Mixture Of Fluoride Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of Ceramics BaxMg(2 – x)F4 Activated by Tungsten

The possibility of radiation synthesis of luminescent ceramics from a mixture of Ba and Mg fluorides and WO3 oxide is shown for the first time. Synthesis is implemented in a powerful electron beam with an energy of 1.4 MeV by direct exposure of the charge to radiation. It is shown that the characteristic band is observed in the photoluminescence spectrum of the synthesized materials due to the introduction of tungsten, which indicates the incorporation of tungsten into the lattice during radiation synthesis without the use of additional substances in the charge.

Gas-phase etching mechanism of silicon oxide by a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and ammonium fluoride: A density functional theory study

We report the selective etching mechanism of silicon oxide using a mixture of hydrogen fluoride (HF) and NH4F gases. A damage-free selective removal of native oxide has been used in semiconductor manufacturing by forming and removing the ammonium fluorosilicate [(NH4)2SiF6] salt layer. A downstream plasma of NF3/NH3 or a gas-phase mixture of HF and NH4F was used to form (NH4)2SiF6. We modeled and simulated the fluorination of silicon oxide and the salt formation by density functional theory calculation. First, we simulated the successive fluorination of silicon oxide using SiO2 slab models. The fluorination reactions of SiO2 surfaces by the mixture produced a volatile SiF4 molecule or a surface anion of –OSiF4−* with an NH4+ cation with low activation energies. Unlike HF, NH4F produced surface salt species consisting of a surface anion and an ammonium cation. Next, we simulated the (NH4)2SiF6 formation from the two reaction products on fluorinated SiO2 surfaces. (NH4)2SiF6 can be formed exothermally with low activation energies (0.27 or 0.30 eV). Finally, we compared silicon with SiO2 to demonstrate the inherently selective etching of silicon oxide. The fluorination reactions of silicon by the mixture showed the activation energies significantly higher than the SiO2 cases, 1.22–1.56 eV by HF and 1.94–2.46 eV by NH4F due to the less stable transition state geometries. Therefore, the selective salt formation on silicon oxide, not on silicon, is expected in near-room temperature processing, which enables selective etching of silicon oxide.

Corrosion Behavior of Incoloy®800H, Hastelloy®G35® and 316L Stainless Steel in the Molten Eutectic Fluoride Mixture FLiNaK and Its Vapors

This paper discusses the findings of a corrosion experiment which investigates a transition area which is between the lower area and upper area of the sample. In this experiment, the lower half of the sample surface is exposed to molten salt and the upper half of the sample surface is exposed to the vapors generated by molten FLiNak salt. Incoloy®800H and Hastelloy®G35® alloys and 316L stainless steel were selected for the corrosion experiment on the basis of their Cr content. The experiment was conducted at 600 °C for a period of 100 h. The results of the experiment show that, in the transition area, no abrupt change in corrosion mechanism takes place; the experiments also give us information on how the degree of degradation varies across the three areas of the samples. The experiment also showed two distinct corrosion mechanisms operating in the test samples: intergranular corrosion in the SS316L stainless steel test sample and continuous corrosion in Hastelloy®G35®. The results also show a progressive reduction in the concentrations of F, K and Na in the upper areas compared to the lower areas for Hastelloy©G35®. Cr is shown to have a critical role in the corrosion process, even when the sample surface is not in direct contact with the molten salt and is only in contact with the vapors generated by the molten salt.

A new lithium barium aluminum oxide fluoride, LiBa2AlO3F2

Single-crystal grains of a new quinary compound, LiBa2AlO3F2, were obtained from a polycrystalline sample prepared by heating a starting binary oxide and fluoride mixture with a composition richer in Li and Al than the stoichiometric composition at 1023 ​K. Single-crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed that LiBa2AlO3F2 crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell (a ​= ​7.9953 (3) Å, b ​= ​11.7763 (4) Å, c ​= ​5.6090 (2) Å, space group Pbcm). Al-centered O tetrahedra form zigzag chains in the c-axis direction by sharing vertex oxygen atoms. An OF4 four-sided pyramid is formed, and a Li atom is situated in the pyramid and near the F4 basement. A Li-OF4 pyramid layer is formed by sharing F atoms of the pyramid at x ∼0 around the (100) plane. Ba atoms are located between the slab of Al–O4 zigzag chains and the Li–OF4 pyramid layer. Rietveld analysis of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern indicated that a single-phase polycrystalline bulk sample of LiBa2AlO3F2 was synthesized from a starting-materials mixture with the stoichiometric composition. The conductivity measured for the sample prepared at 1173 ​K was 2.6 ​× ​10−9 ​S ​cm−1 ​at 301 ​K and 2.9 ​× ​10−6 ​S ​cm−1 ​at 443 ​K, and the Li+ transport number was 99%. LiBa1.94Eu0.06AlO3F2 was synthesized by partial substitution of Eu2+ for Ba2+. A broad emission spectrum with a peak at 610 ​nm and a full-width at half-maximum of 170 ​nm was recorded for this sample under ultraviolet-light excitation at a wavelength of 330 ​nm.

Facile synthesis of hollow carbon spheres by gas-steamed bifunctional NH4F for efficient cathodes in microbial fuel cells

A facile gas-steamed strategy is reported for preparing heteroatom dual-doped hierarchical porous hollow carbon catalysts via carbonization of a mixture of carbon sphere precursor and ammonium fluoride (NH4F). Notably, NH4F can be decomposed into NH3 and HF by pyrolysis, in which HF gas can etch SiO2 pellets to form hollow structure while the N and F atoms can be introduced at the same time. The FCS-900 exhibits admirable electrocatalytic properties with the highest onset potential and limiting current density in neutral electrolytes (0.944 V vs. RHE and 6.44 mA cm−2). In comparison to MFC-Pt, much higher output voltage and power density (0.617 V and 1093.6 ± 6.26 mW m−2) are obtained by MFC-900. Such results can be attributed to the largest specific surface area of FCS-900 to supply exposed active sites and fast transportation channels. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the FCS-900 catalyst possesses the active substances of pyridinic/graphitic N and C-F bonds. The synergism of N and F can effectively facilitate the adsorption of O2 during ORR, as further supported by density functional theory calculation. The facile and green synthesis strategy can be extended to design metal-free carbon-based electrocatalysts with superior electrocatalytic performance.

Electroreduction of Nickel(II) Chloride and Cobalt(II) Fluoride Mixtures in a Heat Activated Battery

Electroreduction of Nickel(II) Chloride and Cobalt(II) Fluoride Mixtures in a Heat Activated Battery

Interaction between Iron Fluoride and Molten FLiBe

The equilibrium potentials of iron in a LiF-BeF2-FeF2 melt were measured using the EMF method and were dependent upon the temperature and iron fluoride concentrations. The empirical equations for the isotherms and equilibrium polytherms of the iron fluoride concentration were obtained. The cathode polarization of iron fluoride in the molten mixture of lithium and beryllium fluoride was measured using the current switch off method from the stationary state. It was found that in the studied temperature and concentration ranges of iron fluoride in the LiF-BeF2 electrolyte, the valence state of iron in the melt is mainly +2. According to the experimental values of the equilibrium potentials of the iron electrode in the LiF-BeF2-FeF2 melt, the conditional standard potentials of iron were calculated relative to the fluoride reference electrode in the molten mixture of lithium and beryllium fluoride. The conditional standard values of the Gibbs energy change were calculated at the formation of iron difluoride from the element in the form of dilute solutions, as were the thermodynamic values (enthalpy and entropy) when iron difluoride was mixed with LiF-BeF2.

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide assisted intercalation and exfoliation for titanium carbide with enlarged interlayer spacing for high-performance supercapacitor

It is well known that the interlayer spacing of two-dimensional (2D) materials is crucial in enhancing their electrochemical performance. However, the interlayer spacing of titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets prepared by current synthetic methods is either limited or the experimental methods are too complicated. Based on this, we propose a new synthesis method using the mixture of hydrogen fluoride (HF) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CATB) as the etching agent, and the interlayer spacing of the Ti3C2Tx nanosheets obtained by exfoliation is as high as 37.8 Å. The enlarged interlayer spacing not only exposes more active sites but is sufficient to accommodate more insertion and deinsertion of cations, which achieves a significantly improved capacitance value of 322 F/g with scan rate of 5 mV/s in acidic electrolyte and excellent rate performance. In particular, the advantages of the enlarged interlayer spacing in energy storage are more reflected both in neutral electrolyte and alkaline electrolyte. The density functional theory (DFT) analysis indicates that the optimal energy storage performance is achieved only with the optimal interlayer spacing. This work provides a guiding design approach for MXene materials and high-performance supercapacitors.

Superefficient separation of HFC-245fa/HF using extractive distillation: From computational thermodynamics to process assessment

In this study, the applications of different extractants in the separation of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane/hydrogen fluoride mixtures at the molecular level (including the extraction mechanism) and on a systematic scale (including extraction performance analysis) were investigated. The optimal extractant was screened, and 99.9 % 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane and hydrogen fluoride was obtained by an extractive distillation process. The extractant screening results indicated that ethyl acetate was the most promising extractant for 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, followed by dimethyl sulfoxide. Analysis of the relative volatility also validated that ethyl acetate can be used as an extractant for separating 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane/hydrogen fluoride mixtures. The extractive distillation process results showed the optimal C01 and C02 parameters as determined by the sequential iterative optimization method. Economic analysis indicated that the annual operating costs and equipment costs are $ 0.70 × 106 and $ 2.01 × 106, of which the equipment costs of C01 and C02 are 33.03 % and 23.91 %, respectively. Environmental analysis demonstrated that the amount and cost of CO2 emissions for extraction distillation using ethyl acetate are 1.22 × 104 t/y and 6.34 × 104 $/y, respectively, which are 71.36 % lower than those of pressure swing distillation process. In addition, a reduction in the operating time results in a significant reduction in the emission costs.

Solubilities of RE2O3 in REF3-LiF (RE = Nd, Dy) at 1473 K

The development of a recycling process for rare-earth-containing waste is important for improving the resource conservation and resource security of rare-earth metals. Phase equilibria between the molten fluoride and rare-earth oxide were investigated to develop a novel recycling process for neodymium magnets based on the flux-remelting method. LiF—rare-earth fluoride (REF3, RE = Nd, Dy) mixtures and rare-earth oxides (RE2O3, RE = Nd, Dy) were selected, and the phase equilibria in the Nd2O3−NdF3−Li2O−LiF and Dy2O3−DyF3−Li2O−LiF systems were investigated by differential thermal analysis and chemical equilibrating method. It was revealed that compounds NdOF, Nd4O3F6, DyOF, and Dy4O3F6 were stable as an equilibrium phase at 1473 K. In the dissolution of Nd2O3 in molten LiF–NdF3, Nd4O3F6 formed when the mixing ratio exceeds the solubility limit of the melt and the compound coexists with the melt. In the same manner, Dy4O3F6 formed when the mixing ratio exceeds the solubility limit of molten LiF-DyF3 and the compound coexists with the melt. At 1473 K, the solubilities of Nd2O3 in molten LiF—50 mol% NdF3 and Dy2O3 in molten LiF—50 mol% DyF3 were determined as 7.4 mass% and 7.6 mass%, respectively. An enhancement device for the dissolution rate of oxyfluorides is required for practical applications owing to the slow dissolution rate. The recycling process can be used to regenerate neodymium magnet waste by adding a small amount of virgin rare-earth metals.Graphical Abstract

Synthesis and Chemoresistive Properties of Single-Layer MXene Ti2CTx

As part of the study, we have developed a method for obtaining a single-layer Ti2CTx MXene by the interaction of Ti2AlC with a mixture of hydrochloric acid and sodium fluoride followed by delamination using a tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution and ultrasonic exposure. The obtained stable aqueous dispersion of Ti2CTx has been applied by microplotter printing onto a specialized sensor chip, which has been dried at a temperature of 150°C under reduced pressure. The coating has been studied using modern physicochemical methods of analysis. According to the data of X-ray spectral elemental microanalysis, the ratio n(Ti) : n(F + Cl) = 2 : (0.82–0.85), n(F) : n(Cl) ≈ 6 : 4; aluminum impurity does not exceed 1.5–2.0%. Data have been obtained on the local electrophysical properties of the Ti2CTx coating: on the value of the electron work function from the surface of the material, the distribution of charge carriers, and the capacitance gradient of the “probe tip–sample microregion” capacitor. For the first time, at an operating temperature of 30°C, extremely high chemoresistive responses of the Ti2CTx receptor layer to the content of 1 and 5% oxygen in nitrogen have been determined, which amounted to 8.6 and >276, respectively.

Kinetics of Low-Grade Scheelite Leaching with a Mixture of Sodium Phosphate and Sodium Fluoride

The current technology of leaching low-grade scheelite with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate has the disadvantages of large leaching reagent dosage and low leaching efficiency of tungsten. In order to extract scheelite efficiently, the kinetics of low-grade scheelite leaching with a mixture of sodium phosphate and sodium fluoride was investigated. In this study, the effects of temperature, phosphate concentration, and fluoride ion concentration on the leaching rate of tungsten were investigated. Our results showed that the leaching rate of tungsten was greatly influenced by the temperature and less affected by the concentration of phosphate and fluorine ions. The leaching process was controlled by a chemical reaction with an apparent activation energy value of 51 ± 0.2 kJ/mol. The apparent reaction orders with respect to phosphate and fluorine ions were 0.49 and 0.11, respectively. The reaction product calcium fluorophosphate was a loose, rod-like crystal, which would not tightly wrap on the surface of scheelite to prevent the diffusion process. The leaching kinetics of low-grade scheelite was in accordance with the shrinking core model, and the corresponding kinetic equation was also established.

Characterization of Stainless Steel Spent Pickling Sludge and Prospects for Its Valorization

Fluorspar is considered a critical raw material for the European Union, due to its industrial uses and lack of sufficient extraction in European countries. It is a source for hydrofluoric acid manufacture, this latter chemical being employed, among other uses, in the pickling of stainless steels. From this latter activity, sludge is generated due to the need for used water treatment. In this article, we report a full characterization of this residue, obtained in an industrial plant in Vieira de Leiria, Portugal. Its chemical and mineralogical characteristics were determined, showing that it is mostly a mixture of calcium fluoride and calcium sulfate with some heavy metals content. Thermal behavior allowed us to determine that the material melts at around 950 °C. The influence of calcining operation on the residue was determined, especially concerned with the leachability of some elements. Taking into account the results of the characterization of this residue, some considerations are presented about the potential for the valorization of this industrial residue.

Calix[4]pyrrole-Based Molecular Capsule: Dihydrogen Phosphate-Promoted 1:2 Fluoride Anion Complexation.

A molecular capsule (1) consisting of two calix[4]pyrroles connected via ethylene diamide linkers has been prepared as an anion receptor. 1H NMR spectroscopic studies carried out in CD2Cl2 revealed that receptor 1 recognizes a variety of anions with different binding modes and stoichiometries. For instance, receptor 1 binds fluoride and acetate with 1:2 receptor/anion stoichiometry and other test anions with 1:1 stoichiometry in solution when their respective tetrabutylammonium (TBA+) salts were used. In contrast, with tetraethylammnium (TEA+) salts, receptor 1 forms 1:2 complexes with chloride and bromide in addition to fluoride, overcoming expected Columbic repulsions between the anions co-bound in close proximity. Receptor 1 is also able to bind oxoanions, such as oxalate (C2O42-), dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-), sulfate (SO42-), and hydrogen pyrophosphate (HP2O73-), in the form of 1:1 complexes as the result of presumed cooperation between the two calix[4]pyrrole subunits. The selectivity of receptor 1 for fluoride versus dihydrogen phosphate varies depending on their relative concentrations. For instance, in the presence of less than 1.0 equiv of an equimolar mixture of fluoride and dihydrogen phosphate, receptor 1 shows high selectivity for dihydrogen phosphate. In contrast, in the presence of ≥2.0 anion equiv, receptor 1 binds fluoride preferentially, forming a 1:2 complex. Moreover, when treated with F-, the preformed 1:1 H2PO4- complex of receptor 1 is converted to the corresponding 1:2 receptor/fluoride complex with the release of the prebound dihydrogen phosphate anion. As inferred from gas-phase computations, this seemingly counterintuitive behavior is rationalized in terms of the precomplexed dihydrogen phosphate serving to reduce the reorganization energy required to bind two fluoride anions. The presence of a water molecule in addition to the bound fluoride anions may also favor the formation of the 1:2 F- complex. The present study provides a new approach for fine-tuning the binding selectivity of polytopic anion receptors.

Constant-potential molecular dynamics simulations of molten salt double layers for FLiBe and FLiNaK.

We report the results of constant-potential molecular dynamics simulations of the double layer interface between molten 2LiF-BeF2 (FLiBe) and 23LiF-6NaF-21KF (FLiNaK) fluoride mixtures and idealized solid electrodes. Employing methods similar to those used in studies of chloride double layers, we compute the structure and differential capacitance of molten fluoride electric double layers as a function of applied voltage. The role of molten salt structure is probed through comparisons between FLiBe and FLiNaK, which serve as models for strong and weak associate-forming salts, respectively. In FLiBe, screening involves changes in Be-F-Be angles and alignment of the oligomers parallel to the electrode, while in FLiNaK, the electric field is screened mainly by rearrangement of individual ions, predominantly the polarizable potassium cation.

Characteristics of generated aerosol suspensions-complexes at traditional and modernized aluminum electrolysis technologies

Introduction. Assessment of occupational risk and mechanisms of workers' health disorders due to exposure to complex aerosol suspensions determines the need for in-depth study of the physicochemical properties of dust particles in the air. The study aim was the assessment of the dispersion and chemical composition of complex aerosol suspensions affecting workers in traditional and modernized aluminum production technologies. Materials and methods. The monitoring of air pollution of the working area with soluble and insoluble fluorides, aluminum trioxide aerosols was carried out using standard analysis methods, the dispersed and chemical composition of aerosol suspensions was studied using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Results. The highest average shift concentration of fluorides, exceeding the occupational exposure limit by 4.7-12.5 times, are observed in the working area of professions serving electrolyzers and anodes, with a predominance of insoluble fluorides over soluble ones. Cases of exceeding the occupational exposure limit of aluminum trioxide by 1.9-2.6 times were noted. Dust suspended in the air of the working area consists of highly and ultradispersed aerosol mixtures of various chemical nature, including particles of the nanoscale range, impurities of heavy metals and toxic compounds. Highly dispersed dust particles, mainly alumina and fluorocarbon compounds, dominated in the air of workshops with traditional aluminum electrolysis technology, while micro- and nanoparticles, consisting mainly of cryolite and a mixture of aluminum fluoride with alumina, dominated in the modernized one. Conclusion. The exposure of complex multicomponent aerosol mixtures of aluminum production can pose a danger to the health of workers, which requires an in-depth analysis of the chemical and dispersed composition of aerosols when assessing the exposure of the dust factor and improving the complexes of preventive measures to prevent the development of diseases.

(Digital Presentation) H-BN Enhanced Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Solid State Li-Ion Batteries

In order to address safety concerns of conventional carbonate liquid electrolytes, porous gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) can effectively encapsulate the solution while providing good electrolyte-electrode contact. In this work, a GPE is incorporated with exfoliated 2D hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) as an effective and safe polymer electrolyte for Li-ion batteries. With a facile Dr. Blade approach combined with phase inversion, a high porosity and electrolyte uptake can be maintained while still acting as a stable film. Utilising a 15 wt.% binary polymer mixture of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) doped with exfoliated BN flakes, the final GPE is not only more thermal stable but able to effectively suppress dendrite growth through multiple cycles with a high ionic conductivity of 3.03 x10-3 S/cm at ambient conditions. Cell performance with this GPE includes strong cycling performance while sustaining a high coulombic efficiency. Figure 1

A template approach to designing and synthesizing hierarchical porous carbon with tri-modal pore structure and its application for high performance oxygen reduction electrocatalyst support

A new type of hierarchical porous carbon with tri-modal pore structure (Tri-PC), i.e., ordered micropores (1.3 nm), uniformly distributed mesopores (2–10 nm) and “earthworm-shaped” mesochannels (with a diameter of 20 nm) running through the whole particle was successfully realized via a novel and facile template approach, in which zeolite Y was firstly gone through a pore expansion using oxalic acid-ammonium fluoride mixture to prepare hierarchical porous zeolite. The hierarchical porous zeolite was subsequently used as the template to catalytically grow carbon via CVD technique. Tri-PC was then obtained after the removal of the template. The as synthesized Tri-PC showed great potential as the catalyst support. We evaluated the ORR catalytic activity of Tri-PC supported platinum nanoparticles (Pt/Tri-PC) in alkaline electrolyte, which exhibits 20 mV higher onset potential (0.95 V) and 30 mV higher half-wave potential (0.87 V) than commercial 10 wt% Pt/C catalyst. Meanwhile, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement showed that Pt/Tri-PC had lower charge transfer resistance. High performance benefits from a collaborative hierarchical architecture. Micropores offer a large specific surface area and sufficient active sites, mesopores increase the accessibility of active sites and shorten the diffusion path of fuels and products, and mesochannels further enhance the connectivity of the entire pore network. The present work highlights the significance of the hierarchical porous structure for enhancing the catalytic performance of catalysts and suggests that Tri-PC could be used as an advanced catalyst support in many fields.

Investigation of Sulfation of CaO and CaCO3 in Eutectic CaF2–CaCl2

To achieve deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions from stationary point sources such as carbon intensive industry and fossil power generation, carbon capture and storage (CCS) will be a necessity. Carbon capture in molten salts (CCMS) is an emerging technology with high potential. In CCMS, the reversible reaction between calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to form calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is utilized, with the active substances being dissolved or partly dissolved in molten salts. CCMS has previously demonstrated promising properties for carbon capture with simulated flue gases on the laboratory scale. The next step in the technology development is to test the performance under more realistic gas compositions. In the present work, the focus is on sulfur dioxide (SO2) and oxygen (O2), a combination often coexisting with CO2 in flue gases from power production or industry. Experiments have been performed to investigate indirect sulfation of CaO and direct sulfation of CaCO3 in a eutectic mixture of calcium fluoride (CaF2) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) because it is not known whether these are thermodynamically favored in the molten state. Simulated flue gases containing 0.5 vol % SO2 and 3 vol % O2 have been used. In addition, combined capture experiments with 14 vol % CO2 and levels of SO2 up to 0.5 vol % have been performed. The composition of the outlet gas from the reactor was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that both direct and indirect sulfation occur and that carbon capture is only slightly, but not significantly, inhibited in accordance with the level of SO2 in the flue gas. Furthermore, it was shown that CO2 capture in molten salts is possible at temperatures above the decomposition temperature for CaCO3 in solid-state calcium looping. This is attributed to higher activities when the active substances are dissolved in molten salts. Based on experimental data and thermodynamic modeling, it was estimated that the ratio of activity coefficients for CaO and CaCO3 is between 5 and 6 when dissolved in eutectic CaF2–CaCl2.

High entropy fluorides as conversion cathodes with tailorable electrochemical performance

With the recent development of high entropy materials, an alternative approach to develop advanced functional materials with distinctive properties that show improved values compared to conventional materials has been provided. The high entropy concept was later successfully transferred to metal fluorides and high entropy fluorides (HEFs) were successfully synthesized. Owing to their high theoretical specific capacities in energy storage applications, HEFs were utilized as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and their underlying storage mechanisms were investigated. Instead of a step-by-step reduction of each individual metal cation, the HEFs seem to exhibit a single-step reduction process, indicating a solid solution compound instead of merely a mixture of different metal fluorides. It was also observed that the electrochemical behavior of the HEFs depends on each individual incorporated element. Therefore, by altering the elemental composition, new materials that exhibit improved electrochemical properties can be designed. Remarkably, HEFs with seven incorporated metal elements exhibited a better cycling stability as well as a lower hysteresis compared to binary metal fluorides. These findings offer new guidelines for material design and tailoring towards high performance LIBs.