Mixture Of Hexane Research Articles

Optimisation of the recovery of carotenoids from tomato processing wastes: application on textile dyeing and assessment of its antioxidant activity

The present study has been focused on the extraction of natural pigments from tomato industry waste. At first, different solvents and solvents mixture were compared to determine which one is the best for extracting carotenoids compounds from tomato by-products. A mixture of hexane and acetone gave the highest carotenoids extraction yield among the others examined. The extraction conditions were optimised using a five-level–five-factor central composite design. Under optimal conditions, solvent solid ratio 90, hexane percentage in the solvent mixture 60, extraction duration 50, number of extractions 4 and extraction temperature 35 °C, the yield of carotenoids was 80.7 μg/g. The coloured extract of tomato by-products was applied on textile fabrics to investigate the dyeing characteristics and antioxidant activities. The results indicate that extract can be applied on textile fabrics (wool, silk and polyamide) to produce coloured clothing with acceptable antioxidant properties.

An Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Water-Alternating-Gas and Simultaneous-Water-and-Gas Displacements for Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery and Storage

Summary This paper presents an experimental and numerical study that delineates the co-optimization of carbon dioxide (CO2) storage and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in water-alternating-gas (WAG) and simultaneous-water-and-gas (SWAG) injection schemes. Various miscibility conditions and injection schemes are investigated. Experiments are conducted on a homogeneous, outcrop Bentheimer sandstone sample. A mixture of hexane (C6) and decane (C10) is used for the oil phase. Experiments are run at 70°C and three different pressures (1,300, 1,700, and 2,100 psi) to represent immiscible, near-miscible, and miscible displacements, respectively. WAG displacements are performed at a WAG ratio of 1:1, and a fractional gas injection (FGI) of 0.5 is used for SWAG displacements. The effect of varying FGI is also examined for the near-miscible SWAG displacement. Oil recovery, differential pressure, and compositions are recorded during experiments. A co-optimization function for CO2 storage and incremental oil production is defined and calculated by use of the measured data for each experiment. The results of SWAG and WAG displacements are compared with the experimental data of continuous-gas-injection (CGI) displacements. A compositional commercial reservoir simulator is used to examine the recovery mechanisms and the effect of mobile water on gas mobility. Experimental observations demonstrate that the WAG displacements generally yield higher co-optimization function than CGI and SWAG with FGI = 0.5 displacements. Numerical simulations show a remarkable reduction in gas relative permeability for the WAG and SWAG displacements compared with CGI displacements, as a result of which the vertical-sweep efficiency of CO2 is improved. More reduction of gas relative permeability is observed in the miscible and near-miscible displacements than in the immiscible displacement. The reduced gas relative permeability lowers the water-shielding effect, thereby enhancing oil recovery and CO2-storage efficiency. More water-shielding effect is observed in SWAG with FGI = 0.5 than in WAG. However, increasing FGI from 0.5 to 0.75 in the near-miscible SWAG displacement shows a significant increase in oil recovery, which is attributed to reduced water-shielding effect. So, an optimal FGI needs to be determined to minimize the water-shielding effect for efficient SWAG displacements.

The selectivity of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different anions to BTX aromatics in hexane at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure

The selectivity of alkyl-substituted imidazolium cation-based ionic liquids (ILs) with different anion: Tf2N, PF6, Tf2N and BF4, namely 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][Tf2N]), 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]), 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([EMIM][Tf2N]), 1-Methyl-3-octyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([OMIM][BF4]), was tested for the extraction of benzene, toluene and p-xylene(BTX) aromatics with hexane mixtures. Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data were determined for the six ternary mixtures {hexane (1)+BTX (2)+ILs (3)} at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. In addition, binary LLE data from 293.15 K to 318.15 K are also reported for the system {hexane (1)+[BMIM][Tf2N] (2)}. The ternary experimental LLE data were satisfactorily correlated with the NRTL activity coefficient model. The degree of consistency of the tie lines was estimated by using the Othmer-Tobias equation, for which a good linear correlation coefficient (R2) was obtained. As a result, the selectivity of ILs as potential solvents for the extraction of BTX from aliphatic components was found to be much higher than unity and PF6 anion showed higher selectivity compared to other anions.

Identification and Optimisation of Lipase-Catalysed Synthesis of Betulinic Acid Amide in a Solvent System

Betulinic acid amide was synthesized from the enzymatic reaction of betulinic acid and butylamine catalysed by Novozym 435. The effects of different reaction parameters, such as effect of reaction time, reaction temperature, amount of enzyme, and substrate molar ratio (betulinic acid : butylamine), were studied and conventionally optimised. Based on this study, the enzymatic synthesis of betulinic acid amide was found to be 64.6% at the optimum conditions of 24 h, 40°C, 100 mg enzyme, and 1 : 1 substrate molar ratio in 9 : 1 mixture of chloroform and hexane as solvent. The identification of final product was carried out using TLC, melting point, and FTIR and NMR showed the presence of betulinic acid amide.

Separation of azeotropic mixture acetone + hexane by using polydimethylsiloxane membrane

Abstract We report on possibilities of separation of the azeotropic mixture of acetone + hexane via sorption and pervaporation techniques using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. Acetone + hexane mixtures were studied at the temperature of 25 °C over the whole concentration range. The equilibrium and preferential sorption experiment were performed. Furthermore, the original physicochemical properties of acetone + hexane mixtures such as the excess surface tensions were determined and correlated using the Redlich-Kister equation. Determined differences in hexane and acetone sorption in PDMS, as well as in Flory-Huggins interaction parameters, are consistent with the differences in Hildebrand solubility parameters of pure liquids compared to PDMS, i.e. hexane and PDMS have identical value (14.9) which corresponds to higher sorption and higher rate of interaction with PDMS exhibited by hexane compared to acetone with 19.6. The pervaporation experiments confirmed that PDMS is able to separate this liquid mixture at the azeotropic point composition.

Phase Behavior and Densities of Propylene + Hexane Binary Mixtures to 585 K and 70 MPa

In this study, we report phase behavior data for propylene + hexane mixtures at temperatures of 295 to 468 K and pressures to 5.5 MPa and high-pressure mixture density data at temperatures of 295 to 584 K and pressures to 70 MPa. Both the phase behavior and density data are simultaneously determined using a variable volume, high-pressure view cell that is coupled with a linear variable differential transformer. The phase behavior and mixture density data are modeled with the Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK), Peng–Robinson (PR), modified Sanchez–Lacombe (MSL), and perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) equations of state (EoS). The PC-SAFT and MSL EoS provide the best fit of the phase behavior data with a nonzero value of 0.028 for kij. Likewise, the PC-SAFT EoS provides the best fit of the high-pressure mixture density data, though the PC-SAFT equation slightly overpredicts the solution density and the calculated densities are relatively insensitive to changes in kij from zero to 0.028.

Anthraquinone Siloxanes as Thickening Agents for Supercritical CO2

A series of aromatic amide-functionalized, low-molecular-weight polydimethylsiloxanes were synthesized, and their solubility and thickening ability in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) were evaluated. Amide-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) oligomers with simple or electron-rich aromatic groups were found to be moderate viscosity oils, indicating that the end groups do not interact strongly enough to be thickeners. Attachment of electron-deficient aromatic groups, such as 4-nitrophenyl, biphenyl, or anthraquinone, onto these amides produced solid polysiloxanes, even at relatively higher degrees of polymerization on the PDMS core (x = 40–50). PDMS derivatives with anthraquinone-2-carboxamide (AQCA) end groups were clear, somewhat rubbery solids. These compounds were found to act as thickeners and gelators of hexanes. In addition, they were able to thicken and/or gel mixtures of hexane and scCO2. The best results were obtained with an AQCA-terminated branched PDMS. Branched fluorenone-2-carboxamide ...

Selective pressurized liquid extraction of replacement and legacy brominated flame retardants from soil

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardant registered as UN POPs due to their persistence in the environment, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity. Replacement novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have exhibited similar health hazards and environmental distribution, becoming recognized as significant contaminants. This work describes the development and validation of a sensitive and reliable method for the simultaneous quantitation of PBDEs and NBFRs in environmental soil samples using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-(EI)-MS/MS). Under optimal conditions, extraction of eight PBDEs (−28, −47, −99, −100, −153, −154, −183 and −209) and five NBFRs; pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) was performed at 100°C and 1500psi using a 1:1 mixture of hexane and dichloromethane. The method utilized 33mL capacity PLE cells containing, from bottom to top, a single cellulose filter, 3g activated Florisil, 6g acid silica (10% w/w), 3g Na2SO4, another cellulose filter, 2g activated copper powder and 3g soil sample dispersed in 2g Na2SO4 and 1g of Hydromatrix. The method was evaluated by repeated extraction and analysis of all analytes from 3g soil at three spike concentrations. Good recoveries were observed for most analytes at each of the spiking levels with RSD values generally below 20%. MDLs ranged from 0.01 to 4.8ng/g dw for PBDEs and 0.01–0.55ng/g dw for NBFRs. The described one-step combined extraction and cleanup method reduces sample processing times compared with traditional procedures, while delivering comparable analytical performance. The method was successfully applied to environmental soil samples (n=5), detecting PBDEs in each sample and providing the first account of NBFR contamination in Australian soils.

The Antidiabetic Effects of The Bioactive Flavonoid (Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-6{P- Coumaroyl} Glucopyranoside) Isolated From Allium cepa.

Allium cepa has been in use in traditional medicine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts have been found effective in lowering blood glucose levels in experimental diabetic rats and guinea pigs. The study was carried out to isolate the active principle responsible for the observed hypoglycaemic effect in experimental animals. Freeze-dried aqueous extract of Allium cepa was separated into various fractions using column chromatography with silica gel as a stationary phase. The column was eluted with various ratios of mixtures of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. These column fractions obtained were tested for hypoglycaemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. The identified active fraction was further separated by means of preparative thin layer chromatography (P-TLC) using silica gel as stationary phase and mixture of solvents chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol in the ratio of 10: 4: 1 respectively as the mobile phase. Pre-coated P-TLC plates were used and the fraction bands were identified under u.v. lamp and by spraying with concentrated sulphuric acidvanillin reagent. The isolated bands (Rf 0.438) were scrapped off from the P-TLC plates, redissolved in absolute methanol, filtered and concentrated to dryness. The isolated compound's structure was determined be means of one and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as comparison with literature data. The isolated compound given at 25 mg/kg dose reduced blood glucose in diabetic rats in manner which was comparable to the effect obtained with 2 mg/kg of glibenclamide (p < 0.05). The structure of the compound was found to be that of kaempferol- 3-O-β - D 6{P-coumaroyl} glucopyranoside. The research findings have supported the claims that extracts of Allium cepa possess glucose lowering properties in experimental diabetic animals.

Influence of geometric and electronic features of pyridine derivatives and triethylamine on the formation of a metal carboxylate core in reactions producing cadmium(ii) pivalate complexes

The reaction products of [Cd(piv)2] (piv is–O2CBut) with isoquinoline (iqn), 2,4-lutidine (lut), phenanthridine (phend), 2,3-cyclododecenopyridine (cpy), and triethylamine (Et3N) were synthesized and their structures were determined. The steric factors were found to play a more important role in cadmium(ii) pivalate complexes compared to 3d metal carboxylates in the +2 oxidation state. The reaction of [Cd(piv)2] with isoquinoline produces only the mononuclear complex [Cd(piv)2(iqn)3] (1). The reaction of [Cd(piv)2] with pyridine derivatives bearing a bulky substituent at the α position is accompanied by the formation of symmetrical dinuclear complexes of the composition [Cd2(piv)4(L)2]. In the complexes with L = lut (2) or phend (3), the cadmium(ii) atoms are linked by two chelating-bridging carboxylate groups; in the complex with L = cpy (4), by four bidentate-bridging groups. The reaction of [Cd(piv)2] with Et3N in a solution of MeCN gives the centrosymmetric linear trinuclear complex [Cd3(piv)6(Et3N)2] (6); in a mixture of benzene and hexane, the ionic compound (HEt3N)[Cd2(piv)5(H2O)] (7). The crystal structures of all synthesized compounds were determined by X-ray diffraction.

Rapid determination of organochlorine pesticides in fish using selective pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

A rapid automated extraction and cleanup method using selective pressurized liquid extraction was developed and validated for 14 organochlorine pesticides in fish. The lipid-removal efficiencies achieved by adding alumina, Florisil, acid-treated silica gel, and silica gel to the extraction cell were determined and optimized. In the optimized method, fish (2–3g) was placed above alumina (30g) in the extraction cell, then the sample was extracted using a 7:3 mixture of hexane and dichloromethane. The method was validated using certified reference materials (NIST SRM 1946 and 1974c), spiked fish, and four lipid-rich fish samples. The mean low- and high-concentration spike recoveries were 91% and 93% with RSD<20%, respectively. Measured concentrations of target OCPs showed good agreement with the certified concentrations in certified reference materials. It suggests the good accuracy and precision of the SPLE method. The proposed method met the most important requirements of an extraction and cleanup procedure, including having a short preparation (cleanup and concentration) time and minimal sample contamination and being able to be automated.

ChemInform Abstract: Nanoparticle Superlattices as Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting.

AbstractCoO, MnO, and CoMnO oleate complexes are prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of MnCl2 and CoCl2 as well as sodium oleate in a solvent mixture (8:6:14) of EtOH, H2O, and hexane (70 °C, 4 h).

SIFT-MS analysis of the removal of dimethyl sulphide, n-hexane and toluene from waste air by a two phase partitioning bioreactor

Dimethyl sulphide (DMS), n-hexane and toluene removal from a waste air was carried out by a two phase partitioning bioreactor (TPPR) containing a 25/75vol/vol silicone oil/water emulsion inoculated with activated sludge under continuous feeding conditions. The performance of the reactor was determined using two different measuring techniques, GC-FID and SIFT-MS in order to determine the feasibility of the SIFT-MS as analytical technique. The linearity between both measurement techniques indicated that SIFT-MS can be used as a suitable alternative to determine the bioreactor performance. When feeding the TPPR only with hexane, elimination capacities (EC) of 139, 164 and 242gm−3h−1 are reached for an inlet load (IL) of 350gm−3h−1 at respectively 30, 60 and 120s empty bed residence time (EBRT). If a mixture of DMS, hexane and toluene is fed to the bioreactor at an EBRT of 60s EC of respectively 45, 45 and 75gm−3h−1 are reached for the different compound at an IL of 100gm−3h−1. This indicates that a TPPR can be applied to treat a mixture of hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds. Excessive growth of biomass in a TPPR can lead to deteriorated aeration and a decrease in performance. By using pulse injections, the net retention time of the compounds could be determined online, which is related to the aeration and air distribution within the reactor. A low net retention time indicates bad aeration and air distribution, resulting in a low reactor performance. Therefore the net retention time can be used as a parameter indicating when biomass needs to be purged or when the aqueous medium needs to be refreshed.

Effects of Hexane in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for the Separation of Enantiomers.

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), operated in conventional mode, is normally recognized as normal phase chromatography, and uses a solvent combination of supercritical CO2 and alcohols to separate compounds. Hexane, a commonly used solvent in normal phase liquid chromatography (NP-LC), is rarely used in SFC and, in some cases, is added to the organic modifiers to increase liquid content in order to achieve better efficiency in preparative SFC for poorly retained compounds. Although hexane is believed to have similar solvent strength to that of supercritical CO2, its effects on the enantioseparation in SFC is largely unknown. To understand the chromatographic effects of an apolar solvent, such as hexane in SFC, we compared the chromatographic behaviors of 35 chiral compounds using a parallel SFC method under traditional SFC mode of only “pure” alcohol-CO2 to that of hexane-assisted SFC (HA-SFC), which uses mixtures of alcohol and hexane (as cosolvents) and CO2. We observed that, in some cases, hexane behaves just like supercritical CO2, where replacement of a portion of CO2 with hexane does not significantly change retention times or resolution of the peaks. In many cases, however, addition of hexane in mobile phases does affect chromatographic behavior of one or both enantiomers. Such effects might provide opportunities for separation of some enantiomers.

Flow synthesis of medium molecular weight polyisobutylene coinitiated by AlCl3

In this work, we established a microflow reaction system, and systematically investigates the flow synthesis of medium molecular weight polyisobutylene (MPIB, 10,000–100,000gmol−1) coinitiated by neat AlCl3 in the mixture of hexane and CH2Cl2. It includes (1) revealing the effects of mixing conditions and the evolution of polymer products, (2) proposing chain transfer dominated polymerization mechanism with considerations on the possibilities or rates of various chain reactions, (3) exploring the effects of diluent from the viewpoint of active species transformation to guide for the selection of diluent, (4) evaluating the effects of temperature to find a window capable of producing MPIBs with adjustable molecular weight, and (5) testing the polymerization process in high monomer concentration to enhance the productivity. Exploiting the perfect performances of a microflow system in mixing and residence time control, the adjustable molecular weight in the range from 20,000 to 100,000gmol−1 was afforded at relative high temperatures (−30°C to −10°C). The reaction time for quantitative conversion could be decreased to 6s. It potentially leads to a breakthrough for high efficiency MPIBs production.

Extraction of carotenoids from Lycium ferocissimum fruits for cotton dyeing: Optimization survey based on a central composite design method

Studies were carried out to assess the extraction yield of carotenoids from the African boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum Miers, Solanaceae) fruits with different solvents and solvent mixtures, to optimize the extraction conditions for maximum recovery and to improve the extraction efficiency. Among other solvents, a mixture of hexane and acetone gave the highest carotenoid extraction. Extraction conditions, such as hexane percentage in hexane/acetone solvent mixture, solvent-solid ratio, and extraction time were optimized using a statistically designed experiment. A regression equation for predicting the carotenoid yield as a function of three extraction variables was derived by statistical analysis. The optimized conditions for maximum carotenoids yield were 45 % hexane in solvent mixture, solvent-solid ratio of 70 (ml/g) and extraction time 70 min. The dyeability of cotton with carotenoids extract has also been studied. Unmordant and postmordanted bleached cotton fabric with alum and ferrous sulphatewas dyed. Color measurements and fastness properties as light, rubbing and wash were tested.

Selection of Organic Solvent for Microencapsulation Technique among Dodecane, Acetone, Hexane and Heptane with water

Density, viscosity, refractive index, ultrasonic velocity and surface tension values have been determined at temperature 313.15 K for the whole compositions for the binary liquid mixtures of acetone, hexane, heptane and dodecane with water at atmospheric pressure. These experimental values have been used to estimate the respective excess properties along with some acoustic and thermodynamics properties. From the properties of these excess parameters the nature and quality of the interactions and solubilisation potential and thermodynamic stability these binary systems are discussed and finally we are identified the best organic solvent for microencapsulation technique.

Cytotoxicity of Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lamk.) Extract on Breast Cancer Cell Line (T47D)

Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lamk.) has been extensively used to treat various diseases includingcancer. There are many varieties of buah merah and there was no scientifi c study comparing cytotoxicity ofdifferent varieties. The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of three varieties of buah merahknown as Barugum, Maler and Yanggiru on breast cancer cell line (T47D). All samples were collected fromPapua, Indonesia. Each sample was extracted consecutively using three solvents chloroform, methanol andwater resulted to nine crude extracts. The cytotoxic activities were determined using MTT assay. The crudeextract showed the lowest IC50 was selected for further bioassay-guided fractionation. Fractionation was doneusing vacuum liquid chromatography coupled with preparative TLC to fi nd the active compounds. Severaldetection reagents were applied to TLC for identifi cation of the class of the potent compounds. The resultshowed that the potent extracts was obtained from Barugum methanol extract followed by Maler chloroformextract with IC50 value of 132.83 μg/ml and 139.72 μg/ml, respectively. All Yanggiru extracts did not showactivity. The bioassay-guided fractionation of Barugum and Maler extracts showed that the most potent fractioneluted by a mixture of hexane:ethyl acetate (75:25), was in Maler variety with IC50 value of 25,7 μg/ml, fourtimes higher than the most potent fraction of Barugum with IC50 value of 104,61 μg/ml. TLC analysis of themost potent fraction showed that the active compounds was class of terpene. Result of this study supportedthe utilization of buah merah Maler variety for breast cancer treatment.

Enantioselective analysis of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide in human plasma with application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study.

Cyclophosphamide (CY) is one of the most common immunosuppressive agents used in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. CY is a prodrug and is metabolized to active 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (HCY). Many authors have suggested an association between enantioselectivity in CY metabolism and treatment efficacy and/or complications. This study describes the development and validation of an analytical method of HCY enantiomers in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) that can be applied to pharmacokinetic studies, filling this gap in the literature. HCY enantiomers previously derivatized with phenylhydrazine were extracted from 200-μL plasma aliquots spiked with antipyrine as internal standard and a mixture of hexane and dichloromethane (80:20, v/v) was used as the extraction solvent. The derivatized HCY enantiomers were resolved on a Chiracel(®) OD-R column using water:acetonitrile:formic acid (55:45:0.2, v/v) as the mobile phase. No matrix effect was observed and the analysis of HCY enantiomers was linear for plasma concentrations of 5-5000ng of each enantiomer/mL plasma. The coefficients of variation and inaccuracy calculated in precision and accuracy assessments were less than 15%. HCY was stable in human plasma after three successive freeze/thaw cycles, during 3h at room temperature, and in the autosampler at 4°C for 24h after processing, with deviation values less than 15%. The method was applied to evaluate the kinetic disposition of HCY in a patient with multiple sclerosis who was pretreated with intravenous racemic CY for stem cell transplantation. The clinical study showed enantioselectivity in the pharmacokinetics of HCY.

Hydrophobic silica aerogel derived from wheat husk ash by ambient pressure drying

Silica aerogels from wheat husk ash (WHA) were prepared via a sol–gel process by ambient pressure drying. Silica was extracted from WHA by NaOH solution to form sodium silicate, which was used as precursor for aerogels. Silica wet gels were synthesized by resin-exchange-alkali-catalysis of the sodium silicate solution, followed by solvent exchange with ethanol (EtOH) and hexane in turn. Consequently, a mixture of trimethylchlorosilane, EtOH and hexane was used for surface modification of the wet gels in order to obtain hydrophobic silica aerogels. The density, pore structure, hydrophobic property and thermal insulation property of the obtained silica aerogels were investigated in detail. The results show that the formation of silica aerogels can be successfully realized at a SiO2/H2O weight ratio varying from 0.065 to 0.167. Silica aerogels possess a desirable pore structure with a surface area ranging from 513 ± 5 to 587 ± 6 m2/g, a pore volume from 2.3 ± 0.3 to 4.0 ± 0.1 cm3/g and a pore size from 9 ± 2 to 15 ± 1 nm, an outstanding hydrophobic property with a water contact angle of 147 ± 0.1° and a distinguished thermal insulation property with a low thermal conductivity ranging from 0.009 ± 0.0001 to 0.012 ± 0.0002 W/(m·K).