Mixture Of Ground Research Articles

Shared purity and concurrence of a mixture of ground and low-lying excited states as indicators of quantum phase transitions

We investigate the efficacy of shared purity, a measure of quantum correlation that is independent of the separability-entanglement paradigm, as a quantum phase transition indicator in comparison with concurrence, a bipartite entanglement measure. The order parameters are investigated for thermal states and pseudo-thermal states, of the systems considered. In the case of the one-dimensional J 1 − J 2 Heisenberg quantum spin model and the one-dimensional transverse-field quantum Ising model, shared purity turns out to be as effective as concurrence in indicating quantum phase transitions. In the two-dimensional J 1 − J 2 Heisenberg quantum spin model, shared purity indicates the two quantum phase transitions present in the model, while concurrence detects only one of them. Moreover, we find diverging finite-size scaling exponents for the order parameters near the transitions in odd- and even-sized systems governed by the one-dimensional J 1 − J 2 model, as had previously been reported for quantum spins on odd- and even-legged ladders. It is plausible that the divergence is related to a Möbius strip-like boundary condition required for odd-sized systems, while for even-sized systems, the usual periodic boundary condition is sufficient.

Estimating phase transition of perturbed Heisenberg quantum chain in mixtures of ground and first excited states

We show that the nearest neighbour entanglement in a mixture of ground and first excited states—a subjacent state—of the Heisenberg quantum spin chain can be used as an order parameter to detect the phase transition of the chain from a gapless spin fluid to a gapped dimer phase. We study the effectiveness of the order parameter for varying relative mixing probabilities between the ground and first excited states in the subjacent state for different system sizes, and extrapolate the results to the thermodynamic limit. We observe that the nearest neighbour concurrence can play a role of a good order parameter even if the system is in the ground state, but with a small finite probability of leaking into the first excited state. Moreover, we apply the order parameter of the subjacent state to investigate the response to separate introductions of anisotropy and of glassy disorder on the phase diagram of the model, and analyse the corresponding finite-size scale exponents and the emergent tricritical point in the former case. The anisotropic chain has a richer phase diagram which is also clearly visible by using the same order parameter.

Quench dynamics and defects formation in the Ising chain in a transverse magnetic field

We study analytically and numerically quench dynamics and defects formation in the quantum Ising model in the presence of a time-dependent transverse magnetic field. We generalize the Landau-Ziner formula to the case of non-adiabatic evolution of the quantum system. For a quasi-static magnetic field, with a slow dependence on time, our outcomes are similar to the results predicted by the Landau-Zener formula. However, a quench dynamics under a shock-wave load is more complicated. The final state of the system depends on the amplitude and pulse velocity, resulting in the mixture of ground and excited states and significant density of defects.

Properties dependence of the lightweight alumina products obtained by a semi-dry pressing method on the alumina type

Lightweight materials are widely used in industry for thermal insulation of various thermal units. The choice of lightweight material depends on the specific conditions of service. For the lining of high-temperature units operating in reducing environments, alumina lightweight products are used that contain a minimum amount of Fe2O3 impurities and free (unbound in compounds) SiO2.
 In JSC “URIR named after A. S. Berezhnoy” a technology of alumina lightweight products of grades KLA-1.1 and KLA-1.3 by a semi-dry pressing method with an application temperature of up to 1550 °C has been developed. These products are made from a mixture of ground and no-milled γ-form alumina of grade 0 and α-form alumina of grade S with additives of pitch coke and chalk.
 The work purpose was improvement of the alumina lightweight products technology and search for new alternative raw materials along with the currently used alumina grade S. The properties dependence of alumina lightweight products, obtained by the semi-dry pressing method, on the type of alumina α-form, was investigated.
 As a result of the studies, it was found that, for the manufacture of alumina lightweight products of grades KLA-1.1 and KLA-1.3 by the semi-dry pressing method, alumina grades N and NR can be used as an alternative alumina-containing raw material along with alumina grade S. The phase composition of alumina lightweight products of grades KLA-1.1 and KLA-1.3, which are manufactured using alumina grades S, N and NR, was represented mainly by corundum and calcium hexaluminate. The alumina lightweight products, which were manufactured using alumina grades S, N and NR, were characterized by similar high properties and correspond the technical requirements for grades KLA-1.1 and KLA-1.3.

Lotka-Volterra population dynamics in coherent and tunable oscillators of trapped polariton condensates

We demonstrate a regime in which matter-wave condensates of exciton-polaritons trapped in an elliptically shaped two-dimensional potential appear as a coherent mixture of ground and first-excited state of the quantum harmonic oscillator. This system resembles an optically controllable two-level system and produces near terahertz harmonic oscillations of the condensate's center of mass along the major axis of the elliptical trapping potential. The population ratio between the two trap levels is tunable through the excitation laser power and is shown to follow Lotka-Volterra dynamics. We demonstrate coherence formation between two spatially displaced trapped condensate oscillators - the polaritonic analogue of Huygen's clock synchronization for coupled condensate oscillators.

New powder material obtained from spent coffee ground and whey protein; Thermal and morphological analysis

Currently, the food industry generates large amounts of agroindustry waste. Specifically, the coffee and cheese industry produce spent coffee ground and whey respectively. Therefore, it is important to find applications for these residues allowing the food industry to be friendly with the environment. The main goal of this research was to evaluate some morphological and thermodynamic properties of a powder product obtained by spray drying, from the mixture of Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) with Whey Concentrated (WC). The methodology includes the mixture of different combinations of SCG (4, 10 & 16%) with WC; afterward, the mixture was spray dried using an inlet temperature of 170 °C. The powder characterization includes: Moisture, Water Activity (Aw), Glass Transition temperature (Tg). In addition, isothermal curves were obtained. As a result, the moisture content and Aw of the powder were 3.25 ± 0.18 and 0.252 ± 0.01, while the bulk density was 0.495 ± 0.10 g/cm3, showing a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with the particle size (43.87 μm). Such an effect was confirmed by a Scanning electron microscope. The Tg values were in between 59.72 and 84.58 °C. Moisture-sorption isotherms were determined (17-45 °C) and the moisture content at the monolayer was between 0.043 and 0.086 kg of water/g dry basis, and the isosteric heat was −27.65 kJ/mol, which decreased as a function of the increase in moisture content. In general, it can be concluded that it is possible to obtain a powder, from the residues of the coffee and cheese industry; which has physical, thermal and morphological properties with high potential for application in the dairy industry.

Depth-Focused Waveform Based on SHEPWM Method for Ground-Airborne Frequency-Domain Electromagnetic Survey

The ground–airborne frequency-domain electromagnetic (GAFDEM) survey is a mixture of ground and airborne electromagnetic methods with a source on the ground and a magnetic field receiver in the air. The technique probes different depths of the earth by transmitting waveforms at different frequencies. Therefore, multiple closely spaced frequencies are needed when surveying a specific target depth in detail. However, in the existing GAFDEM systems using a square wave or a 2 n pseudorandom wave, the ground source needs to transmit more sets of waveforms with different fundamental frequencies in more flights to improve the vertical resolution for the same observed line, which will seriously reduce the exploration efficiency. In this paper, we design a depth-focused waveform to solve this problem based on a new full-cycle asymmetrical selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM) method. In the SHEPWM method, we obtain a desired spectrum by directly controlling the switching angles of a binary sequence with an artificial neural network algorithm. In our study, we first provide the basic theory and method for waveform design. Then, we realize the depth-focused waveform and pseudorandom waveform via simulation. Next, we employ the depth-focused waveform into practice and compare it with the 2 n pseudorandom wave in a GAFDEM field survey. The test shows that the survey result with a depth-focused waveform has a higher vertical resolution and efficiency.

Synergetic effect of biomass mixture on pyrolysis kinetics and biocrude-oil characteristics

Biocrude-oil characteristics were investigated from fast pyrolysis of a mixture of Douglas fir and coffee ground. The mixture was prepared on a 1: 1 weight basis and pyrolyzed in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Characteristics of biocrude-oil were compared at various reaction temperatures ranging from 673-873K. The mixture resulted in a more improved quality biocrude-oil than each biomass feedstock at the reaction temperature of 823 K with significantly low atomic ratio of 0.43 O/C. The kinetic parameters for biomass decomposition were investigated through Friedman, KAS, FWO and CC isoconversional models. In mixture pyrolytic conversion range of 0.1-0.8, the average activation energy was found to be 135 kJ/mol. The results showed that pyrolysis of coffee ground with Douglas fir has more synergetic effect than individual biomass, which leads to a potentially higher quality fuel with lower activation energy to that of biomass.

Effects of partly replacing dietary starch with fiber and fat on milk production and energy partitioning

The effects of partly replacing dietary starch with fiber and fat to provide a diet with similar net energy for lactation (NEL) density on yields of milk and milk components and on energy partitioning were evaluated in a crossover design experiment. Holstein cows (n=32; 109±22 d in milk, mean ± standard deviation) were randomly assigned to treatment sequence. Treatments were a high-starch diet containing 33% corn grain (mixture of dry ground and high-moisture corn; HS) or a high-fiber, high-fat diet containing 2.5% palmitic acid-enriched fatty acid (FA) supplement (HFF). Diets contained corn silage, alfalfa silage, and wheat straw as forage sources; HS contained 32% starch, 3.2% FA, and 25% neutral detergent fiber, whereas HFF contained 16% starch, 5.4% FA, and 33% neutral detergent fiber. Compared with HS, the HFF treatment reduced milk yield, milk protein concentration, and milk protein yield, but increased milk fat concentration, milk fat yield, milk energy output, and milk to feed ratio (energy-corrected milk/dry matter intake). The HFF treatment reduced the yield of de novo synthesized (<16-carbon) milk FA and increased the yield of 16-carbon milk FA. Yield of preformed (>16-carbon) milk FA was not different. The HFF treatment increased plasma concentrations of triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids, but decreased plasma concentration of insulin. Compared with HS, the HFF treatment reduced body weight gain, change in body condition score, and fat thickness over the rump and rib. Calculated body energy gain, as a fraction of NEL use, was less for HFF than HS, whereas milk energy as a fraction of NEL use was increased for HFF. We concluded that the 2 treatments resulted in similar apparent NEL densities and intakes, but the HS treatment partitioned more energy toward body gain whereas the HFF treatment partitioned more energy toward milk. A high-fiber, high-fat diet might diminish the incidence of over conditioning in mid-lactation cows while maintaining high milk production.

Ultracold Heteronuclear Mixture of Ground and Excited State Atoms

We report on the realization of an ultracold mixture of lithium atoms in the ground state and ytterbium atoms in an excited metastable (3P2) state. Such a mixture can support broad magnetic Feshbach resonances which may be utilized for the production of ultracold molecules with an electronic spin degree of freedom, as well as novel Efimov trimers. We investigate the interaction properties of the mixture in the presence of an external magnetic field and find an upper limit for the background interspecies two-body inelastic decay coefficient of K2'<3×10(-12) cm3/s for the 3P2 mJ=-1 substate. We calculate the dynamic polarizabilities of the Yb(3P2) magnetic substates for a range of wavelengths, and find good agreement with our measurements at 1064 nm. Our calculations also allow the identification of magic frequencies where Yb ground and metastable states are identically trapped and the determination of the interspecies van der Waals coefficients.

Mobilization of Phosphorus, Potassium and Silicon in the Greenhouse Ground at Application of Bacterial Preparations

The investigation of P, K and Si mobilization dynamics in greenhouse ground with the application of selective microorganisms and diatomite was the purpose of this work. The substrate for laboratory research was ground (peat and perlite mixture-PP), diatomite (D) and bacterial preparations, which were introduced into the ground. Four bacteria isolated of environment places: from soils—Bacillus macerans and Bacillus circulans and from surface of sand—Bacillus circulans 2 and Corynebacterium sp. have been applied as a basis of bacterial preparations. Experiment included 10 variants: two grounds (PP and PPD) and 8 variants with treating ground of each of four bacterial preparations. The results showed that the content of water-soluble elements forms in a ground with microorganisms after 56 days has increased: P and K—in 10 times, Si—in 3 times. It proved efficiency of bacterial cultures in the mobilization of these elements. The most active microorganisms were those that have been isolated from surface of sand (Corynebacterium sp. and Bacillus circulans 2). The mixture of ground and diatomite showed the best efficiency. The best ground microbes' community was investigated using chemo diagnostic method gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It has been shown that the content of Acetobacterium sp. (the culture capable to formation of acetic acid in an anaerobic metabolism), had increased to the end of composting period in 10 times and the number of Bacillus sp.—as minimum in 100 times.

Scytalidium thermophilum-colonized grain, corncobs and chopped wheat straw substrates for the production of Agaricus bisporus

We examined the possibility of cultivating Agaricus bisporus ( Ab) on various grains and agricultural by-products, with the objective of improving yield capacity of substrate pre-colonized by Scytalidium thermophilum ( St). Radial growth rate (RGR) of St at 45 °C ranged from no growth on sterile wheat grain to 14.9 mm/d on whole oats. The linear extension rate (LER) of Ab, grown on St-colonized substrate (4 days at 45 °C), ranged from a low of 2.7 mm/d on 100% corncobs to 4.7 mm/d on a 50/50 mixture of ground corncobs/millet grain. Several other substrates containing wheat straw + ground corncobs + boiled millet and pre-colonized by St (4 days at 42 ± 3 °C), were evaluated for production of Ab. The biological efficiency (BE) of production increased linearly with the addition of millet to the formula. However, substrates with millet levels ⩾84% often were contaminated before mushroom harvest. Maximum BE (99%) and yield (21.6 kg/m 2) were obtained on St-colonized wheat straw + 2% hydrated lime supplemented with 9% commercial supplement added both at spawning and at casing.

Parametric Investigation of the Performance of Lidar Filters Using Different Surface Contexts

Lidar technology has provided an accurate and efficient way to obtain digital elevation models. While digital terrain models (DTMs) are essential products for three-dimensional spatial applications, extraction of ground points from a mixture of ground and non-ground points is not straightforward, and interactive classification of massive point data sets is prohibitive. To automate the filtering process, many algorithms have been proposed and demonstrated to produce satisfactory results when applied with suitably tuned parameters. For obtaining quality products using lidar filters, however, not only to figure out their optimal performance, but also to analyze the cause and effect relationships between filtering steps and their effects under variable conditions is important. Hence, this study examined the performance of three popular surface models for lidar data filtering: morphological operations, triangulation, and linear prediction. For the test, consistent setting of parameters was applied across considerably different landscape datasets. The strengths and weaknesses of the test filters were investigated by comparing the metrics of omission and commission errors and volumetric distortions, and by observing resulting DTMs and relevant surface profiles.

Forest health surveillance in Tasmania

Summary Forest health surveillance (FHS) has been routinely conducted in pine and eucalypt plantations in Tasmania's state-owned forests since 1997. The original objectives of FHS included the detection of exotic pests and diseases, managing the risks arising from native pests and diseases, identifying new threats and recommending operational responses to health or performance issues. Surveillance includes a mixture of aerial, roadside and ground or follow-up surveys. The program has undergone a process of constant revision in response to both industry needs and research outcomes. As a result FHS has become a simpler and more cost-effective operation with a focus on the detection of operationally relevant pest and disease problems. The notification and client liaison system ensures that problems are reported in a timely manner and allows for the tracking of operational responses and outcomes. FHS data are collated annually on a state-wide basis and are used to satisfy a range of reporting obligations. A hazard-site surveillance program now provides early warning of exotic pest and disease incursions. Today, FHS still satisfies most of its original objectives and plays an important role in achieving some of Forestry Tasmania's high-level management objectives. It has expanded, and is flexible enough, to incorporate the needs of a range of external clients, as well as including targeted surveys in areas with high non-wood values such as wildlife habitat strips. Furthermore it meets the requirements of certification schemes such as the Australian Forestry Standard and ISO 14000. It is expected that FHS will continue to evolve with the introduction of new technology and in response to the needs of a dynamic industry.

Establishment of direct seeded seedlings of Norway spruce and Scots pine: Effects of stand conditions, orientation and distance with respect to shelter tree, and fertilisation

Abstract The objectives of this work were to quantify the effects of stand stem density (SSD), orientation and distance with respect to shelter tree, and fertilisation on the establishment of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. regenerated by direct seeding on different soil preparations. The field experiment was performed on South (64°14′N, 19°46′E, 225 m a.s.l.) and North (64°09′N, 19°36′E, 274 m a.s.l.) slopes in boreal Sweden. Regeneration and height growth in three SSDs with different light regimes, i.e. uncut forest (∼500 stems/ha), shelterwood (∼150 stems/ha), and clear-cut, were compared. Sowing was done in 2001, after using two soil preparations (mineral soil and a mixture of mineral soil and humus layer ground to a fine texture), at six distances to shelter trees (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 and 6 m). Half of the seedlings were also irrigated with fertiliser (10 mM N) from the second to the fourth growing season after seeding, i.e. until final inventories were made. The light environment did not differ significantly between different orientations and distances with respect to trees, but it was clearly different between SSDs. The establishment and growth of direct seeded seedlings depended on species and SSD as well as on soil preparation. On the North slope, the emergence was highest (50 seedlings in percent of germinable seeds for P. sylvestris and 44% for P. abies ) in SSD 150. On the other hand, on the South slope the conditions in SSD 0 favoured the high emergence of P. sylvestris (41%), whereas for P. abies there was no difference between SSD 0 and SSD 150 (28% versus 30%, respectively). The soil preparation that created a mixture of mineral soil and humus layer generally favoured seedling emergence. Only for P. abies on the North slope, fertilised seedlings were taller (ca. 20%) than non-fertilised seedlings. After four years, P. abies on the North slope was most successful with nine seedlings in percent of germinable seeds remaining out of 24% emerged. The main conclusion is that for plant establishment from seed, the general conditions of the stand matter more than the orientation and distance with respect to the nearest tree and the light environment is more important than the nutritional status, i.e. light requirements cannot be moderated by nutrient supply.

Absolute photoionization cross sections forXe4+,Xe5+, andXe6+near13.5nm: Experiment and theory

Absolute photoionization cross-section measurements for a mixture of ground and metastable states of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{4+}$, ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{5+}$, and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{6+}$ are reported in the photon energy range of $4d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}nf$ transitions, which occur within or adjacent to the $13.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ window for extreme ultraviolet lithography light source development. The reported values allow the quantification of opacity effects in xenon plasmas due to these $4d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}nf$ autoionizing states. The oscillator strengths for the $4d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4f$ and $4d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5f$ transitions in ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{q+}$ $(q=1--6)$ ions are calculated using nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock and random phase approximations. These are compared with published experimental values for ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$ to ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{3+}$ and with the values obtained from the present experimental cross-section measurements for ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{4+}$ to ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{6+}$. The calculations assisted in the determination of the metastable content in the ion beams for ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{5+}$ and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{6+}$. The experiments were performed by merging a synchrotron photon beam generated by an undulator beamline of the Advanced Light Source with an ion beam produced by an electron cyclotron resonance ion source.

Localization transition in a ballistic quantum wire

The many-body wave function of localized states in one dimension is probed by measuring the tunneling conductance between two parallel wires, fabricated in a $\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Al}\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}$ heterostructure. Tunneling conductance in the presence of a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the wires serves as probe of the momentum space wave function of the wires. One of the two wires is driven into the localized regime using a density tuning gate, whereas the other wire, still in the regime of extended electronic states, serves as a momentum spectrometer. As the electron density is lowered to a critical value, the state at the Fermi level abruptly changes from an extended state with a well-defined momentum to a localized state with a wide range of momentum components. The signature of the localized states appears as discrete tunneling features at resonant gate voltages, corresponding to the depletion of single electrons and showing Coulomb-Blockade behavior. Typically 5--10 such features appear, where the one-electron state has a single-lobed momentum distribution, and the few-electron states have double-lobed distributions with peaks at $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{k}_{F}$. A theoretical model suggests that for a small number of particles $(N&lt;6)$, the observed state is a mixture of ground and thermally excited spin states.

Effects of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria extracts on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane emission

An in vitro continuous incubation system was used to evaluate effects of increasing concentrations of Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) and Quillaja saponaria extract (QSE), at 0, 2, 4, and 6 ml/l, on rumen fermentation and methane production. The culture media consisted of 400 ml of strained rumen fluid collected from two ruminally cannulated non-lactating Holstein cows fed oat and alfalfa hay (1:1, w/w) at a maintenance energy level ( i.e., 55 g of DM/kg of BW 0.75 daily), and 400 ml of McDougall's buffer. Treatments were in two 4 × 4 Latin square experiments for YSE and QSE. The culture media were anaerobically incubated with 10 g of a mixture of ground concentrate and oat hay (1:1, w/w) at 39 °C for 24 h. Gas emission from each fermentation vessel was measured continuously by infrared methane and carbon dioxide gas analyzers. Rate and extent of methane production were reduced (P<0.001) by YSE addition in a dose-dependent manner by up to 42% and up to 32%, respectively, whereas QSE did not effect methane production. Medium pH was not altered by YSE, but increased (P<0.01) with QSE addition. Ammonia N concentrations were markedly reduced (P<0.001) by YSE in a dose-dependent manner by up to 48%, whereas QSE supplementation only tended (P=0.06) to decrease NH 3–N concentrations. Protozoal numbers decreased (P<0.001) by up to 56% with YSE and by up to 41% with QSE addition. Addition of YSE and QSE increased (P<0.001) medium optical density at 660 nm (OD 660), indicating that microbial populations increased. Propionate concentration increased (P<0.001) by up to 54% and acetate to propionate ratios decreased (P<0.001) by YSE addition in dose-dependent manners. QSE addition increased (P<0.05) propionate concentrations by up to 19%, but there were no differences among levels of QSE addition. Results suggest that Y. schidigera extract has a particular suppressing effect on rumen methanogenesis and that both plant extracts, Y. schidigera and Q. saponaria, may have potential as antiprotozoal agents.

Photoionization of the ground-state Be-like B+ ion leading to the n = 2 and n = 3 states of B2+

A theoretical study of the photoionization of the 1S ground state of Be-like B+ ion leading to the 2s, 2p, 3s and 3p states of B2+ has been performed using a noniterative eigenchannel R-matrix method. The autoionizing Rydberg series which converge to the various levels of B2+ limits up to 3d are identified and characterized. In addition, a calculation of the photoionization of the 2s2p 3Po metastable state of B+ ion was performed to compare the results with recent work on the photoionization of a mixture of ground and metastable states of the B+ ion. Excellent agreement with recent experiment and associated theory in the photon energy range 22–31.3 eV was found. The present calculation is also in overall reasonable agreement with a previous Opacity Project (OP) calculation, and excellent agreement between length and velocity gauges is found.

Chirped excitation of optically dense inhomogeneously broadened media using Eu^3+:Y_2SiO_5

We describe experimentally accessible diagnostics for the excitation of optically dense frequency-selective media by linear frequency-chirped pulses using a sensitive pump–probe technique on the 7F0 to 5D0 transitions of 1.0% Eu3+:Y2SiO5. Distinct features within a transmitted cw probe pulse are used to identify the combination of linear chirp rate and optical power needed to produce an average Bloch-vector rotation of 90°. The resulting superposition state is thus an equal mixture of the ground and excited states on average. We find experimentally a linear relationship between the applied chirp-pulse intensity and chirp rate required to produce this half-inversion, a conclusion supported by both analytical calculations made using a Landau–Zener approach, and detailed computer simulations using the Maxwell–Bloch model. The numerical simulations predict experimentally observed phenomena such as the reshaping of probe pulses by stimulated emission or absorption. Finally, we quantify the relationship between chirp rate and optical power for half-inversion as a function of the optical density of the medium. The pump–probe experimental techniques and simulation analysis techniques developed here can be extended to produce an arbitrary mixture of ground and excited states, on average, in media spanning a wide range of optical density. Preparation of such media by chirped pulses for applications in quantum computing, photon-echo-based time-domain storage, and signal processing will be aided by these techniques.