Mixture Of Chitosan Research Articles

Biocompatibility of Membranes Based on a Mixture of Chitosan and Lythri herba Aqueous Extract

In the current context of concern for the improvement and protection of environmental conditions, emphasis is placed on the provision of non-toxic, eco-friendly, renewable biomaterials to replace established chemical substances. Lythri herba is the aerial part of the plant species Lythrum salicaria L., known in the scientific literature especially for its content of tannins and total polyphenols, which highlight its antioxidant, hemostatic, antibacterial and antidiarrheal properties. Chitosan is a biopolymer widely used in industry and medicine due to its abundance in nature, its biodegradability, lack of toxicity and the ease with which it can be transformed into several basic forms (hydrogel, membrane, sponge). The aqueous solutions and membranes obtained in this study by merging these two natural resources were biologically tested in terms of genotoxicity (SOS-Chromo assay), hemolytic activity, thrombin generation activity and bacterial adhesion to reveal outwardly the lack of these properties and their use for medical purposes. The results of the current study attest to the absence of mutagenic and slight hemolyzing properties, thus supporting the possibility of using this extract and membrane in medical and pharmaceutical therapeutic practice. The surface parameters of membranes were examined and important influences at thrombin activity were found. Also, bacterial adhesion results showed a correlation between Lythri herba and chitosan concentrations and membranes’ appearances (swelling, stability). The results show that the membranes could be a promising material for biomedical applications.

Chitosan nanoparticles for sustained release of metformin and its derived synthetic biopolymer for bone regeneration.

Background: There are considerable socioeconomic costs associated with bone defects, making regenerative medicine an increasingly attractive option for treating them. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer; it is used in approaches for sustained slow release and osteogenesis, and metformin has osteoinductivity. Our study aimed to synthesize chitosan and human serum albumin (HSA) with a metformin nanoformulation to evaluate the therapeutic effects of this nanoformulation on bone defects in vitro. Methods: A pluripotent differentiation assay was performed in vitro on mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to detect whether metformin was toxic to BMSCs. The osteogenesis-related gene expression of osteocalcin (OCN) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) from BMSCs was tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HSA, metformin hydrochloride, and chitosan mixtures were magnetically stirred to finish the assembly of metformin/HSA/chitosan nanoparticles (MHC NPs). The MHC NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). To test the expression of OCN and OPG, western blot were used. MHC NPs were evaluated in vitro for their osteoinductivity using alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results: BMSCs successfully differentiated into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages in vitro. According to real-time PCR, a 50µM concentration of metformin promoted osteogenesis in BMSCs most effectively by upregulating the osteogenic markers OCN and OPG. The microstructure of MHC NPs was spherical with an average nanosize of 20 ± 4.7nm and zeta potential of -8.3mV. A blueshift and redshift were observed in MHC NPs following exposure to wavelengths of 1,600-1,900 and 2,000-3,700nm, respectively. The encapsulation (%) of metformin was more than 90%. The simulation study showed that MHC NPs have good stability and it could release metformin slowly in vitro at room temperature. Upon treatment with the studied MHC NPs for 3days, ALP was significantly elevated in BMSCs. In addition, the MHC NPs-treated BMSCs upregulated the expression of OPG and OCN, as shown by real-time PCR and western blot. Conclusion: MHC NPs have a stable metformin release effect and osteogenic ability. Therefore, as a derived synthetic biopolymer, it is expected to play a role in bone tissue regeneration.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANO CHITOSAN-AVOCADO SEED STARCH AS EDIBLE FILMS

The use of plastic as food packaging tends to cause problems because it is difficult to decompose; therefore, it can pollute the environment. The development of biodegradable plastics is an alternative to this problem. Chitosan, a bioplastic, can be used as a packaging material but has poor barrier properties. A biodegradable film was made from a mixture of plasticizer, nano chitosan, and avocado seed starch. Nanochitosan synthesis was carried out using the UAE method for 2 h at an amplitude of 50% to produce 0.7 µm sized particles. Films were formed using the casting method, and characterization was performed, which included functional group, thickness, color, and antioxidant tests. The FTIR spectrum showed that the interaction between nanochitosan and avocado seed starch occurred physically, marked by a shift in the wavenumber of the amide carbonyl group from 1646.60 cm-1 1549.99 cm-1. The film thickness was 0.10–0.15 cm with a darker color as the volume of nanochitosan used increased. Antioxidant analysis revealed that the LC50 value was between 150-250 ppm. The barrier properties of the resulting film against water vapor can inhibit strawberry fruit decay for 3–4 days at room temperature.

Complex Bioactive Chitosan–Bioglass Coatings on a New Advanced TiTaZrAg Medium–High-Entropy Alloy

High-entropy alloys (HEAs), also known as multicomponent or multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs), differ from traditional alloys, which are usually based only on one principal element, in that they are usually fabricated from five or more elements in large percentages related to each other, in the range of 5%–35%. Despite the usually outstanding characteristics of HEAs, based on a properly selected design, many such alloys are coated with advanced composites after their elaboration to further improve their qualities. In this study, 73Ti-20Zr-5Ta-2Ag samples were covered with chitosan and a mixture of chitosan, bioglass, and ZnO particles to improve the materials’ antibacterial properties. A variety of methods, including scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and mechanical and electrochemical determinations, has permitted a quantified comparison between the coated and uncoated surfaces of this medium–high-entropy alloy. The materials’ properties were enhanced by the complex coating, giving the alloys not only high antibacterial activity, but also good corrosion protection.

Multifunctional Double-Layer and Dual Drug-Loaded Microneedle Patch Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing.

Chronic nonhealing diabetic wounds are a serious complication of diabetes, with a high morbidity rate that can cause disability or death. The long period of inflammation and dysfunctional angiogenesis are the main reasons for wound-healing difficulty in diabetes. In this study, a multifunctional double-layer microneedle (DMN) is constructed to control infection and promote angiogenesis, meeting the multiple demands of the healing process of a diabetic wound. The double-layer microneedle is consisted in a hyaluronic acid substrate and a mixture of carboxymethyl chitosan and gelatin as the tip. The antibacterial drug tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) is loaded into the substrate of the microneedle to achieve rapid sterilization and promote resistance to external bacterial infections. The microneedle tip loaded with recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rh-EGF) is inserted into the skin, in response to gelatinase produced by resident microbe and disassociate to achieve the enzymatic response release. The double-layer drug-loaded microneedles (DMN@TH/rh-EGF) have antibacterial and antioxidant effects, and promote cell migration and angiogenesis in vitro. In an in vivo diabetic wound model, using rats, the DMN@TH/rh-EGF patch is able to inhibit inflammation, promote angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and tissue regeneration during the wound healing process, promoting its healing.

The Potential of Bentonite and Chitosan Mixtures as Clay Liner Base Material

A polymer-enhanced bentonite-sand mixture has been widely used as a clay liner. This research focuses on the potential use of chitosan as a natural polymer mixed with bentonite as a clay liner base material. The bentonite used is a type of calcium bentonite, which is easily obtained in the market. Meanwhile, chitosan is produced from shrimp shell waste and is also easily available in the market. The process of mixing chitosan with a percentage of 2–6% of bentonite was carried out using a certain method, which is described in detail in the article. The materials’ physical, chemical, and engineering characteristics, such as Atterberg limits, permeability, and compressive strength, were examined after mixing. The results show that the mixing process was successful for the finding of minerals and functional groups based on the XRD and FTIR results. Promising results of the study include larger clusters, higher plasticity, decreased permeability, and higher compressive strengths of the mixtures after chitosan was added to bentonite.

Preparation and properties of cotton fabrics dyed by Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) extract and chitosan

Naturally occurring compounds can be utilized as coloring and finishing agents in environmentally friendly textile products. Aronia melanocarpa (Aronia) fruits (berries) are rich in bioactive compounds such as various form of polyphenolic compounds showing antibacterial and antioxidant, and thus numerous studies have been actively conducted on Aronia berry extract (AE) in recent years. However, most natural compounds including pigments exhibit inferior fixation and fastness when applied to cellulosic fibers. Therefore, in this study, coloring and functional compounds were extracted from Aronia berries and applied with or without chitosan to cotton fabrics to improve dyeability and functionality. The cotton fabrics were treated as follows: dyed with an AE single aqueous solution; dyed with an AE–chitosan mixture; and dyed with AE after being pretreated with a chitosan solution. Cotton fabrics dyed with AE and/or chitosan were investigated for their coloring properties and functionality, such as antibacterial properties and antioxidant capacity. It was proven that AE can be used to dye chitosan pretreated cotton fabrics, obtaining good color properties. Moreover, the cotton fabrics dyed with AE after chitosan pretreatment completely inhibited the growth of bacteria (> 99.9%) and exhibited antioxidant properties.

Enhanced wound-healing efficacy of electrospun mesoporous hydroxyapatite nanoparticle-loaded chitosan nanofiber developed using pluronic F127

One of the goals of wound repairing is to mimic the function and architecture of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). To this end, for the first time, we used pluronic F127 and mesoporous rod-like hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (mr-HAP NPs) simultaneously to prepare a novel low-diameter electrospun ECM-mimicking wound dressing based on a mixture of chitosan and polyethylene oxide. F127 is used as a surface tension regulator of the polymer solution. In addition, F127 has the special ability to reduce the size of nanofibers. mr-HAP NPs are used as cell proliferation accelerators which also improve the mechanical properties and water uptake capacity of the as-prepared dressing. The average size of nanofibers in the presence of F127 was about 110 nm which was more than 2.5 times lower than nanofibers prepared without F127. The water uptake capacity was evaluated to investigate the wound exudate absorption capacity of the wound dressing. It was observed that the incorporation of mr-HAP NPs into wound dressing structure increases the water uptake capacity by more than 2.5 times. Alongside the evaluation of cytocompatibility through in vitro cell viability assay, the wound healing efficacy was also determined in full-thickness skin wounds in a rat model for 15 days. The cytocompatible wound dressing showed significantly higher wound closure efficacy than the control group so the wounds healed entirely on the last day of the treatment period. As well, the pathology analysis proved better granulation tissue development and greater re-epithelialization. These findings are by virtue of the improved mechanical properties, accelerated cell migration and proliferation, proper environment for oxygen exchange, and enhanced exudate uptake of the wound dressing. These all are due to the presence of F127 and mr-HAP.

Treatment of Industrial Saline Wastewater Using Eco-Friendly Adsorbents

The wastewater generated from the oil and gas sector is one of the major environmental issues. Varieties of techniques are employed for the treatment of generated wastewater. In this work, an attempt has been made to treat industrial saline wastewater from the oil and gas industry using a combination of synthesized biopolymer, chitosan, with graphene. Chitosan has been synthesized from a bioresource using marine spent. Chitosan was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Batch experiments were conducted by varying the composition of graphene viz 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 w/w with respect to a fixed amount of chitosan. The percentage removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, and oil and grease were evaluated. A combination of chitosan and graphene has effectively removed the pollutants present in oil produced water (OPW) compared to chitosan alone. The maximum percentage removal efficiencies of COD (84%), TDS (91%), TSS (80%), turbidity (95%), and oil and grease (99.9%) were obtained for a mixture of chitosan (0.5 g/100 mL) and 5 wt% graphenes. The Freundlich equilibrium isotherm model suited the adsorption data well.

Tannic Acid Tailored-Made Microsystems for Wound Infection.

Difficult-to-treat infections make complex wounds a problem of great clinical and socio-economic impact. Moreover, model therapies of wound care are increasing antibiotic resistance and becoming a critical problem, beyond healing. Therefore, phytochemicals are promising alternatives, with both antimicrobial and antioxidant activities to heal, strike infection, and the inherent microbial resistance. Hereupon, chitosan (CS)-based microparticles (as CM) were designed and developed as carriers of tannic acid (TA). These CMTA were designed to improve TA stability, bioavailability, and delivery in situ. The CMTA were prepared by spray dryer technique and were characterized regarding encapsulation efficiency, kinetic release, and morphology. Antimicrobial potential was evaluated against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, as common wound pathogens, and the agar diffusion inhibition growth zones were tested for antimicrobial profile. Biocompatibility tests were performed using human dermal fibroblasts. CMTA had a satisfactory product yield of ca. 32% and high encapsulation efficiency of ca. 99%. Diameters were lower than 10 μm, and the particles showed a spherical morphology. The developed microsystems were also antimicrobial for representative Gram+, Gram-, and yeast as common wound contaminants. CMTA improved cell viability (ca. 73%) and proliferation (ca. 70%) compared to free TA in solution and even compared to the physical mixture of CS and TA in dermal fibroblasts.

Influence of Rheological Characteristics of Solutions of Mixtures of N-Succinyl Chitosan and Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium Salts on Some Properties of Materials Obtained from These Solutions

Influence of Rheological Characteristics of Solutions of Mixtures of N-Succinyl Chitosan and Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium Salts on Some Properties of Materials Obtained from These Solutions

The Influence of Ozone on the Structure of Biodegradable Matrices Based on Mixtures of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate), Polylactide, and Chitosan

The Influence of Ozone on the Structure of Biodegradable Matrices Based on Mixtures of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate), Polylactide, and Chitosan

PEMANFAATAN BEBERAPA BAHAN PELAPIS PADA UREA TERHADAP NITROGEN TERSEDIA DAN SIFAT KIMIA DI VERTISOL PASURUAN

Vertisols have a comparatively low total N content till they are needed, so they need extra external fertilizers within the sort of fertilizers. The coating is one methodology for making fertilizer within the sort of slow-release. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of zeolite, sago, a mixture of chitosan, and potato flour as a coating for urea fertilizer on the provision of available N and also the chemical properties of Vertisols Pasuruan. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments consisted of K (no coating), P1 (zeolite 10%), P2 (sago 2%), P3 (chitosan 3% : potato starch 8%), P4 (zeolite 20%), P5 (sago 4%) and P6 (chitosan 6% : potato starch 6%) with 3 replicates. The results showed that the application of several coating materials on urea had a significant effect on the rate of nitrogen release in the form of ammonium and nitrate from week 1 to week 4. P6 (chitosan 6%: potato starch 6%) treatment showed the lowest results in the release rate of ammonium by 12.517 ppm, which was categorized as high and nitrate by 3.005 ppm, which was categorized as low. The urea coating treatment resulted in lower ammonium and nitrate than the uncoated treatment. The application of several coating materials on urea had a significant effect on the pH value of the soil and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The P6 treatment showed the highest result on the soil pH of 5.363 and CEC values of 41.878 me 100 g-1.

Bacillus cereus SN7 Encapsulation process as a substitute protein source in fish feed

Bacillus Cereus SN7 bacteria can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Encapsulation is a technology for wrapping the core material in micro-sized capsules that can release their contents in a certain environment. The research aimed to encapsulate the biomass yield as a protection for B. cereus SN7 bacteria from contaminants. This study used an experiment method, namely conducting experiments on the formation of bacterial encapsulation with 2 sources of emulsion: CaCl2 0,1 M and chitosan mixture, 1% acetic acid in 100 ml-1, then tested the effectiveness of encapsulation by looking at the viability of B. cereus SN7 bacteria by counting the number of colonies pH, temperature and physiological aspect of the bacterium. The results of encapsulation studies carried out using emulsion of chitosan mixture, 1% acetic acid in 100 ml- can be formed into capsule beads that can protect bacteria. Meanwhile, using citosan could not last for 75 minutes. After testing the effectiveness of the capsule and its bacterial viability, it is very effective for the production process or for further applications. then the best storage temperature is 100C, pH 5 and stable immersion in physiological solutions.

Comparative effect of polymer coating materials on physical properties of NPK fertilizer pellet

Slow-release fertilizer is one method to reduce the rate of loss of fertilizer from the soil due to leaching by rainwater or irrigation water. One of the agents that can be used for slow-release fertilizers is polymeric materials coated on NPK fertilizers. The NPK fertilizer coating polymer material used was a mixture of starch, acrylamide, PVA, and chitosan that was formulated and irradiated at a dose of 20 kGy. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best comparison between coating materials and NPK fertilizers made with a pelletizer machine. NPK fertilizer is mashed and mixed with polymer coating material with a weight ratio of NPK coating material/fertilizer; 1/9, 2/8, and 3/7. The results obtained showed the largest pellet yield capacity using a ratio of coating material and NPK fertilizer with a weight ratio of 1/9 of 4.28 g/minute and the greatest durability value at a ratio of 3/7 with a value of 87.1%. NPK released in NPK fertilizer coated with a polymer coating and fertilizer in a ratio of 1/9, 2/8, and 3/7 resulted in the release of NPK with not too big a difference. In the analysis of the functional group by FTIR between non-irradiated formulation and irradiated 20 kGy, there was no addition or change of molecular structure in the functional group. whereas thermal analysis with DSC displayed endotherm at temperature 500C to 1200C and exotherm at temperature 2500C until 3200C for analysis of TGA degradation of the formulation is divided into 2 phases, in the first phase degradation begins at a temperature of 500C to 1500C losing weight of 5% and in the second phase of degradation at 2500C to 5000C losing weighs 47%

Mini Electrode Based on Chitosan-Activated Carbon Membrane for Detection of Paracetamol in Herbal Medicine

A tube type mini electrode has been made to detect paracetamol levels in herbal medicine, the electrode is made of a glass tube with a diameter of 0.7 cm, a length of 3 cm. As the membrane is a mixture of chitosan, activated carbon from rice husk, and cetyl trimethyl ammonium (CTA)-paracetamol. The internal solution is a standard solution of 0.01 M paracetamol in a solution of phosphoric acid pH 2. The average sensitivity of the paracetamol sensor is (22.60 ± 0.01) mV/decade in a linear concentration range of 10-6 – 5x10-3 M, with an average recovery of (90.6 ± 0.5) %. Paracetamol sensor electrodes can be applied to samples of herbal medicine on the market, with an average error of (9.4 ± 0.1) %.

A Thermosensitive, Chitosan-Based Hydrogel as Delivery System for Antibacterial Liposomes to Surgical Site Infections.

Prophylaxis and the treatment of surgical site infections (SSIs) with antibiotics frequently fail due to the antibiotic resistance of bacteria and the ability of bacteria to reside in biofilms (i.e., bacterial clusters in a protective matrix). Therefore, alternative antibacterial treatments are required to combat biofilm infections. The combination of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC-) and copper ions (Cu2+) exhibited antibiofilm activity against the staphylococci species associated with SSIs; however, the formation of a water-insoluble Cu(DDC)2 complex limits its application to SSIs. Here, we describe the development and antibiofilm activity of an injectable gel containing a liposomal formulation of Cu(DDC)2 and Cu2+ (lipogel). Lyophilized liposomes were incorporated into a mixture of chitosan (CS) and beta-glycerophosphate (βGP), and the thermosensitive gelling properties of CS-βGP and the lipogel were determined. The liposomes remained stable after lyophilization over six months at 4-6 °C and -20 °C. The sol-gel transition of the gel and lipogel occurred between 33 and 39 °C, independently of sterilization or storage at -20 °C. CS-βGP is biocompatible and the liposomes were released over time. The lipogel prevented biofilm formation over 2 days and killed 98.7% of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 99.9% of the Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Therefore, the lipogel is a promising new prophylaxis and treatment strategy for local application to SSIs.

A wound dressing based on a track-etched membrane modified by a biopolymer nanoframe: physicochemical and biological characteristics

Ion track membranes (TMs) are obtained by irradiating thin polymer films, which are usually composed of polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In medicine and biology, TMs are used for the filtration and separation of molecules and cells in addition to studies of cell migration, intercellular interactions, cell proliferation, and differentiation processes. However, the possibilities and prospects of using TMs as components of wound dressings have not been sufficiently explored. In our study, TMs composed of PET were tested since this material is biocompatible and used in prosthetics and reconstructive surgery. The method of combining TM and electroforming nanofibers, which we used in this study, is relatively new and still requires additional research.Thus, it was found that the main structural elements of the TM surface covered with a biolayer of a mixture of collagen and chitosan are fibers. Coating the TM with a bio-layer preserves its gas and water permeabilities. By varying the fixation method of the biopolymer layer, it is possible to regulate the physicochemical and biological functional properties of the wound dressing. The combination of the high biocompatibility of natural polymers and the stability of synthetic materials can be a successful strategy in manufacturing wound dressings of a new type with specified functional properties. Ion-track PET membranes with applied electrospun fibers from a mixture of chitosan and collagen can be used to produce the wound dressing.Abbreviated title: A wound dressing based on a track-etched membrane.

Surface Properties of Saponin—Chitosan Mixtures

The surface properties of saponin and saponin-chitosan mixtures were analysed as a function of their bulk mixing ratio using vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG), surface tensiometry and dilational rheology measurements. Our experiments show that saponin-chitosan mixtures present some remarkable properties, such as a strong amphiphilicity of the saponin and high dilational viscoelasticity. We believe this points to the presence of chitosan in the adsorption layer, despite its complete lack of surface activity. We explain this phenomenon by electrostatic interactions between the saponin as an anionic surfactant and chitosan as a polycation, leading to surface-active saponin-chitosan complexes and aggregates. Analysing the SFG intensity of the O-H stretching bands from interfacial water molecules, we found that in the case of pH 3.4 for a mixture consisting of 0.1 g/L saponin and 0.001 g/L chitosan, the adsorption layer was electrically neutral. This conclusion from SFG spectra is corroborated by results from surface tensiometry showing a significant reduction in surface tension and effects on the dilational surface elasticity strictly at saponin/chitosan ratios, where SFG spectra indicate zero net charge at the air-water interface.

Chitosan–caffeine formulation as an ecological preservative in wood protection

Nowadays, taking into account environmental degradation, climate changes, as well as, environmentally friendly regulations and increasing ecological awareness of consumers, methods of wood protection without negative impact on the environment are being intensively developed. In this study, a mixture of chitosan and caffeine was proposed as ecological wood preservative. The aim of the research was to evaluate the application of chitosan (medium and high molecular weight) as an agent limiting the leaching of caffeine from the structure of treated wood. The resistance of pine wood treated with chitosan–caffeine preparations and ingredients of these preparations (caffeine and chitosan) to brown rot fungus—Coniophora puteana was assessed. The degree of caffeine leaching from the treated wood was determined by chromatographic analysis (caffeine concentration) and elemental analysis (nitrogen concentration). The results showed that chitosan limited caffeine leaching from wood, which was confirmed by chromatographic analysis and changes in the wood structure observed in FTIR spectra. Moreover, wood treated with chitosan–caffeine preparations showed resistance against C. puteana (mass loss about 0.5%); however, antifungal activity was reduced when treated wood was subjected to leaching with water (mass loss about 10%). The obtained results suggest that the chitosan–caffeine preparations can be promising ecological preservatives for the wood treatment.