Mixture Of Fish Oil Research Articles

Effect of diets containing sesame oil on growth and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Summary The aim of this study was to investigate effects of fish oil replacement by sesame oil in combination with other vegetable oils in diets with regard to growth performance, feed utilization, desaturation and elongation, whole fish and liver fatty acid profiles of juvenile rainbow trout. Sesame oil (SO) used in the feeds was a mixture of linseed (LO), sunflower (SFO) and fish oil (FO), whereas the control diet contained only FO. Duplicate groups of 60 rainbow trout (~7 g) held under similar culture conditions were fed 2% of their body weight per day for 75 days. At the end of feeding trials, there was no difference in feed utilization efficiency or growth performance between the control group and the groups with added sesame oil (P > 0.05). However, viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic index values were significantly higher (P 0.05). Diets with sesame oil increased desaturation and elongation of 18 : 3n-3 towards n-3 HUFA. The conclusion was that the diet addition of sesame oil in combination with other vegetable oils increased the nutritional quality of the whole fish and liver of juvenile rainbow trout, in particular the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) level. Therefore, sesame oil may be of interest for use in aquaculture.

Dietary n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids modify phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity and lipid synthesis from glucose in adipose tissue of rats fed a high‐sucrose diet

Long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) have hypolipidemic effects and modulate intermediary metabolism to prevent or reverse insulin resistance in a way that is not completely elucidated. Here, effects of these fatty acids on the lipid profile, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity, lipid synthesis from glucose in epididymal adipose tissue (Ep-AT) and liver were investigated. Male rats were fed a high-sucrose diet (SU diet), containing either sunflower oil or a mixture of sunflower and fish oil (SU-FO diet), and the control group was fed a standard diet. After 13 weeks, liver, adipose tissue and blood were harvested and analysed. The dietary n-3 LCPUFAs prevented sucrose-induced increase in adiposity and serum free fat acids, serum and hepatic triacylglycerol and insulin levels. Furthermore, these n-3 LCPUFAs decreased lipid synthesis from glucose and increased PEPCK activity in the Ep-AT of rats fed the SU-FO diet compared to those fed the SU diet, besides reducing lipid synthesis from glucose in hepatic tissue. Thus, the inclusion of n-3 LCPUFAs in the diet may be beneficial for the prevention or attenuation of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and for reducing the risk of related chronic diseases.

A mixture of fish oil and soybean oil as a dietary lipid source prevents precocity and promotes growth in juvenileMacrobrachium nipponense(De Haan)

Macrobrachium nipponense is an important economic freshwater prawn in China, Japan and other South-East Asian countries (Yang, Xie, Lei, Zhu & Yang 2004). In recent years, precocity has become a serious problem in M. nipponense farming, which results a large number of prawns mature at a small size and grow slowly (Wu, Qi, Chen, Zhang, Zhang, Qin & Hu 2009). Although the mechanisms of precocity in prawn have not been fully understood, inappropriate nutrition is believed to contribute, at least partly, to the precocity during growth and development of prawn (Rowe & Thorpe 1990; Karlsen, Hemre, Tveit & Rosenlund 2006; Lu, Chang, Wu, Yang, Zhao & Cheng 2010). Thus, regulating dietary nutrient composition to promote growth, but suppress early maturation, is eagerly needed for M. nipponense. Lipids, the primary energy source as well as critical supply of essential nutrients such as essential fatty acids, phospholipids and sterols, play important roles for prawn growth and development (Deering, Fielder & Hewitt 1997). As well known, different dietary lipid sources have various effects on growth of prawn. Soybean oil containing high n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was regarded to promote growth in leader prawn and red claw crayfish (Deering et al. 1997; Li, Guo, Gan, Wang, Zhang & Zhao 2011), but in Penaeus vannamei and Litopenaeus vannamei, fish oil containing high n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), such as 20:5n-3(EPA) and 22:6n-3(DHA), had better effect in promoting growth (Lim, Ako, Brown & Hahn 1997; Gonz alez-F elix, Lawrence, Gatlin & Perez-Velazquez 2002). Except improving growth, proper dietary fatty acid composition can also prevent the occurrence of precocity in crustacean (Lu et al. 2010; Wu, Wang, Cheng, Zeng, Yang & Lu 2011). In M. nipponense, the optimal dietary lipid content has been reported as 6–12% (Yu & Shen 1990), but the effects of lipid sources on growth and precocity have not been studied yet. In this study, we made four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets with different oils, to examine the effects of lipid sources on growth, survival and precocity in this freshwater prawn. We hypothesized that there might exist an optimal lipid source, which could not only promote growth but also prevent sexual precocity for M. nipponense. The four lipid sources, which are widely used in commercial formulated diets for M. nipponense, were beef tallow (BT) containing high saturated fatty acids (SFA), soybean oil (SO) containing high n-6 PUFA, pollack fish oil (FO) containing high n-3 HUFA, and a mixture of fish oil and soybean oil (FO/SO 2:1 w/w). The formulation process was previously described (Li, Yu, Chen, Zeng, Liu & Qin 2010), and the ingredients and fatty acids composition of these diets are shown in Table 1 and 2 respectively. Healthy juvenile prawns (0.090 0.0010 g) were randomly stocked in twenty 300-L tanks

393 Does Fish Oil Consumption Reduce Cardiovascular Complications in ApoE Deficient Mice?

393 Does Fish Oil Consumption Reduce Cardiovascular Complications in ApoE Deficient Mice?

Culture performance and tissue fatty acid compositions of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) fed different dietary lipids

The partial or total replacement of fish oil with soybean oil or flax oil in yellow perch Perca flavescens rearing performance and tissue fatty acid compositions were evaluated using five isonitrogenous (43.2%), isolipidic (8.5%), and isocaloric (21.3MJ/kg) diets in a 15-week trial. Dietary treatments consisted of: 1) FO, containing 100% fish oil, which was used as a control; 2) FO:FXO, a 1:1 mixture of fish oil and flaxseed oil; 3) FXO, containing 100% flaxseed oil; 4) FXO:SO, a 1:1 mixture of flaxseed oil and soybean oil; and 5) SO, containing 100% soybean oil. Partial or complete replacement of fish oil with flaxseed oil (FO:FXO and FXO) resulted in similar final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed efficiency compared to fish fed the FO diet, but fish fed the FXO:SO and SO diets had lower weight gain, specific growth rate and feed efficiency compared to other treatments. Somatic indices were similar for all diets except for gonadal somatic index which was higher for SO. Fillet proximate composition was similar for all diets; however replacing fish oil with different vegetable oils resulted in decreased n-3 fatty acids and increased n-6 fatty acids in various tissues. When fish oil was completely removed, concentrations of 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 decreased by 70, 46, and 33%, respectively, from values for fish fed the FO diet. Flaxseed oil can partially replace fish oil in the diet of yellow perch while maintaining growth performance and a favorable n‐3:n‐6 fillet fatty acid profile.

The administration of Dioscorea batatas extract and fish oil inhibits the development of oxazolone‐induced atopic dermatitis‐like skin lesions in hairless mice

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing inflammatory disorder that is characterized by pruritic and eczematous skin lesions. In this study, we examined whether Dioscorea Batatas extract (DBE) and/or fish oil (FO) suppress the development of AD‐like skin lesions. SKH1 hairless mice were divided into eight experimental groups as follows: control, positive control, FO 0.09%, FO 0.18%, DBE 0.17%, DBE 0.33%, FO 0.18% + DBE 0.17% and FO 0.18% + DBE 0.33%. All animals except those in control groups were treated with OX for two weeks after the first experimental diet supply. Administration of FO and DBE inhibited the development of AD‐like skin lesions as exemplified by decreases in skin severity score, hypertrophy of the skin, infiltration of inflammatory cells in the epidermis and dermis. FO and DBE significantly reduced serum levels of both macrophage‐derived chemokine (MDC) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and the mixture of FO and DBE markedly reduced IL‐6 concentration. In addition, FO and DBE mixture supplementation significantly decreased the mRNA expression of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) in draining lymph nodes. These results suggest that FO and DBE effectively suppress the development of AD skin lesions, possibly by suppressing Th2 cell‐mediated immune responses.* This work was supported by Gangwon Regional Innovation Agency, Ministry of Knowledge Economy and the Small and Medium Business Administration, Korea(S1072365).Grant Funding Source : Gangwon Regional Innovation Agency, Ministry of Knowledge Economy and the Small and Medium Business Administration, Korea

Short-term use of parenteral nutrition with a lipid emulsion containing a mixture of soybean oil, olive oil, medium-chain triglycerides, and fish oil: a randomized double-blind study in preterm infants.

Background: For premature neonates needing parenteral nutrition (PN), a balanced lipid supply is crucial. The authors hypothesized that a lipid emulsion containing medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and soybean, olive, and fish oils would be as safe and well tolerated as a soybean emulsion while beneficially influencing the fatty acid profile. Methods: Double-blind, controlled study in 53 neonates (<34 weeks’ gestation) randomized to receive at least 7 days of PN containing either an emulsion of MCTs and soybean, olive, and fish oils or a soybean oil emulsion. Target lipid dosage was 1.0 g fat/kg body weight [BW]/d on days 1–3, 2 g/kg BW/d on day 4, 3 g/kg BW/d on day 5, and 3.5 g/kg BW/d on days 6–14. Results: Test emulsion vs control, mean ± SD: baseline triglyceride concentrations were 0.52 ± 0.16 vs 0.54 ± 0.19 mmol/L and increased similarly in both groups to 0.69 ± 0.38 vs 0.67 ± 0.36 on day 8 of treatment (P = .781 for change). A significantly higher decrease in total and direct bilirubin vs baseline was seen in the test group compared with the control group P < .05 between groups). In plasma and red blood cell phospholipids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were higher, and the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio was lower in the test group (P < .05 vs control). Conclusions: The lipid emulsion, based on a mixture of MCTs and soybean, olive, and fish oils, was safe and well tolerated by preterm infants while beneficially modulating the fatty acid profile.

The Regulation of Leptin, Leptin Receptor and Pro-opiomelanocortin Expression by N-3 PUFAs in Diet-Induced Obese Mice Is Not Related to the Methylation of Their Promoters

BackgroundThe expression of leptin is increased in obesity and inhibited by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), but the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been firmly established.MethodsIn this study, we investigated the effects of dietary n-3 PUFAs on the methylation of CpG islands in the promoter regions of the leptin, leptin-R and POMC genes, as well as the effects of n-3 PUFA status in early life on the modification of the promoters of these three genes. Male C57 BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet with one of four different fat types: sunflower oil (n-3 PUFA deficient), soy oil, fish oil, or a mixture of soy and fish oil (soy:fish oil = 1:1). Two low-fat diets with sunflower oil or soy oil served as controls. Female mice were fed two breeding diets, sunflower oil or a mixture of soy and fish oil (soy:fish oil = 1:1), during pregnancy and lactation to breed new pups.ResultsCompared to mice fed the control diets, the expression of leptin in fat tissue and leptin-R and POMC in the hypothalamus was higher in the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice, and the n-3 PUFAs in the diets reversed these elevated expression levels. The mean methylation levels of CpG sites in the promoter regions of the leptin and POMC genes showed no difference between the DIO and the control diet groups nor between the n-3 PUFA-containing and -deficient diet groups. For the CpG sites in the promoter regions of leptin-R, no methylation was found in any of the DIO or control groups. Feeding mice with the n-3 PUFA diet during pregnancy and lactation did not affect CpG methylation in the leptin or POMC promoters.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that promoter DNA methylation may not be related to the expression of leptin, leptin-R or its related hypothalamic satiety regulator POMC.

Safety and Efficacy of a Lipid Emulsion Containing a Mixture of Soybean Oil, Medium-chain Triglycerides, Olive Oil, and Fish Oil: A Randomised, Double-blind Clinical Trial in Premature Infants Requiring Parenteral Nutrition

Safety and Efficacy of a Lipid Emulsion Containing a Mixture of Soybean Oil, Medium-chain Triglycerides, Olive Oil, and Fish Oil: A Randomised, Double-blind Clinical Trial in Premature Infants Requiring Parenteral Nutrition

Effects of microencapsulation on the gastrointestinal transit and tissue distribution of a bioactive mixture of fish oil, tributyrin and resveratrol

Bioactive formulations containing fish oil, tributryin and resveratrol, containing either radiolabeled [ 14C]-trilinolenin or [ 14C]-tributyrin and [ 3H]-resveratrol, were administered as free components or encapsulated mixtures within an oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by a heated mixture of a milk protein, glucose and a modified resistant starch. The distribution of the radioactive labels throughout the digestive system, blood and selected tissues following oral administration to rats was investigated. The time-course of transit and the relative distribution along the rat digestive system were not markedly altered by microencapsulation. As a percentage of the relative distribution along the GI tract tissue walls, the majority of the radioactivity from the bioactives was associated with the walls of the small intestine. Microencapsulation increased the levels of the radioactivity from the bioactives in the blood and liver, consistent with an increase in the bioavailability of agents. The potential of using microencapsulation to effectively deliver a mixture of bioactives within a single formulation was demonstrated.

Safety and Efficacy of a Lipid Emulsion Containing a Mixture of Soybean Oil, Medium‐chain Triglycerides, Olive Oil, and Fish Oil: A Randomised, Double‐blind Clinical Trial in Premature Infants Requiring Parenteral Nutrition

Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a novel lipid emulsion containing a mixture of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOFlipid 20%) with reduced n-6 fatty acids (FA), increased monounsaturated and n-3 FA, and enriched in vitamin E were evaluated in premature infants compared with a soybean oil-based emulsion. Sixty (30/30) premature neonates (age 3-7 days, gestational age ≤ 34 weeks, birth weights 1000-2500 g) received parenteral nutrition (PN) with either SMOFlipid 20% (study group) or a conventional lipid emulsion (Intralipid 20%, control group) for a minimum of 7 up to 14 days. Lipid supply started at 0.5 g · kg body weight(-1) · day(-1) on day 1 and increased stepwise (by 0.5 g) up to 2 g · kg body weight(-1) · day(-1) on days 4 to 14. Safety and efficacy parameters were assessed on days 0, 8, and 15 if PN was continued. Adverse events, serum triglycerides, vital signs, local tolerance, and clinical laboratory did not show noticeable group differences, confirming the safety of study treatment. At study end, γ-glutamyl transferase was lower in the study versus the control group (107.8 ± 81.7 vs 188.8 ± 176.7 IU/L, P < 0.05). The relative increase in body weight (day 8 vs baseline) was 5.0% ± 6.5% versus 5.1% ± 6.6% (study vs control, not significant). In the study group, an increase in n-3 FA in red blood cell phospholipids and n-3:n-6 FA ratio was observed. Plasma α-tocopherol (study vs control) was increased versus baseline on day 8 (26.35 ± 10.03 vs 3.67 ± 8.06 μmol/L, P < 0.05) and at study termination (26.97 ± 18.32 vs 8.73 ± 11.41 μmol/L, P < 0.05). Parenteral infusion of SMOFlipid was safe and well tolerated and showed a potential beneficial influence on cholestasis, n-3 FA, and vitamin E status in premature infants requiring PN.

Effect of fish oil and sunflower oil on rumen fermentation characteristics and fatty acid composition of digesta in ewes fed a high concentrate diet

Studies in ruminants have shown that supplementing the diet with a mixture of fish oil (FO) and sunflower oil (SO) enhances the concentration of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 20:5 n-3, and 22:6 n-3 in milk because of alterations in ruminal biohydrogenation, but the intermediates formed under these conditions are not well characterized. Five ewes fitted with rumen cannula and fed a high concentrate diet were used to examine the effect of a mixture (30g/kg of DM) of FO and SO (1:2, wt/wt) on temporal changes in rumen fermentation characteristics and the relative abundance of biohydrogenation intermediates in ruminal digesta collected after 0, 3, and 10 d on diet. Appearance and identification of biohydrogenation intermediates was determined based on complementary gas-liquid chromatography and Ag+-HPLC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of corresponding 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives. Inclusion of FO and SO in the diet had no effect on rumen pH, volatile fatty acid concentrations, or nutrient digestion, but altered the fatty acid composition of ruminal digesta, changes that were characterized by time-dependent decreases in 18:0 and 18:2 n-6 and the accumulation of trans 16:1, trans 18:1, 10-O-18:0, and trans 18:2. Lipid supplements enhanced the proportion of 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 in digesta and resulted in numerical increases in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid concentrations, but decreased the relative abundance of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid. Furthermore, detailed analysis revealed the appearance of several unique 20:1, 20:2, 22:1, 22:3, and 22:4 products in ruminal digesta that accumulated over time, providing the first indications of 20 and 22 carbon fatty acid intermediates formed during the biohydrogenation of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in sheep. In conclusion, FO and SO in a high concentrate diet caused a time-dependent inhibition of the complete biohydrogenation of 16 and 18 carbon unsaturated fatty acids, and resulted in the accumulation of trans 16:1, trans 18:1, and trans 18:2, 20, and 22 carbon metabolites in ruminal digesta of sheep, with no evidence of a shift in ruminal biohydrogenation pathways toward trans-10 18:1 formation.

Soybean and fish oil mixture increases IL-10, protects against DNA damage and decreases colonic inflammation in rats with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis

It was investigated whether dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) could influence colonic injury, tissue DNA damage, cytokines and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and plasma corticosterone in DSS-induced colitis rats. Male weaning Wistar rats were fed for 47 days with an AIN-93 diet with control (C), fish (F) or a mixture of fish and soybean oil (SF). The colitis was induced from day 36 until day 42 by 3% DSS in drinking water. On day 48, blood samples were collected for corticosterone determination. The distal colon was excised for histological analysis and to quantify the cytokine (IL-4, IL-10 and INF-γ), MPO and DNA damage. The disease activity index (DAI) was recorded daily during colitis induction. The DAI, MPO, histological analyses showed decreases only in the SF group compared with the C group. IL-10 was increased and DNA damage was reduced in the groups F and SF, and an inverse correlation between these variables was found. There were no differences in corticosterone, IFN-γ and IL-4 levels. Soybean and fish oil mixture may be effective in improving colonic injury and DNA damage, and it could be an important complementary therapy in UC to reduce the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and prevent colorectal cancer.

The Enrichment of Hen Eggs with ω-3 Fatty Acids

A study was conducted to determine the omega-3 fatty acid compositions of enriched eggs obtained from hens by feeding flaxseed and fish oil. Laying hens were fed a diet containing fish oil (FOD) (1.5%) or a mixture of flaxseed (10%) and fish oil (FFOD) (1.5%) for 15 and 30 days. Another group was fed commercial diet as a control. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were not determined in the control group's eggs. However, the EPA level was 0.87% and 0.82% in the FOD group's eggs and 0.49% and 0.55% in the FFOD group's eggs, obtained after a 15- and 30-day feeding period, respectively. Corresponding values for DPA were 0.45% and 0.50% in the FOD group's eggs and 0.41% and 0.44% in the FFOD group's eggs. Docosahexaenoic acid contents of eggs obtained from the FOD group were 4.85% and 4.92% after a 15- and 30-day feeding period, respectively, compared with 3.29% and 3.91% in the FFOD group's eggs and 1.03% in the control group's eggs. The alpha-linolenic acid content of eggs was 0.45% and 0.49% in the FOD group's eggs after a 15- and 30-day feeding period, respectively, and 0.43% in the control group's eggs, whereas it was 3.61% and 4.10%, respectively, in the FFOD group's eggs.

Effects of a high fat or a balanced omega 3/omega 6 diet on cytokines levels and DNA damage in experimental colitis

Objective High-fat diets have been shown to be a risk factor for ulcerative colitis (UC). Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered to increase lipid peroxidation, while the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid exerts a chemopreventative effect. We evaluated the effect of high-fat diets (20%) enriched with fish or soybean oil on colonic inflammation and DNA damage in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Methods Male Wistar rats (28–30 days) were fed an American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93 diet for 47 days and divided into five groups: control normal fat non-colitic (C) or control colitis (CC), high soybean fat group (HS) colitis, high fish fat group colitis, or high-fat soybean plus fish oil colitis. UC was induced from day 35 until day 41 by 3% dextran sulfate sodium. On day 47, the rats were anesthetized; blood samples collected for corticosterone determination, and the distal colon was excised to quantify interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, and interferon-gamma levels, myeloperoxidase activity, histological analyses, and DNA damage. The disease activity index was recorded daily. Results The disease activity index, histological analysis, myeloperoxidase activity, IL-4, interferon-gamma, and corticosterone levels did not differ among the colitic groups. IL-10 was significantly increased by the high fish fat group diet in relation to HS, but only the high soybean-fish fat diet increased the IL-10/IL-4 ratio (anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory) to levels closer to the C group and reduced DNA damage compared to the HS group ( P < 0.05). Conclusion The data show that high-fat diets did not exacerbate UC and suggest that the soybean and fish oil mixture, more than the fish oil alone, could be a complementary therapy to achieve a cytokine balance in UC.

Effects of a fish oil containing lipid emulsion on plasma phospholipid fatty acids, inflammatory markers, and clinical outcomes in septic patients: a randomized, controlled clinical trial

IntroductionThe effect of parenteral fish oil in septic patients is not widely studied. This study investigated the effects of parenteral fish oil on plasma phospholipid fatty acids, inflammatory mediators, and clinical outcomes.MethodsTwenty-five patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis, and predicted to need parenteral nutrition were randomized to receive either a 50:50 mixture of medium-chain fatty acids and soybean oil or a 50:40:10 mixture of medium-chain fatty acids, soybean oil and fish oil. Parenteral nutrition was administrated continuously for five days from admission. Cytokines and eicosanoids were measured in plasma and in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood culture supernatants. Fatty acids were measured in plasma phosphatidylcholine.ResultsFish oil increased eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma phosphatidylcholine (P < 0.001). Plasma interleukin (IL)-6 concentration decreased significantly more, and IL-10 significantly less, in the fish oil group (both P < 0.001). At Day 6 the ratio PO2/FiO2 was significantly higher in the fish oil group (P = 0.047) and there were fewer patients with PO2/FiO2 <200 and <300 in the fish oil group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.015, respectively). Days of ventilation, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and mortality were not different between the two groups. The fish oil group tended to have a shorter length of hospital stay (22 ± 7 vs. 55 ± 16 days; P = 0.079) which became significant (28 ± 9 vs. 82 ± 19 days; P = 0.044) when only surviving patients were included.ConclusionsInclusion of fish oil in parenteral nutrition provided to septic ICU patients increases plasma eicosapentaenoic acid, modifies inflammatory cytokine concentrations and improves gas exchange. These changes are associated with a tendency towards shorter length of hospital stay.Trials RegistrationClinical Trials Registration Number ISRCTN89432944

Influence of dietary levels of lipid and vitamin E on growth and resistance of Nile tilapia to Streptococcus iniae challenge

A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary levels of lipid and vitamin E on growth performance, immune responses and resistance of Nile tilapia to Streptococcus iniae challenge. A basal purified diet (35% protein and 3.4 kcal DE/g) supplemented with 6, 10 and 14% of 1:1 mixture of corn oil and menhaden fish oil was each supplemented with 50, 100 and 200 mg vitamin E/kg. Each diet was fed to Nile tilapia in triplicate aquaria for 12 weeks. Weight gain, feed intake and survival were not affected by dietary levels of either lipid or vitamin E. Feed efficiency in fish fed 14% lipid diets was significantly lower than that fed 6% dietary lipid but these did not differ from that of the 10% dietary lipid diet. These variables were not affected by dietary vitamin E levels. Whole body lipid significantly increased in fish fed 14% lipid diets and 100 mg/kg vitamin E diets. Liver α-tocopherol levels were reflective of dietary levels of vitamin E. Increasing dietary levels of lipid to 14%, however, significantly decreased liver concentration of α-tocopherol. Hematological parameters and hepatosomatic indices were not affected by dietary treatments. Serum protein significantly increased in fish fed 14% lipid diets but was not affected by supplemental levels of vitamin E. Lysozyme activity was not affected by dietary lipid levels but significantly increased in fish fed 200 mg vitamin E diets. Alternative complement activity significantly decreased in fish fed 10 or 14% dietary lipids but increased when dietary vitamin E levels was increased to 100 or 200 mg. Dietary lipid and vitamin E levels had no effect on the resistance of Nile tilapia to S. iniae infection and on antibody titer against that bacterium.

Effect of Finger Millet and Sorghum Replacing Corn in Presence of Soy Oil / Fish Oil and Enzymes on Performance of Broilers

A trial was conducted in commercial day old broiler chicks to study the effect of replacing corn with finger millet and sorghum and supplementation of soy oil / fish oil and Non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes to these diets. Basal diet was formulated using corn, soy bean meal and pea nut extraction. In the test diets, 50% of the corn was replaced with either finger millet or sorghum or equal parts of the both and then supplemented with soy oil / fish oil and enzyme mixture. Weekly body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, livability were recorded. Body weight slightly improved in the test diets than the control. Compared to the soy oil, fish oil was better in improving body weight, feed efficiency and livability. Though supplementation of enzymes did not significantly improve body weight and feed efficiency, slight numerical improvement was noticed in fish oil supplemented groups.

Omega-3 fatty acid containing diets decrease plasma triglyceride concentrations in mice by reducing endogenous triglyceride synthesis and enhancing the blood clearance of triglyceride-rich particles

Intake of n-3 fatty acids can reduce both fasting and postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations in humans as well as in experimental animals, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are not completely known. We investigated in mice the effects of dietary fish oil (a source of n-3 fatty acids) on endogenous TG synthesis and exogenous TG-rich particle removal. C57 BL/6J mice were fed for 4 months with three types of high-fat diets (18% fat wt/wt) - soy oil, fish oil and a mixture of soy oil and fish oil (soy/fish) (5:1 wt/wt), and a chow diet with 6% fat from soy oil (wt/wt) served as a control. Plasma TG and apolipoprotein B (apoB) concentrations and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were measured. Triton WR 1339 was used to assess hepatic synthesis of very low density lipoprotein, and intravenous injection of chylomicron-like lipid emulsions was conducted to determine the effects of dietary fish oil n-3 fatty acids on exogenous TG clearance. Both fish and soy/fish oil diets reduced plasma TG levels in fed and fasted states compared to soy oil alone. Plasma pre- and post-heparin LPL activities were significantly higher with fish and soy/fish oil diets than soy oil diet in fed mice. No differences in plasma TG levels and LPL activity were shown among groups of fish oil, soy/fish oil and normal chow diets. Levels of hepatic TG and apoB synthesis were 30-50% and 42% lower in mice fed with the fish oil diet compared to the other three diets. In addition, compared to soy oil diet, fish oil feeding significantly increased blood clearance of chylomicron-like lipid emulsions by 21-26%. Our data suggest that reduced endogenous TG synthesis, increased LPL activities and more rapid blood clearance of TG-rich particles all distinctly contribute to the TG-lowering effects of fish oil n-3 fatty acids.

Metabolic Consequences of Diets with Varying Levels of Omega‐3 and Omega‐6 Fatty Acids in Zucker Rats

Typical western diets are higher in Omega‐6 (n‐6) than Omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids. This may be linked to the development of metabolic complications, e.g., diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We evaluated the metabolic impact of varying the n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid concentrations in the diets of male obese Zucker rats fed 5 different diets: Low fat (7 % fat) control diet (C); 4 high fat diets ‐ a saturated fat (25 % beef tallow, diet T), a 20% soy oil (50 % omega‐6 linoleic acid, diet S), a 20% fish oil (50 % omega‐3 fatty acids from eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, diet F) and a mixed diet (M) with 10% fish oil and 10 % soybean oil. High fat diets consist of 60 % fat calories relative to control diet (16 % fat calories). A total of eight animals were assigned to each treatment and animals were fed ad libitum for 8 weeks. We conducted oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and measured serum metabolites in the animals. Animals on the S diet had a higher (P &lt; 0.05) area under the curve (AUC) for the OGTT relative to other groups, indicating delayed clearance of glucose. The animals on the S diet also had a higher total blood cholesterol, free fatty acid and insulin concentrations compared to other groups (P&lt; 0.05). Adiposity, measured as percent visceral and epididymal fat pads, was significantly higher in the S group (P&lt; 0.05). These animals also had increased basal phosphorylation level of AKT, perhaps as a result of the higher circulating insulin concentration. Animals on the fish oil diet had the lowest adiposity and circulating concentration of free fatty acids and total cholesterol. The 1:1 mixture of soybean oil and fish oil in diet M resulted in metabolic performances that were similar to the control diet. Thus, despite the high lipid intake of the M animals, the 1:1 balance of the n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids offsets the negative effects of the high fat intake.