blocking agent solution, no block results even when the concentration of the blocking agent is quite sufficient for producing block if applied alone. Two typical experiments follow.