Color Mixture Research Articles

New method for observing, demonstrating, and teaching additive color mixture

AbstractThe trichromatic principles of additive and subtractive color mixture have been the foundation of the color reproduction technologies for about 130 years. Yet, today, they remain a poorly understood phenomenon in much of the fine art world as well as the general public. Part of the problem stems from a lack of a simple, effective, widely accessible method for presenting additive color mixtures. This article describes a new, unique means of demonstrating additive color mixture using colored mosaic patterns displayed on computer screens in combination with a simple optical diffuser. Three illustrations composed of primary colored mosaic designs are described along with the underlying theory they are based upon. The potential for this technique as a valuable educational tool for teaching the art and science of color mixture, as well as a new approach for designs in the visual arts, is discussed. Finally, a small representational luminous mosaic image is offered as an example of the creative possibilities in this unexplored realm of art.

Revisiting the fluorescent mosaic technique

AbstractA visual art technique first described in an early issue of CR&A is discussed here in the way it has been modified to expand its practicality. As a first‐of‐its‐kind application of additive color mixture in the two‐dimensional visual arts, the fluorescent mosaic technique is considered in terms of its historical context, and its conceptual and technical development are presented as it grew out of an awareness of a theoretical dissonance between the worlds of art and science. Three visual designs created in the additive fluorescent mosaic technique as proof‐of‐concept demonstrations are presented and discussed as they evolved from early methods requiring special lighting, which severely restricted the technique's applicability, to a more broadly functional method requiring only white light that is strong in blue content, such as average daylight. Because digital photography and electronic displays capture the appearance of fluorescent mosaic images quite well, their use as an educational instrument for teaching color mixture theory on a wide‐scale basis is promising. An outline of basic procedures for creating fluorescent mosaic artwork is provided. As a fine art medium, it is an area of visual expression that is virtually unexplored. Lastly, other approaches to creating visual art using luminous mosaic imagery are suggested.

A machine learning model pipeline for detecting wet pavement condition from live scenes of traffic cameras

Highway safety is largely influenced by weather conditions that have become increasingly volatile due to the climate change. It well known that wet pavement significantly reduces surface friction, leading to inflated collision risk. Thus, timely knowledge of the road surface condition is critical for safe driving. In this paper, a novel machine learning model pipeline is proposed to detect the wetness of pavement based on live images of highway scenes captured by publicly accessible traffic cameras. To simplify the learning task, we finetuned the state-of-the-art instance segmentation baseline models to extract background instance targets, including pavement, sky, and vegetation, which are common in highway scenes. Then, the color mixture attributes in HSV (hue, saturation and value) of each segmented instance were extracted and used as visual cues for inferring pavement condition. Finally, gradient boosting ensemble classifiers are constructed and trained using the HSV features to predict the wetness of pavement. For the segmentation task, we leveraged Detectron2 baseline models (Mask R-CNN) and evaluated three backbone networks: R50-FPN, R101-FPN, and X101-FPN. For the classification task, two most popular gradient boosting algorithms (XGBoost and CatBoost) were evaluated together with a classic logistic model. Based on experiments with our custom dataset, the best performance (F1 score: 0.927, AUC: 0.975) was achieved by the R101-FPN backbone coupled with the CatBoost classifier.

Bio-inspired electrochromic skin based on tungsten oxide

Some animals, such as the chameleon, have great capability of camouflage by changing their skin color to avoid detection. This outstanding property have inspired researchers to develop the ability of the materials and devices to mimic chameleon for applications in intelligent wearable and camouflage devices. Tungsten oxide (WO3), switching between blue and transparent, is widely studied due to its large optical modulation but it is difficult to obtain multicolor and flexibility. Here, we design a bio-inspired chameleon skin electrochromic device (ECD) assembled by inorganic electrochromic materials WO3, which can achieve the reversible color changes from yellow, light green to dark green according to subtractive color mixture theory. The flexible ECD exhibits a high optical reflectance modulation of 38.9% at voltage of ± 1.5 V in the wavelength range of 250–2500 nm. Fast response speed of 0.32 s for both coloring and bleaching process is obtained which can be attributed to the porous structure of the WO3 electrochromic layer. The ECD keeps excellent electrochromic performance even under bending conditions, indicating the great flexibility. The inorganic bio-inspired chameleon skin ECD opens new avenues for the design of intelligent and wearable devices.

RGB Colors and Ecological Optics

Object color space is highly structured due to optical constraints (radiant power non-negative, reflectance factors between zero and unity) and ecological context (daylight illuminant). In this setting trichromacy induces a natural geometry through a unique spectral tripartition. Different from null-context colorimetry, one gains two desirable relations: The colorimetric coordinates are coarse-grained spectral reflectance factors and there is a direct link to color experiences, since RGB–coordinates provide ostensive definitions. The framework allows one to deal with subtractive color mixture, source variation, effects of metamerism and relations between scenes and image data in a unified, structured manner. In ecological contexts, colors are effectively object properties. The formal framework is linear algebra and convex geometry. Applications in human biology, computer graphics, design, etc., are immediate.

Color order systems, color mixtures, and the role of cesia

AbstractTwo questions are mainly discussed in this article: (a) how the shape of color order systems is related to different types of chromatic mixtures, and (b) how the opacity or transparency (an aspect of cesia) of the coloring media involved in the mixtures define the results, beyond the established categories of additive, partitive, and subtractive mixtures. The degree of transparency, translucency, or opacity of the material used certainly has a great influence on these processes and in the results obtained, and we could also think that the degree of gloss or matte finish of the surfaces affects the mixtures as well. The underlying idea is that these processes are of a gradualist nature, and that a continuous sequence can be traced between two poles: additive mixture of overlapping lights, on one side, and subtractive mixture of transparent color layers, on the other one. Thus, instead of just three separate or unconnected types of color mixtures, we can postulate a model based upon a gradual sequence between additive and subtractive mixture, with partitive mixture as one of the steps in between. A schematic 3D model of gradual transformation is proposed to encompass different color systems that represent any possible mixture between additive and subtractive.

A Study and Analysis of Improved Binary Pattern Technique in Dynamic Images

A dynamic image has a distinct quantity of object movement from one to another. It can be any object such as a car, person, an object moving from one point X to another point Y. Image consists of a sense of movement. Applications of object tracking are biometrics tracking, AR uses, video surveillance, passage monitoring, vehicle navigation, etc. Challenges in tracking multifaceted objects are fast movement, geometric conversion, blurring, messy background, artifacts, etc. To resolve this problem by merge all small features with nearby texture features. Texture feature describes the plane space and configuration of an area. A mixture of color and texture feature improves the object details and to increase the strength of the object's illustration. In Existing methods such as binary pattern method all object features are removed, so it is difficult to predict the exact pixel movement. The proposed method of improved binary pattern is also tracking the small changes in the pixel difference in one frame to other. Compared with the existing algorithms, IBP method measures the spatial arrangement of local image texture which reduces the overall processing cost and improves the strength of objective image. To track the similarities and difference of the object in each and every frame efficiently and effectively Improved Local Binary Pattern tracking algorithm was proposed. This proposed technique is an effective way to analysis complicated real time situations compared with other methods.

The influence of colour mixtures on the textural perception of surface design: Deciphering textile methodology in the field of bioplastic design

AbstractIn textile design, the characteristics of a textured surface are the result of the properties of the materials, the textile techniques used, and the colour mixtures associated with each technique. The perception of colour on textured textiles is dependent on the angles of viewing and incidence of light on the surface. Accordingly, when analyzing the perception of the colour of pile textiles such as velvet, we observe that the orientation of the piles on the surface affects the perception of colour. The perception of colour and its transformation depends on whether the light is reflected off the side or the end of the yarn. By bringing do it yourself (DIY) materials into the textile design field, this research questions how biomaterials such as bioplastic can be further developed using textile surface design methods, and how the relationship between texture and colours can be advanced in the design of complex textured surfaces. The method develops a hybrid strategy for designing a new material category combining DIY and digital tools, which offers a more sustainable alternative to conventional textile materials. Moreover, the method proposed builds on two major aspects: explorations of bioplastic materials and their impacts on colour design and selection, and an analysis of changes in the visual perception of coloured surfaces with regard to differences in texture, the positioning of a light source, and angle of viewing. The results are methods of creating complex colour combinations and textural surfaces using near‐adjacent and complementary colours and the intrinsic transparency property of bioplastics.

Biological Activities and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from Prunus Prescia (L.) Batsch

In this paper, Prunus persica L. Batsch (wild and variety) plants have been used for the bioreduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Aqueous leaf extract of plants was treated with silver nitrate. The mixture's color changed from pale yellow to dark brown Prunus persica (variety) and dark yellow to greyish brown Prunus persica (wild). The color change was the first indication of silver nanoparticle synthesis, further confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The surface Plasmon band exhibited absorption peaks for Prunus persica wild and variety leaf extract at 468 nm, 492 nm, 462 nm. The silver nanoparticles were further characterized using X-Ray Diffraction that carried out the crystallographic nature by exhibiting 2θ value from 10˚ to 90˚ corresponding diffraction planes of Face Centered Cubic structure. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated organic compounds in plant material that mainly involved in reduction. Prunus persica L. Batsch (wild and variety) mediated silver nanoparticles exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against a human bacterial pathogen. The antioxidant activity was also studied that showed effective results on synthesized silver nanoparticles using the 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The result showed that Prunus persica L. Batsch proved to be a useful silver nanoparticle.

Single-cell analysis clarifies mosaic color development in purple hydrangea sepal.

Hydrangea sepals exhibit a wide range of colors, from red, through purple, to blue; the purple color is a color mosaic. However, all of these colors are derived from the same components: simple anthocyanins, 3-O-glycosyldelphinidins, three co-pigment components, acylquinic acids and aluminum ions (Al3+ ). We show the color mosaic is a result of graded differences in intravacuolar factors. In order to clarify the mechanisms of mosaic color, we performed single-cell analyses of vacuolar pH, and anthocyanin, co-pigment and Al3+ content. From the sepals, a protoplast mixture of various colors was obtained. The cell color was evaluated by microspectrophotometry and vacuolar pH then was recorded by using a pH microelectrode. The organic and Al3+ contents were quantified by micro-HPLC. We found that the bluer the cell, the greater the ratio of 5-O-acylquinic acids and Al3+ to anthocyanins. Furthermore, reproducing experiments were conducted by mixing the components under various pH condition; all the colors could be reproduced in the various mixing conditions. Based on the above, we provide experimental evidence for cell color variation in hydrangea. Our study demonstrates the expression of phenotypic differences without any direct genomic control.

Proposal to describe the colour mixing during the retouching process

When writing the final report, conservators-restorers are often faced with a lot of indecision on how to describe the colour mixing used in retouching process. The reports may sound somewhat incomplete, especially if the technical data is completely left out. The recorded information are usually restricted to the type of paint with indication of the brand and the type of binder and pigments used. Thus, the aim of this paper is to propose a measurable system that could help the students and the professionals to describe the use of colour mixtures during the chromatic reintegration treatment.

Machine vision system for quality inspection of beans

This paper presents a machine vision system (MVS) for visual quality inspection of beans which is composed by a set of software and hardware. The software was built from proposed approaches for segmentation, classification, and defect detection, and the hardware consists of equipment developed with low-cost electromechanical materials. Experiments were conducted in two modes: offline and online. For offline experiments, aimed at evaluating the proposed approaches, we composed a database containing 270 images of samples of beans with different mixtures of skin colors and defects. In the online mode, the beans contained in a batch, for example, a bag of 1 kg, are spilled continuously on the conveyor belt for the MVS to perform the inspection, similar to what occurs in an automated industrial visual inspection process. In the offline experiments, our approaches for segmentation, classification, and defect detection achieved, respectively, the average success rates of 99.6%, 99.6%, and 90.0%. In addition, the results obtained in the online mode demonstrated the robustness and viability of the proposed MVS, since it is capable to analyze an image of 1280 × 720 pixels, spending only 1.5 s, with average successes rates of 98.5%, 97.8%, and 85.0%, respectively, to segment, classify, and detect defects in the grains contained in each analyzed image.

Low blue light hazard for tunable white light emitting diode with high color fidelity and circadian performances

Referring to the standard of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), purple and azure light emitting diodes (LEDs) are used to obtain the blue vision and avoid the blue light hazard (BLH). In order to get the high color fidelity for mixed white LED, the other monochromatic LEDs are chosen according to the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram and Grassmann Color Law of additive color mixture. Using the mathematical model of monochromatic LEDs and restrictions of chromaticity coordinates on Planckian blackbody locus, there are only 2 independent variables in the simulation to a certain combination of peak wavelengths. The optimized peak wavelengths of the five monochromatic LEDs are 385, 467, 524, 564, and 632 nm. The blue light hazard efficiency of radiation (BLHER) of the practical mixed white light is always less than 0.06 when its correlated color temperature (CCT) changes from 2500 to 7000 K. The BLHER is as low as the incandescent lamp at 2700 K and is much lower than other conventional lighting sources. The measured color rendering index (CRI), color fidelity score (Rf), and color gamut score (Rg) of the mixed white light are more than 84.9, 80.4, and 98.1, respectively. The circadian action factor (CAF) is measured as from 0.23 to 0.89 in the above CCT ranges. At last, the limitations of this work and some potential solutions are discussed.

Expanding the range of sausage products of special purpose

Due to the deficiency of certain nutrients in the diet of athletes and many categories of the population, there is a need for more targeted use of meat and meat products and the inclusion of traditional foods with physiologically functional ingredients to replenish the body with appropriate nutrients. The article presents the development of technologies for new types of meat products using the protein-carbohydrate supplement “Gainer” – a concentrate of nutrients. Gainer protein-carbohydrate supplement is a powdered mixture of white, gray, yellow or other color with chocolate, vanilla, strawberry flavor or without taste, intended for gaining muscle mass. The protein in this mixture is presented in the form of a protein obtained from milk, carbohydrates are represented by starch obtained from corn.During the studies, the effect on the solubility of the additive was determined, the temperature of sodium chloride was found to pass into a solution of 1.08 to 1.28 mg/ml of protein, which is 42.9 and 48 % according to their total content, which is determined at plus 20 °C. As the temperature increases, the solubility of the proteins of the protein mixture increased, reaches maximum values at a temperature of about plus 50 °C and is 127 % of the initial level at plus 4 °C. A further increase in temperature leads to a decrease in the indicator and at plus 85 °C its value is 37.8 % of the initial level. In the presence of sodium chloride, the solubility of the protein mixture is significantly increased. The most noticeable changes were observed at a NaCl concentration of up to 1 % by weight of the solution. With increasing concentration of NaCl in the system, the solubility of proteins also increases, but less intensely. Studies of the ability to interact with fat have shown high absorbent, binding, emulsifying properties of the protein mixture of Gainer. The stability of emulsions is about 60 %, which corresponds to the emulsifying ability of collagen proteins. A study was also conducted to determine the amount of protein-carbohydrate supplement in cooked sausages. The study showed that the introduction of hydrated milk-protein mixture of protein and carbohydrate additives in the composition of minced meat leads to an increase in the mass fraction of moisture, decrease in the mass fraction of protein and fat in proportion to the increase in the level of raw meat in minced meat.

Comparison of smartphone-camera and conventional flatbed scanner images for analytical evaluation of chewing function.

The two-colour mixing test is a quick method to assess chewing function (CF). The use of smartphone cameras for acquiring images may help in further simplifying the process. This study evaluated the reliability of smartphone-camera images of chewing gums to assess CF. Five test samples of a bicoloured chewing gum were produced by a single fully dentate adult volunteer. The specimens were flattened to 1-mm thick wafers. The two sides of the wafers were digitised with a conventional flatbed scanner (control) and were photographed 20 times using 8 different smartphones. The images were assessed optoelectronically to obtain the variance of hue (VoH) and subjectively by visual assessment (SA) using a categorical scale (SA1-SA5). Spearman's correlation and regression models were used for statistical analyses. The intra-group variability for SA1-SA3 was <1% for all smartphones, but significantly higher than controls for SA4 and SA5 (smartphone: SA4=5.57%; SA5=8.76%; control: SA4=2.5%; SA5=0.79%). VoH was progressively lower from SA1 to SA5 for all imaging devices (r>-.97; P<.001). VoH comparisons between control and smartphone images revealed significant differences for the individual SA categories, and however, the magnitude of differences was small and non-significant when the full range of SA levels were considered. The linear mixed model regression showed significant effects for all the smartphones (P<.001) and SA levels (P<.001) in relation to the flatbed scanner values. Smartphone cameras may be used to evaluate colour mixture for a bolus-kneading test, however, the precision is lower with higher degrees of colour mixing.

Complementary colors: A literature review

AbstractArticles from a broad search of the literature dating from 1704 are cited and described briefly in order to provide an overview of complementary colors and associated research areas, especially chromatic induction (ie, complementary afterimages) as the principal research area. The literature shows that complementary colors have roles in all aspects of color appearance and color vision. Forty specific roles are described, which can be divided into three general roles of complementary color: color mixture, color constancy (or chromatic adaptation), and color perception (or appearance).

A case of pericapillary arteriovenous malformation

BackgroundPericapillary arteriovenous malformation (pAVM) frequently causes intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, definitive diagnosis of pAVM is difficult, as it manifests angiographically as cerebral venous malformations. Case descriptionA 57-year-old woman presented with sudden headache. Computed tomography revealed left parietal subcortical hemorrhage. Angiography demonstrated abnormal veins at the hematoma. Under suspicion of pAVM, resection was performed 3 months after the onset of symptoms. Color Doppler identified one vein with both red and blue colored flows running into the subcortex. This vein was followed, and a cluster of abnormal vessels was identified and resected. Histological investigation demonstrated that one of the arterioles connected directly to a dilated thin-walled venule, leading to a diagnosis of pAVM. ConclusionsICH is rarely caused by venous malformation, but is frequently triggered by pAVM. Therefore, pAVM should be suspected when angiography shows abnormal vessels resembling venous malformation in patients with ICH. pAVM is only definitively diagnosed by histology. Angiographically identified abnormal vessels are draining veins, and a core pAVM is not seen radiologically. Surgery comprises the following steps: 1) following the abnormal vein along the sulcus; 2) aspiration of a small amount of cortex tissue to enable the vein to be followed; 3) identification of a cluster of abnormal arterioles in the subcortex; 4) en bloc removal of these abnormal vessels. Identification of the draining vein is the key point; color Doppler is useful for this, as a mixture of red and blue colors are displayed due to the presence of back and forth blood streams.

Chroma-hue controllable color and thermocolor-added deoxyribonucleic acid films

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a useful scaffolding material for the alignment of nanomaterials with specific functionalities. Here, we fabricated multi-layered (e.g., single, triple, and quintuple) color-added DNA films with a different color in each layer on substrates as well as a self-supported film with a mixture of different colors. A color-added DNA thin film on a substrate was prepared by either drop-casting or spin-coating, and a self-supporting DNA film was constructed by an oven-drying procedure. The optical characteristics of DNA films with various color dye concentrations were studied through transmittance and absorption. In addition, color profiles (i.e., chroma and hue angle) of the self-supporting DNA films were investigated by considering reflectance to obtain International Commission on Illumination LAB (CIELAB) values (where L, A, and B represent the brightness, x-axis (green-red), and y-axis (yellow-blue) in the CIE color space, respectively). Color profiles were obtained by L, A, and B. The chroma of the self-supporting DNA film with more colors were relatively small, indicating a dark achromatic characteristic of the samples. The hue angle of each film corresponded to the characteristic colors. Finally, the reversibility of the color change of DNA films embedded with thermochromatic dyes was demonstrated by varying the temperature to verify use in practical applications.

Analysis of Changes in Hair Color caused by Mixing Hair Dye in Three Primary Colors

Hairstyles can be created by various treatments such as haircut, perm, coloring and bleaching. In particular, hair colors can vary depending on circumstance, place, season, feeling, mood and image. This study targeted to learn how to mix hair dyes to create wanted color with a better understanding of the mixture of hair colors and prove the acquisition of wanted color. For this, the followings were analyzed through a theoretical review: hair coloring, types and characteristics of hair dyes, characteristics of melanin pigments, color charts of ‘W’. In terms of an empirical study, color changes by ratio according to hair dye levels were derived. The acquired hair dyes were applied to white hair and black hair, and a total of 90 different colors were obtained. The test results found the followings: First, ‘45(R)’ and ‘88(B)’ were mixed in a 1:1 ratio, it was unable to create ‘6 (purple)’. When ‘88(B)’ and ‘/3(Y)’ were mixed, the secondary color of ‘/2(green)’ in the color chart wasn’t expressed. In fact, it was close to ‘/11(ash gray)’. When ‘/45(R)’ and ‘/3(Y)’ were blended, the secondary color of ‘/44(orange)’ in the color chart was ‘level 12’. When they were mixed in the ratio of 3 to 1, the color was closest to ‘12/44’. In other words, when hair dyes are mixed, color gets darker when hair dyes with strong color are used than when they are mixed at a certain ratio. In black hair, hair color does not change much by a mixing ratio. In fact, brightness can only be classified based on the existence of redness. It’s hoped that the study results would help hairdressers understand the standards of color changes by the mixture of hair dyes and establish the grounds for consulting hair coloring through the development of a color chart.

A Temperature-Responsive Copper Molybdate Polymorph Mixture near to Water Boiling Point by a Simple Cryogenic Quenching Route.

Smart temperature-responsive inorganic materials in accessible temperature ranges open up new positions in the technology. Herein, we present for the first time a CuMoO4 polymorph mixture prepared by a simple cryogenic quenching approach, which offers a fast temperature response close to water boiling temperature for use as a permanent temperature recorder. The new cryogenic quenching technique initiates the formation of a unique polymorph mixture of a deep brown color with a nonuniform combination of γ- and α-CuMoO4, with the γ phase being confined to the outer region of α-CuMoO4, which has been prepared by conventional solid-state synthesis. In situ structural analysis and refinement results confirm the presence of CuMoO4 α and γ polymorphs in which the amount of γ polymorph decreases and that of the α phase increases with temperature, accounting for the irreversible thermochromic behavior. The thermal analysis reveals that the polymorph mixture exhibits a fast response with the color changing from deep brown to bright green with intermediate colors of light brown, yellowish green, and light green depending on the exposure temperature as observed from reflectance measurements.