Acid Mixture Research Articles

Molten fluoride salt-assisted synthesis of titanium carbide (Ti2C) MXene and its application for 2 µm mode-locking in a thulium-doped fiber laser

Titanium carbide (Ti2C), a new two-dimensional material named MXenes, has attracted interest due to its potential applications in numerous fields. Of the many unique characteristics of Ti2C MXene, its nonlinear properties are attractive for optoelectronic applications, specifically for ultrafast laser generation. In this work, a Ti2C MXene was fabricated by etching a MAX phase precursor titanium aluminum carbide (Ti2AlC) using a mixture of lithium fluoride and hydrochloric acid, eliminating the risk of using the harmful hydrofluoric acid. The Ti2C MXene was prepared in solution form and then dropped onto a reduced core diameter of tapered fiber before being used as a saturable absorber (SA). The SA device was inserted into a thulium-doped fiber laser to generate stable mode-locked pulses at a center wavelength of 1951 nm with a pulse width of 1.67 ps. The mode-locked laser was highly stable when tested over time, with peak optical power fluctuations of as little as 0.005 dB measured. The results show that the Ti2C MXene exhibit outstanding performance for ultrafast laser generation.

Innovative Alkanediol-Based Eutectic Solvents for Extracting/Pre-Formulating Dermatologically Valuable Free Fatty Acids from Spirulina and Porphyridium Cakes.

The growing demand for phycobiliproteins from microalgae generates a significant volume of by-products, such as extraction cakes. These cakes are enriched with products of interest for the cosmetics market, namely free fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated (PUFA). In this work, two cakes, one of spirulina and one of Porphyridium cruentum, were valorized using innovative natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) based on alkanediols. The most promising NaDES, as determined by physicochemical properties and screening, are mixtures of alkanediols and fatty acids. These include the mixtures of 1,3-propanediol and octanoic acid (1:5, mol/mol) and 1,3-propanediol and octanoic and decanoic acid (1:3:1, mol/mol). Two extractive processes were implemented: ultrasound-assisted extraction and an innovative mechanical process involving dual asymmetric centrifugation. The second process resulted in the production of extracts significantly enriched in PUFA, ranging from 65 to 220 mg/g dry matter with the two cakes. The extracts and NaDES demonstrated good safety with respect to epidermal keratinocyte viability (>80% at 200 µg/mL). The study of their impact on commensal and pathogenic cutaneous bacteria demonstrated significant effects on the viability of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (>50% decrease at 200 µg/mL) while preserving Corynebacterium xerosis and Cutibacterium acnes. These results highlight the potential of valorizing these co-products using alkanediol-based NaDES, in a strategy combining an active vector (NaDES) and a growth regulator extract, for the management of cutaneous dysbiosis involving staphylococci.

A Randomized Trial of Intravenous Amino Acids for Kidney Protection.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious and common complication of cardiac surgery, for which reduced kidney perfusion is a key contributing factor. Intravenous amino acids increase kidney perfusion and recruit renal functional reserve. However, the efficacy of amino acids in reducing the occurrence of AKI after cardiac surgery is uncertain. In a multinational, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned adult patients who were scheduled to undergo cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass to receive an intravenous infusion of either a balanced mixture of amino acids, at a dose of 2 g per kilogram of ideal body weight per day, or placebo (Ringer's solution) for up to 3 days. The primary outcome was the occurrence of AKI, defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes creatinine criteria. Secondary outcomes included the severity of AKI, the use and duration of kidney-replacement therapy, and all-cause 30-day mortality. We recruited 3511 patients at 22 centers in three countries and assigned 1759 patients to the amino acid group and 1752 to the placebo group. AKI occurred in 474 patients (26.9%) in the amino acid group and in 555 (31.7%) in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77 to 0.94; P = 0.002). Stage 3 AKI occurred in 29 patients (1.6%) and 52 patients (3.0%), respectively (relative risk, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.87). Kidney-replacement therapy was used in 24 patients (1.4%) in the amino acid group and in 33 patients (1.9%) in the placebo group. There were no substantial differences between the two groups in other secondary outcomes or in adverse events. Among adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery, infusion of amino acids reduced the occurrence of AKI. (Funded by the Italian Ministry of Health; PROTECTION ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03709264.).

Characterization of two different alginate-based bioinks and the influence of melanoma growth within

Extrusion-based bioprinting is an established method in biofabrication. Suitable bioinks have fundamentally different compositions and characteristics, which should be examined, in order to find a perfect model system. Here, we investigate the effect of two alginate-based, yet unalike 3D-printed bioinks, pre-crosslinked alginate-dialdehyde gelatin (ADA-GEL) and a mixture of alginate, hyaluronic acid, and gelatin (Alg/HA/Gel), on the melanoma cell line Mel Im and vice versa in terms of stiffness, shrinkage, cellular behavior and colony formation over 15 days. Rheological stiffness measurements revealed two soft gels with similar storage moduli. The cells did not have a significant impact on the overall stiffness, whereas ADA-GEL (2.5/2.5%) was significantly stiffer than Alg/HA/Gel (0.5/0.1/3%). Regarding the shrinkage of printed constructs, cells had a significant influence, especially in ADA-GEL, which has covalent bonds between the oxidized alginate and gelatin. Multi-photon microscopy exhibited proliferation, cell spreading and migration in ADA-GEL with cell–cell and cell–matrix interaction, dissimilarly to Alg/HA/Gel, in which cells formed spherical, encapsulated colonies. Scanning electron microscopy and histology showed degradation and multi-layered growth on ADA-GEL and fewer examples of escaped cells on Alg/HA/Gel. Both gels serve as proliferation bioink for melanoma with more necrosis in deeper Alg/HA/Gel colonies and differences in spreading and matrix interaction. These findings show the importance of proper characterization of the bioinks for different applications.

The Zootechnical Performance, Health State Modulation, Morphology, and Intestinal Microbiome of Nile Tilapia Juveniles Fed with a Functional Blend of Immunostimulants Associated with a Diet High in Soybean Meal

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing feed with a functional mixture of immunomodulators, including β-glucans, nucleotides, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol, associated with a diet with lower levels of animal protein (11.5%) and higher levels of soybean meal (43.5%), on the zootechnical performance, health, hematological and immunological parameters, intestinal morphology, centesimal composition, and intestinal microbiome of juvenile Nile tilapia (initial weight 1.88 g ± 0.25 g, mean ± standard deviation). Two isocaloric and isoproteic diets (35% crude protein) were formulated, one with the inclusion of the immunostimulant functional mixture (40 kg·t−1), composed of 150 mg·kg−1 of nucleotides, 1000 mg·kg−1 of β-glucans, 1000 mg·kg−1 of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and 20 mg·kg−1 of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), and another without. The combined supplementation of nucleotides, β-glucans, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol resulted in a 59.95% increase in final weight, 64% weight gain, 66% daily gain, a 21.31% decrease in feed conversion rate, and double the retention of body protein. Supplementation also improved intestinal morphology and modulated the intestinal microbiome, increasing Chao-1 diversity. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that fish fed with both diets exhibited intact intestinal mucosal membranes. Supplementation did not alter the hematological and immunological parameters, suggesting that there was no overstimulation of the fish’s immune system. This work allows us to evaluate the effect of reducing the use of animal protein in the diets of fish, along with the effects of nucleotides, β-glucans, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol. Together, these compounds can provide fish with the necessary tools to achieve optimal health and growth.

Solvent stabilizing effects on the order-disorder transition of schizophyllan in aqueous mixtures of carboxylic acids.

Schizophyllan is a triple helical β-1,3-D-glucan, and shows the cooperative order-disorder transition in the aqueous solution at the triple helix state. In this paper, the solvent stabilizing effects of two carboxylic acids, acetic acid and citric acid, on the cooperative order-disorder transition of aqueous schizophyllan solution were investigated from DSC and SEC-MALS measurements. The transition temperature (Tr) was shifted to higher temperature with increasing the molar fraction of carboxylic acid in the mixture (x). The transition enthalpy (ΔHr) was increased with increasing x. These solvent stabilizing effects indicate that these carboxylic acid molecules were selectively associated with the branched side chains of schizophyllan to stabilize the ordered state. The composition dependencies of Tr and ΔHr were analyzed by the linear cooperative transition theory to estimate the association parameters between the side chains and carboxylic acid. The theoretical parameters obtained were compared with those for the other active substances for the transition to discuss the molecular interactions between the triple helix and carboxylic acid.

Towards natural care products: Structural and deposition studies of bio-based polymer and surfactant mixtures

Oppositely charged polymer-surfactant systems are expected to interact with formation of coacervate complexes near composition of charge-neutrality. Such behaviour is widely used in formulated products (e.g. household and personal care), where the co-deposition of coacervates and active ingredients on various surfaces is triggered by dilution. A transition towards the use of more sustainable ingredients is currently ongoing as a response to the need of more environmentally conscious choices in production, albeit slowed down by the often more complex and not fully understood bulk and interfacial behaviour of new ingredients. In this work, mixtures of a medium-chain fatty acid (sodium decanoate) and two grades of bio-based cationic modified inulin were studied. The phase behaviour was determined in a wide composition matrix. The formation of coacervate complexes was observed for the mixture with the higher charge density polymer at a surfactant concentration of 1–3 wt%, close to the surfactant critical micellar concentration in pure water. Such behaviour was confirmed by DLS and SAXS data, suggesting surfactant-polymer complexation in a concentrated phase of packed micelles with a micelle-to-micelle distance of ∼4.5 nm. In situ ellipsometry and neutron reflectometry experiments were conducted to study the effect on surface deposition when diluting. The ellipsometry showed an adsorbed mass of ∼1.3–1.9 mg/m2, consistent with the deposition of a coacervate layer, and considerably higher than the neat, adsorbed polymer layer of ∼0.3 mg/m2. In the case of the neutron reflectometry experiments, dilution was performed before contact with the surface (pre-mixing), and no adsorption of coacervates was observed, but rather the adsorption of a polymer layer (0.49–0.85 mg/m2). The different results obtained with the different techniques highlight the kinetic nature of bulk coacervate formation and deposition, and the competition between these two phenomena. Maximal deposition can be achieved if one can control this time window either by tuning the composition of the system or the experimental set-up, to mimic the conditions of a specific application.

Chemical transformations during mechanoactivation of ε‐polylysine‐poly‐L‐lactic acid mixture to obtain amphiphilic copolymers

AbstractIn this study presents a new strategy for the preparation of amphiphilic copolymers of ε‐polylysine (PL) and poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLA) using one‐step pulsed mechanochemical approach. Correlation between the synthesis parameters (ratio of homopolymers) and the structure of the resulting copolymers has been studied. The interaction products were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, Infrared spectroscopy, size‐exclusion chromatography, by varying the mass ratio of the initial homopolymers (PL:PLA = 10:90; 50:50; 90:10). It is shown that the largest number of product yield is formed in a ratio of homopolymers of 50:50, according to the reaction of aminolysis of polyesters. The dynamic light scattering method, transmission electron microscopy, and small‐angle x‐ray scattering were used to characterize nanoscale structures of copolymer macromolecules in aqueous solvent. As a result of pulsed mechanochemical action at all three ratios of homopolymers (PL:PLA = 10:90; 50:50; 90:10 w/w), the aminolysis reaction of the ester group occurs and branched macromolecules of copolymers are formed, which consist of chemically related sequences of homopolymers—main chain—PL, side branches—PLA. However, the maximum yield of the amphiphilic copolymer was 90 wt% with a PL:PLA ratio of 50:50. This study can serve as the development of important areas: deepen knowledge in the field of mechanochemical synthesis of amphiphilic copolymers.

Valorization of banana waste by optimizing nitrocellulose production, yield, and solubility via nitrating acid mixtures and reaction time

The current research investigated the conversion of banana stem waste into cellulose nitrate, a potential bioplastic precursor. The research is of prime importance in terms of environmental pollution and sustainable development goals. The study aimed to isolate cellulose from banana stems, synthesize nitrocellulose, and assess its stability. Two different methods, that is, Method A, comprising HNO3 and H2SO4, and Method B, comprising HNO3 and P2O5, were applied to synthesize nitrocellulose, each using different acidic mixtures. Method A resulted in high nitrocellulose yield and higher nitrogen content but lower cellulose content. On the other hand, method B yielded nitrocellulose with a lower nitrogen content but higher cellulose content. It was found that composition of nitrating acid mixture, nitrating time, and ratio of nitrating acid–cellulose material influenced the yield and solubility of nitrocellulose. The highest yield of nitrocellulose was obtained using a 60:1 ratio of nitrating acid–cellulose material in method A and a 100:1 ratio of the same in method B after 90-min nitration time. It was also observed that nitrocellulose A was soluble in acetone and pyridine whereas nitrocellulose B was soluble in 1,4-dioxane, esters, and pyridine. Overall, the study demonstrated the feasibility of converting banana stem waste into a bioplastic precursor.

Performance evaluation and thermal stabilization of photovoltaic panels using phase-change materials

Photovoltaic (PV) is a widely used technology that generates power from solar energy. The solar radiations reaching PV panels are converted into electrical energy and heat, however the panel temperature increases, leading to a decrease in performance. This issue can be resolved using cooling methods. Phase-change materials (PCMs) are utilized in passive cooling methods, which do not consume energy, store the heat from the panel and cool them. In this study, sodium acetate trihydrate (PCM-1), palmitic acid (PCM-2), and a eutectic mixture of stearic acid and palmitic acid (PCM-3) were placed in a container and integrated into monocrystalline and polycrystalline PV panels to examine the impact of PCM on various performance metrics including power output, energy efficiency, and PV panel surface temperature. The experiments are carried out in Izmir, which has a hot climate condition in summer months. The solar irradiance of Izmir city and standard test condition of 1000 W/m2 were applied to the panels in the experiments. Results showed that the maximum temperature decreased, compared to the reference panel (without PCM), by 22.84 % and 14.4 %, respectively, when using PCM-1 and eutectic mixture in the monocrystal panel at 1000 W/m2 in August. The power and efficiency increased by 24.97 % and 24.95 %, respectively, for the polycrystalline panel in July. These results indicate that PCMs enhanced the cooling and increased the performance of the PV panels with high surface temperatures due to intense solar irradiation.

Organic acids mitigate Streptococcus agalactiae virulence in Tilapia fish gut primary cells and in a gut infection model

BackgroundStreptococcus agalactiae, a Gram-positive bacterium, has emerged as an important pathogen for the aquaculture industry worldwide, due to its increased induced mortality rates in cultured fish. Developing interventions to cure or prevent infections based on natural alternatives to antibiotics has become a priority, however, given the absence of scientific evidence regarding their mode of action progress has been slow.MethodsIn this study we aimed to investigate the effect of a mixture of organic acids (natural antimicrobials), AuraAqua (Aq), on the virulence of S. agalactiae using Tilapia gut primary epithelial cells and an in vitro Tilapia gut culture model. Our results show that Aq was able to reduce significantly, in vitro, the S. agalactiae levels of infection in Tilapia gut primary epithelial cells (TGP) when the MIC concentration of 0.125% was tested.Results and discussionAt bacterial level, Aq was able to downregulate bacterial capsule polysaccharide (CPS) gene expression, capC, resulting in a significant decrease in bacterial surface capsule production. The decrease in CPS production was also associated with a reduction in the pro-inflammatory IFNγ, IL1β, TNFα, SOD and CAT gene expression and H2O2 production in the presence of 0.125% Aq (P < 0.0001). The antimicrobial mixture also reduced the levels of S. agalactiae infection in an in vitro gut culture model and significantly reduced the IFNγ, IL1β, TNFα, SOD, CAT gene expression and H2O2 production in infected tissue. Moreover, genes involved in Tilapia resistance to S. agalactiae induced disease, MCP-8 and Duo-1, were also downregulated by Aq, as a consequence of reduced bacterial levels of infection.ConclusionConclusively, our study shows that mixtures of organic acids can be considered as potential alternative treatments to antibiotics and prevent S. agalactiae infection and inflammation in the Tilapia fish digestive tract.

Understanding of lactobionic acid in aqueous-glycol mixtures at different temperatures: Ultrasonic investigation and spectroscopic study

The proposed investigation focused on the study of liquid mixtures that contain polyethylene glycols (PEGs) such as polyethylene glycol-200 and polyethylene glycol-400, and lactobionic acid aqueous solutions. The study aimed to examine the density and ultrasonic speed of these mixtures at different temperatures (288.15 K, 298.15 K, 308.15 K, and 318.15 K) and concentrations (0.01, 0.02 and 0.03) mol.kg-1 of lactobionic acid in aqueous medium. The experimental data obtained were used to estimate various density and sound-speed characteristics, and to calculate the apparent molar, partial molar, and transfer properties of volume and isentropic compressions, including (Vϕ, Vϕ0, ΔVϕ0 and Kϕ,s,Kϕ,s0, ΔKϕ,s0). The interaction coefficients (VAB, VABB, KAB and KABB) were determined using the values of ΔVϕ0and ΔKϕ,s0. Additionally, the study computed the limiting apparent molar expansibilities, its derivative, and empirical parameters. The findings of the study were evaluated in terms of interactions among the solutes and solvents in the liquid mixtures. Moreover, the spectroscopic study of the binary mixture of lactobionic acid and water at different their concentrations was done to find the different stretching and bonds available in the mixture.

Mixtures of legacy and replacement perfluorosulphonic acids (PFSAs) demonstrate ratio-, concentration- and endpoint-dependent synergistic interactions in vitro

The extensive use of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has les to their widespread presence in the environment, raising concerns about potential toxicity. While certain PFASs of concern have been phased-out or banned, new PFASs continue to be produced. Two such substances are perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulphonate (PFECHS) and perfluorobutane sulphamide (FBSA), replacements of perfluoroctanesulphonic acid (PFOS) that have recently been detected in multiple environmental media around the globe. Despite PFASs generally occurring in the environment as mixtures, few data are available outlining the effects of PFAS mixtures. Therefore, this research investigated the interaction potential of binary and ternary mixtures of emerging and legacy PFASs. The immortalized rainbow trout gill cell line (RTgill-W1) was chosen as the experimental model to investigate two apical endpoints: cytotoxicity and phospholipidosis. RTgill-W1 cells were exposed for 24 h to each compound to obtain endpoint-specific effect concentrations (LCx; ECx). These values were then applied to formulate mixture predictions following the Loewes Additivity and Steel and Peckham methods. Based on cytotoxicity, relative potencies of individual compounds were: PFOS > PFECHS > FSBA. PFOS and PFECHS had nearly identical effects on phospholipidosis, while FSBA did not have any effects. Most mixtures had a synergistic effect on cytotoxicity, but the effect was both dose- and ratio-dependent. PFOS and PFECHS were additive at lower concentrations (LC10) and synergistic at higher concentrations (LC50; 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3). PFECHS and FSBA mixtures were synergistic at all doses and ratios (3:1, 1:1, 1:3), while FBSA and PFOS were mainly synergistic at higher concentrations and at ratios favouring PFOS (1:1, 1:3). Tertiary combinations were mainly synergistic. For phospholipidosis, mixtures were strictly additive. These results are strongly suggestive of synergism between emerging PFAS replacements and highlight that independent apical mechanisms of different PFASs could combine to induce unexpected toxicity. Considering that emerging replacements are continuing to increase in concentration in the environment, such mixture scenarios are also likely to continue to increase in probability.

Changes in bacterial community characteristics on surface of fresh-cut yams during cold storage after ethanol combined ascorbic acid washing

In this study, the quality changes of fresh-cut yam slices treated with a mixture of ethanol (25%, w/w) and ascorbic acid (1%, w/w) treatments (EA) were assessed, and the bacterial community composition and their metabolic functions for these samples were investigated. Results showed that EA washing treatment notably reduced the respiratory intensity and microbial growth of fresh-cut yams in packaging during refrigeration, maintained the tuber firmness, and delayed discoloration. Proteobacteria was the main phyla significantly associated with off-flavor of yams, Bacteroidetes was the sensitive genera and was positively correlated to CO2 content of the packaging bag and sensory evaluation of yams. Interestingly EA could specifically remove the pathogenic bacteria of Pseudomonas (Proteobacteria), greatly destroy the stability of the bacterial community network on the fresh-cut yam slices’ surface, and achieve a better antibacterial effect. EA washing treatment reduced the metabolic capacity of bacterial community and was helpful to delay the aging and spoilage of fresh-cut yams, meanwhile, significantly inhibited transferase expression, and could help to maintain the quality of the fresh-cut yams. In conclusion, ethanol and ascorbic acid mixture washing agent altered the successional process of bacterial communities to reduce the pathogenic bacteria of fresh-cut yams during cold storage.

Efficient Leaching of Metal Ions from Spent Li-Ion Battery Combined Electrode Coatings Using Hydroxy Acid Mixtures and Regeneration of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide

Extensive use of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles, electronics, and other energy storage applications has resulted in a need to recycle valuable metals Li, Mn, Ni, and Co in these devices. In this work, an aqueous mixture of glycolic and lactic acid is shown as an excellent leaching agent to recover these critical metals from spent Li-ion laptop batteries combined with cathode and anode coatings without adding hydrogen peroxide or other reducing agents. An aqueous acid mixture of 0.15 M in glycolic and 0.35 M in lactic acid showed the highest leaching efficiencies of 100, 100, 100, and 89% for Li, Ni, Mn, and Co, respectively, in an experiment at 120 °C for 6 h. Subsequently, the chelate solution was evaporated to give a mixed metal-hydroxy acid chelate gel. Pyrolysis of the dried chelate gel at 800 °C for 15 h could be used to burn off hydroxy acids, regenerating lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and the novel method presented to avoid the precipitation of metals as hydroxide or carbonates. The Li, Ni, Mn, and Co ratio of regenerated lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide is comparable to this metal ratio in pyrolyzed electrode coating and showed similar powder X-ray diffractograms, suggesting the suitability of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid mixtures as leaching agents and ligands in regeneration of mixed metal oxide via pyrolysis of the dried chelate gel.

N-Guanylurea dinitramide: Optimal synthesis process, basic properties and spectroscopic data

N-Guanylurea dinitramide (GUDN), also known as FOX-12, is indeed a fascinating organic dinitramide salt with high insensitivity and good thermal stability. It shows great promise for use in next-generation insensitive munitions. In this study, GUDN was synthesized through the nitration reaction of ammonium sulfamate salt with an acid mixture (HNO3/H2SO4) and guanylurea salts in water. The optimal conditions for this synthesis have been determined, including reaction temperature at -40 oC, the nitration reaction time of 45 minutes, and specific molar ratios of the components, which include guanylurea sulfate, ammonium sulfamate, and the mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid. Additionally, various properties and spectral data of GUDN, such as FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DSC-TG, XRD, and UV-Vis, have been thoroughly studied in the referenced article.

Solubility measurement, thermodynamic modeling, and molecular dynamic simulation of glycylglycine in five binary solvents

Glycylglycine (Gly–Gly) is a crucial biochemical reagent widely used in cosmetics, food additives, and medicine. Using the equilibrium method, the solubility data of Gly–Gly in four binary solvents (ethanol/isopropanol/ethanediol/acetone + water) were investigated at temperatures over a range of 288.15–328.15 K under 101.3 kPa, as well as in the binary solvent of acetic acid + water from 293.15 to 333.15 K. The solubility data were correlated by Apelblat-Jouyban Acree, Van’t Hoff-Jouyban Acree, and CNIBS/Redlich-Kister models. Additionally, the radial distribution function was obtained through molecular dynamic simulation. It presented the unusual dissolution behavior of Gly–Gly in acetic acid and water mixture. The apparent thermodynamic properties, including standard enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and entropy change of dissolution, were obtained accordingly. This article could help the industrial crystallization of Gly–Gly.

Polyphenols from Sage Leaves (Salvia officinalis L.): Environmentally Friendly Extraction under High Hydrostatic Pressure and Application as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Tinplate

Due to the diversity of organic molecular structures present in sage extract, sage extract is a promising potential source of a cheap and effective biodegradable green corrosion inhibitor for tinplate in 3% NaCl solution, which was evaluated in this study. HHP proved to be a new and emerging technology for the useful extraction of polyphenols from sage as a functional ingredient from natural sources. Analysis of variance among all tested independent factors (ethanol concentration, HHP parameters and temperature) revealed significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in total polyphenol content as well as for rosmarinic acid as the major phenolic compound in sage extract, while extraction time had no effect (p ˃ 0.05). The optimum HHP conditions (600 MPa, 30% ethanol, 60 °C and 5 min) gave a maximum extraction yield of total polyphenols of 3811.84 mg/100 g. Sage-leaf extracts were found to be a mixture of phenolic acids, namely rosmarinic and salvianolic acid K, epicatechin and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide glycoside. The corrosion results show that the sage extract at a concentration of 0.6 g/L in 3% NaCl is an effective corrosion inhibitor (93%), forming a passivation layer of sage extract consisting of organic compounds such as polyphenols on the surface of tinplate.

Microemulsification of peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) seed oil and its fatty acids: A comparative study in antioxidant and storage stability

The effectiveness of oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion (ME) in enhancing the oxidation and the storage stability of peony seed oil (PSO), its fatty acid mixtures (FAM-1, FAM-2), and α-linolenic acid (ALA) were investigated in this work. Storage stability was assessed by measuring iodine value, acid value, and fatty acid composition under varying temperature conditions devoid of oxygen. Additionally, antioxidant stability of both the oil phase and ME was evaluated by measuring the peroxide value, with oxidation kinetics modeled using the Arrhenius equation to predict shelf life. The results demonstrated that the change of iodine values for PSO, FAM-1, FAM-2 and ALA at 4, and -20 °C for 90 days was not obvious. At 25℃, the ALA content in PSO, FAM-1, FAM-2 and ALA samples decreased by 4.81%, 3.94%, 2.86%, and 0.12% after 90 days. Therefore, low temperature without oxygen environment is more suitable for the storage of oil and fatty acid. Embedding PSO in ME can effectively control the generation rate of peroxides. At 4°C, the shelf life of PSO, FAM-1 and FAM-2 encapsulated in MEs was prolonged by 28.36%, 9.89% and 4.24%, respectively. Thes results confirm that O/W ME can improve the oxidation stability and prolong the storage period of fat-soluble compounds. These findings provide valuable insights into enhancing the oxidative stability of PSO and its fatty acids, thereby facilitating the development of ME products loaded with fatty acids in the future.

Effects of single or combined feeding with &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt; and organic acid mixture on egg production, physiological responses, and cholesterol level in chicken eggs

Effects of single or combined feeding with &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt; and organic acid mixture on egg production, physiological responses, and cholesterol level in chicken eggs