Mixture Of Cow Manure Research Articles

Optimizing Glutinous Corn Productivity through Demonstration Plots with the Application of Combined Organic Ameliorants

Sandy soil in Muncuk Karya, Ampenan, has low water retention and nutrient content, making it difficult for sticky rice farmers to meet their plants' water and nutrient needs. To overcome this challenge, research entitled "Optimizing Glutinous Corn Productivity through Demonstration Plots with the Application of Combined Organic Ameliorants" was carried out using an experimental methodology using a randomized block design involving five treatments and four replications, so that there were a total of 20 treatment plots. The treatments applied consisted of: A1 (50% cow manure + 50% mycorrhizal biofertilizer), A2 (50% compost + 50% mycorrhizal biofertilizer), A3 (50% fertile organic fertilizer + 50% mycorrhizal biofertilizer), A4 (50% rice husk charcoal + 50% mycorrhizal biofertilizer), and A5 (50% mixture of cow manure, compost, fertile organic fertilizer, and rice husk charcoal with a volume ratio of 1:1:1:1 + 50% mycorrhizal biofertilizer). The research results showed that the application of ameliorant, a combination of 50% cow manure and 50% mycorrhizal biofertilizer, was proven to be effective in increasing growth, plant productivity, soil nutrient concentration, plant nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizal development in the soil. To increase the productivity of sticky corn plants, soil fertility, plant nutrient uptake, and mycorrhiza development, it is recommended to use this combination ameliorant application.

Bioremediation of acid mine drainage using sulfate-reducing wetland bioreactor: Filling substrates influence, sulfide oxidation and microbial community

Two sulfate-reducing wetland bioreactors (SRB-1 filled with lignocellulosic wastes and SRB-2 with river sand) were applied for synthetic acid mine drainage treatment with bio-waste fermentation liquid as electron donor, and the influence of filling substrates on sulfate reduction, sulfur transformation and microbial community was studied. The presence of lignocellulosic wastes (mixture of cow manure, bark, sawdust, peanut shell and straw) in SRB-1 promoted sulfate reduction efficiency (68.9%), sulfate reduction rate (42.1 ± 11 mg S/(L·d)), dissolved sulfide production rate (27.4 ± 7 mg S/(L·d)), and particularly caused high conversion ratio of sulfate reduction into dissolved sulfide (66.4%). In comparison, the relatively low sulfate reduction efficiency (42.9%), sulfate reduction rate (27.0 ± 10 mg S/(L·d)), dissolved sulfide production rate (5.6 ± 3 mg S/(L·d)) and low dissolved sulfide conversion efficiency (21.2%) occurred in SRB-2. Mixed organic substrates including easily assimilated electron donors (in manure) and lignocellulosic matter were effective to promote quick start and long-term microbial sulfate reduction. More than 98% of produced dissolved sulfide was oxidized dominantly by photoautotrophic green sulfur bacteria (genera Chlorobium and Chlorobaculum), of which 64.6% and 54.5% was converted into elemental sulfur for SRB-1 and SRB-2. The oxidation of sulfide into elemental sulfur for potential recovery rather than sulfate is preferred. Diverse sulfate reducing bacteria and sulfide oxidizing bacteria co-existed in the treatment system, which led to a sustainable sulfur transformation. High metal removal efficiency for Fe (99.6%, 92.5%), Cd (99.9%, 99.9%), Zn (99.4%, 98.5%), Cu (94.5%, 94.6%) except for Mn (9.3%, 3.6%) was achieved, and effluent pH increased to 6.5–7.7 and 6.7–7.7 for SRB-1 and SRB-2, respectively. Microbial community was regulated by filling substrates. Synergism between lignocellulosic decomposing bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria played a vital role in lignocellulosic bioreactor treating AMD, in addition to fermentation liquid serving as effective electron donor.

Valorization of water hyacinth to biomethane and biofertilizer through anaerobic digestion technology

The purpose of this research study is to determine the effects of co-digestion of water hyacinth weed plant harvested from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and manures collected from two local farms, with Alkali-thermal pre-treatment on methane production and the value of the resulting digestates as fertilizer. In codigestion tests, the aerial part of water hyacinth resulted in the highest methane production of 159 NmL.gVS-1 at 25% poultry waste followed by the whole water hyacinth at 25% poultry waste with 147.73 NmL.gVS-1. The aerial part and the whole water hyacinth mixed with cow manure at 60:40 registered 120 and 114.47 NmL.gVS-1, respectively. Alkali-thermal pretreatment using (KOH at 50 °C for 5 h) at different concentrations of 1.5, 2 and 3% showed that 1.5% recorded the highest methane production. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the (1.5% KOH, 50 °C, 5 h) pretreatment in improving mixtures solubilization, biodegradability, and methane production compared to the untreated ones. Alkali-thermal pretreatment reduces retention times compared to the untreated water hyacinth. The shortest retention time has been achieved for pretreated aerial part of water hyacinth at 25% poultry waste (8 days) and at 40% cow manure mixture (9 days) compared to the longest retention time of the whole untreated water hyacinth at 40% cow manure mixture (26 days). The gas chromatography (GC) analysis of biogas revealed that the highest percentage of CH4 (80%) was found for the whole pretreated water hyacinth at 25% poultry waste, followed by the untreated aerial part of water hyacinth at 25% poultry waste (60%). The application of the pretreatment method increased the concentration of calcium in the liquid digestate, making it more beneficial for soil use. The solid fraction, which comprises less than 10% of the digestate, exhibited a high phosphorus content compared to the liquid fraction. The use of Alkali-thermal pretreatment led to an increase in assimilable (P2O5) levels, and a significant reduction in the concentrations of Zn and Cu heavy metals in all pretreated mixtures. The levels of iron, zinc, and copper in the liquid digestate were within the acceptable range for soil fertilizer application in both untreated and pretreated mixtures. This work presents a novel technique for producing methane and appropriate digestate for soil application from water hyacinth, highlighting the potential for further research in this area.

Cow Manure Vermicomposting and an Initial Assessment of the Vermicompost Effect on the Production of Greenhouse Organic Crop Vegetables Under the Frame of Circular Economy

During the process of vermicomposting organic residues are broken down by earthworms and microorganisms, thus promoting germination, growth and yields of plants. This research aimed to study vermicomposted cow manure in order to be used as soil amendment for the production of organic early crops vegetables, in the light of sustainable development and circular economy. In the context of the study, earthworms initially composted the mixture of cow manure and straw, while chemical and microbiological composition of the produced vermicompost was determined and assessed. Afterwards, an experiment was carried out in order; a) to investigate the effects of cow manure vermicompost application on the chemical and microbial properties of greenhouse soil of the Green Unit of the Psychiatric Hospital of Thessaloniki and b) to relate these properties to growth responses and crop production of organic early crops vegetables cultivated in the greenhouse. The crops used for the experiment were Εruca sativa, Εruca vesicaria, parsley, celery and dill that were grown in vermicomposted soil of the greenhouse. Two vermicompost applications after sowing took place and one or two harvests as well. For all the five crops cultivated in the greenhouse, growth height was regularly monitored in order to calculate the corresponding growth rates. Furthermore, foliar diagnosis was performed for every crop. The results showed positive effect on growth rates of all five crops, indicating significant contribution of vermicomposting to the enhancement of crop production

KARAKTERISTIK PRODUK BIOGAS DARI BERBAGAI JENIS LIMBAH SAYUR SAWI

Market waste in the form of vegetables is an organic material that is of concern considering that this waste is increasing every day and it is increasingly difficult to find a place for disposal and reduces the aesthetic beauty of the city (Giska, 2017). The type of mustard greens waste is an organic material that has the potential to be used as raw material for biogas. This study aims to determine the effect of different variations of mustard vegetable waste and cow dung on the biogas produced. The variation used was a mixture of cow manure with green mustard, chicory and meat mustard with successive ratios of 7:1, 5:1, 4:1. The mixture of ingredients is put into a simple airtight bioreactor and then carried out the fermentation process stage for 15 days. Then check the temperature and volume of gas produced every day and check the final pH. From the results of the study it was found that mustard greens obtained a higher gas volume on the 7th day, which was 690 mL compared to chicory and green mustard, which respectively produced a gas volume of 475 mL and 380 mL on the 8th day.

Biogas Production from Tofu Liquid Waste with Cow Manure Mixture

Biogas is a mixture of several gases produced from the process of overhauling organic materials by microorganisms in a state without air or anaerobically. This study aims to analyze the production and quality of biogas produced from tofu liquid waste with a mixture of cow dung. The study was conducted with 4 treatments, namely 80% liquid waste tofu and water + 20% cow dung (T80K20), 70% liquid waste tofu and water + 70% cow dung (T70K30), 60% liquid waste tofu and water + 40% dung cattle (T60K40), and 50% tofu liquid waste and water + 50% cow dung (T50K50). Each was replicated 3 times with data analysis using a completely randomized design (CRD). The highest methane gas production in the T50K50 treatment was 64,986.97 ml and the highest methane gas content in the T50K50 treatment was 43% in the sixth week. Keywords:Anaerob,Carbon dioxide,Methane,Gas production.

Steam gasification of digestate after anaerobic digestion and dark fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass to produce syngas with high hydrogen content

Anaerobic conversion technologies are common for organic waste processing. However, the overaccumulation of digestate remaining after anaerobic conversion of biomass requires consideration of new economically viable ways of its disposal. In this work, the possibility of using steam gasification of digestates after anaerobic digestion (AD) and dark fermentation (DF) of lignocellulosic biomass, in order to obtain syngas with high hydrogen content, was investigated. Several digestates were used as feedstocks: (1) after AD of cow manure and mixture of cow manure and amaranth, and (2) from a dark fermentation (DF) reactor fed with by-products of cereals, bran, sunflower meal and rape cake, and operating at hydraulic retention time of 1 and 2.5 days. A methodology for determining the performance indicators of gasification is presented. The thermochemical conversion temperature was 1000 °C. The main indicators of the gasification process were determined at steam to digestate ratios from 0.45 to 0.65. Syngas obtained by steam gasification of digestates contained up to 62.7% H2 and up to 40.4% CO. The syngas from digestates after DF had high values of the molar ratio of H2 to CO, from 1.9 to 2.3, which makes it promising for conversion to liquid fuel by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The lower heating value of the syngas from all digestates was in the range from 12.1 to 12.4 MJ/m3. A combination of biological and thermochemical conversion can be used to generate the maximum amount of hydrogen from agro-industrial waste. This study contributes to the creation of a closed technological cycle for the processing of large-tonnage waste in the agro-industrial complex with the production of high value-added products.

Biochar improved the composting quality of seaweeds and cow manure mixture and altered the microbial community.

The beneficial effects of biochar addition during composting have been proved for many feedstocks, like manures and crop straws. However, the effect of biochar on the quality of composting product with seaweed as the feedstock and the bacterial response has not been investigated. In this study, the wheat straw biochar addition on the quality of the composting product and the bacterial response was explored at the rate of 0-10%. The results showed that biochar addition at the optimal rate (5%, w/w) could increase the germination index and the ratio of the optical density of humic acid at 460 nm to that at 660 nm (E4/E6) of the composting product, which indicated the decreased biotoxicity and enhanced compost maturity. The significant increase of the nitrate nitrogen (NO3 --N) content of the composting product proved the improvement of N cycling during composting process with biochar addition. The bacterial community of composting product was shifted and the relative abundance of some beneficial taxa (e.g., Muricauda and Woeseia) was significantly increased with biochar addition. Furthermore, the relative abundance of some bacterial genes related to amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism was also increased with biochar addition. The results of our study provided the positive effect of biochar addition on the composting of seaweed and could help to produce high quality seaweed fertilizer by composting with biochar addition.

Effects of common microplastics on aerobic composting of cow manure: Physiochemical characteristics, humification and microbial community

With the detection of microplastics in organic/biomass wastes, the risks of utilizing aerobic composting technology to treat wastes were increasingly recognized, but the impacts of microplastics on composting remain largely unidentified. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of common microplastics (polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE)) during 55 days composting. In this study, 0.5% PP and 0.5% PE were separately added to the mixture of cow manure, corn straw and bean dregs. The treatment without microplastics was regarded as control (CK). Microplastics significantly reduced the seed germination index values and the NO3−-N contents by 32.40%− 42.78% and 30.37%− 37.04%, respectively. Moreover, the degree of polymerization and humification index of CK were maximum at the end of composting (3.64% and 27.75%) compared to the microplastics added treatments. The alpha and beta diversity analyses showed that the exposure of microplastics reduced the abundance and diversity of bacterial communities. On day 3, the differences in bacterial community composition were mainly caused by time, while the effect of microplastics was more pronounced in the long-term composting. The relative abundance of potential bacterial pathogens at the end of composting in the CK was 2.14%− 2.96% lower than that in the microplastics added treatments. In summary, the results indicated that microplastics reduced compost quality while increased the potential pathogenic risk of composted products.

Potential of Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata) and Cow Manure for Available Phosphor Supply on Sandy Beach Soil and P Uptake by Onion (Allium cepa L.)

Abstract The low availability of phosphorus nutrients for onion plants resulted in disruption of the plant growth process such as blocking the extension of the root causing the uptake of nutrients decreased. This research was conducted to know the role of Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata) and cow manure for available phosphor of Sandy Beach Soil and P uptake by onion. The research method used was the Completely Randomized Design Method of 15 treatments, namely the mixture treatment of cow manure (S) and kirinyuh (K) at 10, 20 and 30 tons/ha equivalent doses. The treatment was: the dose of S and K mixture at without cow manure and kirinyuh (P0), 10 ton/ha comprised S/K ratios of 100/0 (P1), 75/25 (P2), 50/50 (P3), 25/75 (P4), 0/100 (P5); at 20 ton/ha comprised S/K ratios of 100/0 (P6), 75/25 (P7), 50/50 (P8), 25/75 (P9), 0/100 (P10); and at 30 ton/ha comprised S/K ratios of 100/0 (P11), 75/25 (P12), 50/50 (P13), 25/75 (P14), 0/100 (P15). Each treatment was repeated 3 (three) times. The results were analyzed by variance at 5% significant level and tested further with Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% level if there was a significant influence. The results showed that the mixture of cow manure and kirinyuh could increase P available of Sandy Beach Soil and P uptake of onion. Giving a mixture of cow manure (S) 25% and kirinyuh (K) 75% at the equivalent dosage of 30 tons/ha significantly gave the higestes P available of Sandy Beach Soil and P uptake of onion.

Producing biogas from cow manure, chicken manure, and organic waste by batch system

Cow manure, chicken manure, and organic waste are solid wastes that can be used as an energy source through a biogas digester. This study aims to determine the production of biogas from waste in a batch digester system. This research uses a digester in the form of a plastic drum with a capacity of 220 liters. 3 treatments were consisting of digester 1 containing cow manure and water (50:50), digester 2 in the form of a mixture of cow manure, chicken manure, and water (30:20:50), digester 3 containing cow manure, organic waste, and water (30:20:50). The digester is then closed tightly for 130 days. The results showed that the daily temperature ranged between 26°−31°C and the acidity (pH) 7-7.62. The biogas production of each digester was then carried out a flame test with a biogas stove. The results of the gas stove flame test show that digester 2 has a longer total flame period of 4302 seconds, then digester 1 has a total flame period of 4034 seconds and lastly, digester 3 has a total flame period of 2370 seconds.

Laboratory Investigation of Cow Manure and Digested synergistic with Municipal Organic Solid Waste in Anaerobic Digestion Process for efficiency increasing

Background and Objectives: Increasing production rate, biogas volume and pressure, methane composition as an alternative for fossil fuels and reducing digestion time and the digestion process efficiency. The effect of adding a mixture of cow manure (CM) and digested to municipal organic solid waste (MOSW) in order to increase productivity of anaerobic digestion (AD) process is considered.Methods: Through three steps single MOSW, CM and digested mixing under mesophilic temperature were treated by laboratory scale Semi-Batch anaerobic digestion setup. Digested and CM mixing effect with MOSW were studied and evaluated by investigating of physical-chemistry properties, feed and digested elemental analysis, and also biogas pressure and volume measuring, AD time and biogas analysis. Findings: Adding mixture of digested and CM with MOSW increases feed dry part (organic and ash) and its carbon and nitrogen content. Transformation rate in MOSW co-digestion with digested and CM mixture (3rd step) compare to co-digestion of MOSW with digested (2rd step) and also conversion percent of mentioned quantities derived from 2rd step compare to single digestion of MOSW (1rd step) are increased. Biogas volume and pressure in base on feed mass unit and also biogas relative component during of shorter digestion time, in 3rd step compare to 2rd and also in 2rd step compare to 1rd are increased.Discussion and Conclusion: Digested and CM mixing with MOSW not only contributes in increasing the organic part of the feed, but also collaborates in inoculation in AD process and increases the methane generation. Existence of AD active microorganisms, especially methanogenic as well as enrichment of their growth and reproduction environment by tracer components and elements, accelerates the process, increases the biogas volume and pressure and also methane production efficiency as an energy producing part of the process.

Dark Fermentation of Sweet Sorghum Stalks, Cheese Whey and Cow Manure Mixture: Effect of pH, Pretreatment and Organic Load

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for dark fermentation using agro-industrial liquid wastewaters mixed with sweet sorghum stalks (i.e., 55% sorghum, 40% cheese whey, and 5% liquid cow manure). Batch experiments were performed to investigate the effect of controlled pH (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5) on the production of bio-hydrogen and volatile fatty acids. According to the obtained results, the maximum hydrogen yield of 0.52 mol H2/mol eq. glucose was measured at pH 5.5 accompanied by the highest volatile fatty acids production, whereas similar hydrogen productivity was also observed at pH 6.0 and 6.5. The use of heat-treated anaerobic sludge as inoculum had a positive impact on bio-hydrogen production, exhibiting an increased yield of 1.09 mol H2/mol eq. glucose. On the other hand, the pretreated (ensiled) sorghum, instead of a fresh one, led to a lower hydrogen production, while the organic load decrease did not affect the process performance. In all experiments, the main fermentation end-products were volatile fatty acids (i.e., acetic, propionic, butyric), ethanol and lactic acid.

The degradation performance of different microplastics and their effect on microbial community during composting process

The objectives of this study were to investigate the degradation characteristics of different microplastics (polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)) and their effect on the bacterial community during composting. In this study, 0.5% PE, 0.5% PVC and 0.5% PHA microplastics were individually added to the mixture of cow manure and sawdust and then composted for 60 days. The treatment without microplastics was regarded as control. Results indicated that the abundance and smaller size (0–800 μm) of microplastics in all treatments obviously decreased after composting, except PVC treatment. The surface morphology of all microplastics occurred obvious erosions and cracks and the carbon content of PE, PVC and PHA microplastics were reduced by 30, 17 and 30%, respectively. After composting, all microplastics were significantly oxidized and the functional groups O–H, C=O and C–O increased. Furthermore, all microplastics exposure reduced the richness and diversity of bacteria community at thermophilic phase, especially PVC microplastics.

Biological weathering of phlogopite during enriched vermicomposting

As the dominant macrofauna in many soils, earthworms play a significant role in mineral weathering and nutrient release from mineral structures into available forms for root uptake. Phlogopite is a trioctahedral micaceous mineral that can be weathered to other minerals through release of its interlayer potassium (K). In this study, we investigated the effect of earthworm activities and associated microbial communities on phlogopite weathering during the production of phlogopite-enriched vermicompost with different quantities of phlogopite added. An experiment was run under laboratory conditions using three levels of phlogopite (0, 20% and 40% by weight) in triplicates. Each Petri dish contained 20 g of a mixture of cow manure and phlogopite, and vermicomposting process was performed by inoculation of eight Eisenia foetida earthworms. Changes in clay mineralogy and C/N ratio in each dish were assessed at days 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 during vermicomposting. The results indicated that phlogopite was partially weathered to vermiculite and interstratified mica-vermiculite during the vermicomposting process. The rate of weathering was higher during the early stages of vermicomposting (the first 90 d). The weathering of phlogopite was influenced considerably by the activity of earthworms and associated microbial communities during the organic matter transformation process. At the early stages of the process, the weathering rate for different levels of phlogopite was not significantly different, but over time it accelerated steadily, and the difference increased.

Methane gas production from a mixture of cow manure, chicken manure, cabbage waste, and liquid tofu waste using the anaerobic digestion method

Biomass is valuable alternative energy worldwide as a substitute for fossil fuels can be converted into various forms of usable energy such as heat, steam, electricity, biogas, and liquid transportation biofuels. Cabbage waste, tofu liquid waste, cow dung and chicken manure is dangerous for the surrounding environment, which produces CH4 gas and has quite high BOD and COD values. This liquid waste has an amount of COD, suspended solids, and a high total solids content. One solution to overcome this pollution is by processing the waste into biogas, especially methane gas. The material will be transformed into methane gas by fermentation through the anaerobic digestion method. Before converting into biogas, initial characterization will be carried out in total C content, total N, COD, and C/N ratio. Then, from the biogas produced, the maximum data obtained is in variable B4 (55% cow dung: 15% chicken manure: 15% cabbage waste: 15% liquid tofu waste) with a total amount of gas of 7140 ml. This shows that tofu liquid waste can increase the potential amount of biogas produced.

Study of the use of substandard flour as a co-substrate to increase biogas yield

Annotation Purpose. Increasing the biogas yield due to the rational mode of manure fermentation with the addition of substandard flour as a co-substrate. Methods. Experiment planning, methods of mathematical statistics. Analytical processing of experimental data. was carried out using the methods of mathematical statistics and probability theory on a computer in Excel and MathCad. Optimization problems were solved using the dichotomy method. Results. In methane fermentation of cattle manure with the addition of wheat flour as a co-substrate, the maximum yield of biogas was observed when adding 2.3% flour to the substrate. If the mass of flour increases to 10.6%  methane fermentation quickly stops. Conclusions. Based on the research, the following results were obtained: • for quasi-continuous loading of the methane tank, the optimal flour content in the substrate is determined, which is 3%; • substantiated recommendations on the rational content of flour in the substrate in the range of 2.3–4%, which provides an increase in biogas yield during fermentation of a mixture of cow manure and flour in 1.5–2 times. Keywords: biogas, cosubstrate, methane tank, gasholder, cattle manure, flour, grain waste, bread waste, experimental researches.

Morphological effect of dichloromethane on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cultivated in soil amended with fertilizer manures

In this work, we investigated the morphological effect of dichloromethane (DCM) on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plant. We studied in vitro the influence of its concentration on alfalfa germination. The plants were placed in pots for 15 weeks, and exposed to increasing concentrations of DCM (50 µg L−1 and 84 mg L−1). In addition, we examined the effect of two manures (cow and sheep), which were applied to a contaminated soil, on alfalfa plant growth. The effect of the presence of dichloromethane is obvious even in plant–soil manure system. In fact, in the event of contamination, the soil–cow manure mixture represents the best setting medium for the Alfalfa plant compared to other environments, regardless of the contamination level. Indeed, the presence of two types of manure does not allow the suppression of the inhibitory effect of dichloromethane on the mass of the dry matter of the aerial part which is 18.38% for the cow manure-amended soil and 13.96% for the sheep manure-amended soil.

The Mixed Fermentation Technology of Solid Wastes of Agricultural Biomass

Due to the large quantity and wide range of solid wastes of the biomass, and the dual characteristics of pollution and resource utilization, the energy utilization of anaerobic fermentation can promote its pollution control, so the mixed fermentation technology of solid wastes of agricultural biomass was studied. Corn straw, pig manure and kitchen waste were selected as solid wastes of agricultural biomass. A system including a temperature control device, a fermentation device and a gas gathering device is used to measure the content and pH value of biogas and methane. Physical, chemical and biological pretreatment methods were used to strengthen the anaerobic reference of biomass, and the mixed fermentation of different biomass was used to complete the anaerobic fermentation of a variety of solid wastes of agricultural biomass. The results showed that pig manure and corn straw were suitable for medium temperature fermentation at 30 ℃, while cow manure and corn straw were suitable for high temperature fermentation at 60 ℃. In the process of anaerobic fertilization, when the ratio of cow dung to sludge is 2: 1, 3: 1 and 4: 1 respectively, the methane content is shown as follows: 1. The first 130 days are relatively stable and then slowly decreased; 2. The first 120 d are slowly increased, and then it rises to the maximum value at 140 d and then remains unchanged; 3. It remains at 2% all the time. After the mixture of cow manure and sludge, the higher the proportion of cow manure is, the higher the pH value in the initial stage of anaerobic fertilization is. The higher the basicity of methanogens in the fermentation liquid inside the fermentation tank is, the higher the pH value of the system is, and the basicity of methanogens has a significant positive correlation with the crude protein content of biomass.

Co-treatment of potassium ferrate and peroxymonosulfate enhances the decomposition of the cotton straw and cow manure mixture

Since there is high lignocellulose content in the cotton straw and cow manure mixture (MCC), the appropriate MCC pretreatment is important to promote the anaerobic digestion (AD) hydrolysis. This study mainly explored the effect of potassium ferrate (PF) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) pretreatments on MCC decomposition. PMS + PF co-treatment showed a higher reduction of total solid and volatile solid than PF pretreatment and PMS pretreatment. Hydrolysis of treated MCC indicated that the PF pretreatment was more effective to the release of organics than the PMS pretreatment and the PMS + PF co-treatment. However, the PMS + PF co-treatment resulted in a higher lignin removal rate (40.4%–50.5%) than the PMS pretreatment (30.8%) and the PF pretreatment (21.4%). The PMS1 + PF2 co-treatment (molar ratio of 1:2) acquired the optimal lignin removal rate and the release of organics among the PMS + PF co-treatment with different dosing ratio. Potential mechanism was that PF reduction products activated PMS to produce free radicals (SO4−, OH), which attacked lignocellulosic components and promoted MCC decomposition. The PMS1 + PF2 co-treatment was deduced to be the optimal pretreatment method when considering MCC decomposition, biodegradability, and mass transfer in the bioreactor.