Mixture Of Ethylenediamine Research Articles

Synthesis of nanocrystalline CdS from cadmium(II) complex of S-benzyl dithiocarbazate as a precursor

The single X-ray crystal structure of the cadmium(II)–S-benzyl dithiocarbazate (SBDTC) complex, [Cd(SBDTC)Cl 2] 2, is reported. The compound has been found to be an effective single-source precursor for the preparation of CdS nanocrystals (NCs) via solvothermal method. CdS NCs including spheres and rods were prepared at a relatively low temperature by thermolysis of the precursor using chelating solvent like ethylene glycol (EG), ethylenediamine (EN), hydrazine hydrate (HH) or in a mixture of EG and EN. The influence of solvent, temperature and reaction time was investigated on the size and morphology of the NCs. Use of EG afforded spherical CdS NCs while EN uniquely yielded rod-shaped NCs, and mixture of spheres and rods are obtained from the mixture of EN and EG with a ratio 0.2 (v/v: EN/EG). UV–visible spectroscopy established pronounced quantum confinement with enhanced band gap and XRD analyses revealed hexagonal crystal phase for so obtained CdS NCs. The NCs were also characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and FTIR. The possible formation mechanism for the anisotropic growth of NCs was also discussed.

Rapid Microwave-Enhanced Solvothermal Process for Synthesis of CuInSe2 Particles and Its Morphologic Manipulation

CuInSe2 nanoparticles are prepared using a microwave-assisted solvothermal method with ethylenediamine as a solvent. The morphology of the as-prepared CuInSe2 nanoparticles has been successful manipulated by controlling the morphology of selenium seeds. We achieved this through a systematic treatment of selenium powders before the addition of indium and copper precursors. This pretreatment of selenium powders, under microwave heating, converts the morphologies of selenium seed from spherical to nanorod. As a result, this nanorod morphology of selenium seeds are responsible for the formation of crystalline CuInSe2 particles with rodlike morphology, while the crystalline CuInSe2 particles with platelike morphology are obtained without pretreatment of selenium powders. The XRD data and SEM images show that pure chalcopyrite CuInSe2 particles with good crystallinity are obtained with the pretreatment of selenium and ethylenediamine mixture in the microwave heating for 30 min and followed by further microwave-...

Dielectric relaxation and electrical conductivity in Bi 5NbO 10 oxygen ion conductors prepared by a modified sol–gel process

Crystalline Bi 5NbO 10 nanoparticles have been achieved through a modified sol–gel process using a mixture of ethylenediamine and ethanolamine as a solvent. The Bi 5NbO 10 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetry (DSC/TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that well-dispersed 5–60 nm Bi 5NbO 10 nanoparticles were prepared through heat-treating the precursor at 650 °C and the high density pellets were obtained at temperatures lower than those commonly employed. The frequency and temperature dependence of the dielectric constant and the electrical conductivity of the Bi 5NbO 10 solid solutions were investigated in the 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz frequency range. Two distinct relaxation mechanisms were observed in the plots of dielectric loss and the imaginary part of impedance ( Z″) versus frequency in the temperature range of 200–350 °C. The dielectric constant and the loss in the low frequency regime were electrode dependent. The ionic conductivity of Bi 5NbO 10 solid solutions at 700 °C is 2.86 Ω −1 m −1 which is in same order of magnitude for Y 2O 3-stabilized ZrO 2 ceramics at same temperature. These results suggest that Bi 5NbO 10 is a promising material for an oxygen ion conductor.

Carbon steel corrosion inhibition in hydrochloric acid solution using a reduced Schiff base of ethylenediamine

The behavior of the Schiff base N, N′-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-ethylenediamine (Salen), its reduced form ( N, N′-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,2-ethylenediamine) and a mixture of its preceding molecules, ethylenediamine and salicylaldehyde, as carbon steel corrosion inhibitors in 1 mol L −1 HCl solution was studied by corrosion potential measurements, potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and spectrophotometry measurements. The experimental results showed that the reduced Salen presented the highest efficiency among the inhibitors studied. The results obtained in the presence of Salen were similar to those obtained in the presence of the salicylaldehyde and ethylenediamine mixture, showing that in acid medium the Salen molecule undergoes hydrolysis, regenerating its precursor molecules.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Application of Different ZnO Nanostructures in Array Configurations

Arrays of well-aligned one-dimensional ZnO nanostructures (nanowires, nanorods, nanoribbons, nanobuds, and flocky nanorods) with high aspect ratios have been grown on zinc substrates by a solution-phase method using a mixture of ethylenediamine, ethanol, and water. The morphology of the ZnO nanostructures has been modulated by controlling the concentration of ethylenediamine and ethanol and regulating the reaction temperature. Chemical and structural analyses and emission spectra show that the arrays of ZnO nanorods favor nearly stoichiometric composition and good crystallization quality, whereas the arrays of ZnO nanowires, nanoribbons, nanobuds, and flocky nanorods confine a considerable amount of oxygen vacancies. The photocatalytic effect investigated at decomposition of methyl red correlates with the defect-related emission properties of these nanoarrays. Particularly ZnO nanobuds and flocky nanorods arrays have been found to be effective photocatalysts.

Construction of Unconventional Hexapod-like Tellurium Nanostructure with Morphology-Dependent Photoluminescence Property

Unconventional hexapod-like tellurium nanostructures have been successfully constructed through an easy solution-based approach by recrystallizing Te powder in a mixture of ethylenediamine and hydrazine hydrate at 110 °C for 72 h. The hexapod-like nanostructure is composed of six cross-linked branches with length of about 1 μm. Each branch consists of two perpendicularly intersected nanoribbons with a constant thickness of 12 nm and tapered width from ∼200 nm at root to less than 20 nm at tip. Prominent photoluminescence emission centered at around 428 nm in blue-violet region under excitation wavelength of 365 nm has been found to be closely associated with the unique morphology of the product. A possible solid-solution-solid mechanism has been proposed on the basis of experimental facts to elucidate the formation this unconventional nanostructure. The influence of reaction temperature and solution property on the morphology and structure of the final product has also been discussed.

Densities, viscosities and excess thermodynamic properties of binary liquid mixtures of ethylenediamine with polar and non-polar solvents at 293.15, 303.15 and 313.15 K

Densities and viscosities of binary liquid mixtures of ethylenediamine with polar and non-polar solvents, viz. methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, carbon tetrachloride, benzene and toluene have been measured at 293.15, 303.15 and 313.15 K. From density and viscosity data the values of viscosity deviations (Δη) and the thermodynamic excess properties viz. the excess molar volume (V E ) and the excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow (ΔG #E ) have been determined. The values of Δη, V E and ΔG #E have been fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to estimate the binary coefficients and standard deviation between the experimental and theoretical (calculated) values. From the small magnitude of the values of standard deviation it is concluded that the experimental values of Δη, V E and ΔG #E compare fairly well with the theoretical values predicted by Redlich-Kister equation. The effect of increasing temperature on the values of Δη, V E and ΔG #E as well as the nature of molecular interactions between the mixing components of the binaries has also been discussed.

Density for (Water + Ethylenediamine) at Temperatures between (283 and 353) K

The density for mixtures of ethylenediamine (EDA) and water at 0.2 MPa was measured with a vibrating tube densitometer in the temperature range of 283 K to 353 K at intervals of 10 K. The entire composition range was covered with intervals of molar fractions of 10 %. The excess volume has a minimum at a molar fraction of water of 59 %, corresponding to a maximum at 69 % in the departure from additivity in density. The variation with temperature in excess volume is small, but for density it is complex. The temperature dependence in density is well described by combining a Redlich-Kister model for excess volume without temperature dependent parameters with models for the pure component densities.

Synthesis of 4,5-dihydro-1,6:3,8-dimethano-1,3,6,8-benzotetrazecine

Three-component condensation of formaldehyde, o-phenylenediamine, and ethylenediamine gave for the first time 4,5-dihydro-1,6:3,8-dimethano-1,3,6,8-benzotetrazecine. Its structure was proved by X-ray diffraction analysis. A similar condensation of formaldehyde with a mixture of ethylenediamine and 1,2-diamino-4-methylbenzene yielded 10-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,6:3,8-dimethano-1,3,6,8-benzotetrazecine and a condensation with a mixture of o-phenylenediamine and propane-1,2-diamine yielded 4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,6:3,8-dimethano-1,3,6,8-benzotetrazecine.

Densities, viscosities, viscosity deviations and excess thermodynamic properties of ternary liquid mixtures of ethylenediamine/propylenediamine + 1,4-dioxane + (benzene or + toluene or + carbon tetrachloride) and their constituent binaries at 303.15 K

Densities and viscosities of ternary liquid mixtures of ethylenediamine and propylenediamine with 1,4-dioxane, as the second common component, and benzene/toluene/carbon tetrachloride as the third component and their constituent binaries have been measured at 303.15 K. The viscosity deviations (An) and thermodynamic excess properties (V E and ΔG# E ) have been determined and fitted to Cibulka's equation. The experimental values of Δη, V E and ΔG #E have been found to be in close agreement with the theoretical values predicted by Cibulka's equation. The nature and strength of molecular interactions between the mixing components of the ternary liquid mixtures are also discussed.

Synthesis of Highly Dispersed Barium Titanate Nanoparticles by a Novel Solvothermal Method

A novel solvothermal route has been developed to synthesize highly dispersed nanocrystalline barium titanate (BaTiO3), using a mixture of ethylenediamine and ethanolamine as a solvent. The as‐synthesized BaTiO3 nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution TEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Based on the results of characterizations, the organic solvent was found to influence strongly the crystal growth and dispersibility of BaTiO3. The BaTiO3 nanoparticles obtained were highly dispersed and crystalline with a cubic perovskite structure. The particle size derived from the TEM ranged from 5 to 20 nm.

Volumetric properties of the water + ethylenediamine mixture at atmospheric pressure from 288.15 to 353.15 K

Densities of the water + ethylenediamine binary system were measured at atmospheric pressure over the whole range of compositions at temperatures from 288.15 to 353.15 K using an Anton Paar digital vibrating glass tube densimeter. Density increases with water content. The experimental excess molar volume data have been correlated with the Redlich–Kister equation, and partial molar volumes calculated at infinite dilution for each component.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CdS NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY SOLVOTHERMAL ROUTE WITH DIFFERENT RATIOS OF ETHYLENEDIAMINE/WATER

CdS nanoparticles with various size and shape were synthesized through solvothermal route using different ratios of ethylenediamine/water. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results revealed that CdS nanorods were formed by using ethylenediamine and the mixture of ethylenediamine and water as solvents. The CdS nanorods had [002] preferential orientation. When water was used as the solvent, irregular shape particles and typical XRD patterns of hexagonal CdS were observed. The produced nanoparticles displayed interesting photoluminescence feature, which were found to be sensitive to the ratio of ethylenediamine/water. It is suggested that the different coordination ability with Cd 2+ and dielectric constant of ethylenediamine and water caused different formation mechanism of CdS and led to the difference in the shape, crystallinity and optical properties of produced CdS particles.

Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of copper(II) complexes with the polydentate chelating ligand 4,4′-[1,4-phenylenedi(nitrilo)dipente-2-one

A new series of complexes of 4,4′-[1,4-phenylenenedi(nitilo)]dipenten-2-one, (H 2L) with CuX 2· nH 2O, X = Cl, Br, ClO 4, NO 3 and OAc; n = 1–6 as well as their ethylenediamine adducts have been synthesized and characterized by different physical techniques. The formulation of the complexes is assumed based on their elemental analysis and the molar conductivity. The products are found to be pH-dependent. The IR data showed that the ligand acts as dibasic tetradentate coordinated to copper(II) ions through the enolato-oxygen and the azomethine nitrogen atoms. Electronic, ESR spectra and room temperature magnetic moments indicate that complexes 1– 9 are square planar while complexes 10 and 11 are square based pyramidal. The different electronic spectral and ESR parameters are calculated and used to describe the nature of ligand-metal bonding ( σ and π) as well as to estimate the extent of distortion. A macrocyclic containing copper(II) complex, 12 have been isolated by the reaction of Schiff-base with copper(II)-ethylenediamine mixture. The ligand (H 2L) is designed as a building block for larger molecules and superamolecular assemblies.

A novel route to controlled synthesis of selenium nanowires

Trigonal selenium nanorods have been synthesized by sonicating the mixture of ethylenediamine, selenium powder, and water. The diameter of selenium nanowires can be controlled by the concentration of selenium; the length of selenium nanowires can be controlled by the reaction time.

Synthesis of laminar wurtzite CdSe nanocrystals from CdO at room temperature

The conversion of CdO to laminar wurtzite CdSe nanocrystals was achieved in a mixture of ethylenediamine and hydrazine hydrate at room temperature. The mechanism of reaction and the formation of laminar structure were discussed, and it was found that the mixed solvent played a crucial role in conversion.

Radiosynthesis of a 2‐substituted 4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐[2‐11C] imidazole: the I2 imidazoline receptor ligand [11C] benazoline

AbstractBenazoline (2‐naphthalen‐2‐yl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazole) is a selective high‐affinity ligand for the imidazoline I2 receptor. This compound was labelled with carbon‐11 (T1/2=20.4 min) at the number two carbon atom of its 2‐imidazoline ring. Cyclotron‐produced [11C]carbon dioxide reacted with 2‐naphthylmagnesium bromide to give 2‐[carboxyl‐11C]naphthoic acid in 60% radiochemical yield. The latter was heated with a mixture of ethylenediamine and its dihydrochloride at 300°C to give [11C]benazoline in 16% overall yield, relative to [11C]carbon dioxide and with a specific radioactivity of 54 GBq/μmol, decay corrected for end of irradiation. The procedure requires about 45 min from end of cyclotron irradiation. This method should be extendable to other imidazolines. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Curing of polymer matrix composites: Fluorescence study of dansyl fluorophore labeled to glass fibers and DGEBA–ethylenediamine epoxy resin

Curing process of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/ethylenediamine mixture in the presence of glass fibers was monitored by fluorescence in two ways: first, using dansyl labeled glass fibers and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/ethylenediamine mixture and second, using unlabeled glass fibers and DGBA-dansyl labeled/ethylenediamine mixture. Integral fluorescence intensity was analyzed as a function of time. Results allow comparison between the curing process inside the bulk of the resin and at the glass fiber interface. It was concluded that for the system DGEBA/ethylenediamine the polymer matrix viscosity increases with the curing time faster inside the bulk than at the glass fiber interface.

Effect of temperature on excess molar volumes and viscosities of binary mixtures of ethylenediamine and water

Molar excess volumes ( V E) and viscosities have been evaluated for binary mixtures of ethylenediamine and water in the temperature range from 303.15 to 318.15 K at an interval of 5 K. Excess molar volumes V E have been computed from density while excess Gibbs free energy of activation Δ G ∗E is calculated from viscosity deviation Δ η. The results were applied to Redlich–Kister equation. It is observed that all mixtures show negative values of V E obviously due to increased interactions between amino and hydroxyl groups of the components.

Room-Temperature Synthesis of Copper and Silver, Nanocrystalline Chalcogenides in Mixed Solvents

Copper and silver nanocrystalline chalcogenides, Cu 2− x Se, Cu 2Te, Ag 2Se, and Ag 2Te, have been successfully synthesized in a mixture of ethylenediamine and hydrazine hydrate as a solvent at room temperature. Products showed different morphologies, such as nanotubes, nanorods, and nanoparticles. The results indicated that the coordination and chelation abilities of ethylenediamine play an important role in the formation of one-dimensional nanocrystalline binary chalcogenides, and hydrazine hydrate is crucial to the electron transfer in the room temperature reactions. These transition-metal nanocrystalline chalcogenides as prepared were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The UV-Vis absorption properties of these nanocrystals were also measured.