Mixture Formula Research Articles

Effect of processing conditions on the tensile properties of PLA/Jute fabric laminates: Experimental and numerical analysis

This article explores how the mechanical properties of composite polymers reinforced with jute fibers are influenced by manufacturing conditions, specifically pressure and temperature. To investigate this, a total of 45 distinct samples were created, and fabricated under nine different pressure and temperature conditions. The results demonstrate a notable linear increase in mechanical properties with incremental changes in pressure, while the impact of temperature variations remains less clearly defined. Based on these findings, a corrective factor was developed for the homogenization formula or rule of mixture that is commonly used to predict the mechanical behavior of composite polymers but does not typically consider manufacturing conditions. The newly introduced corrective factor aims to improve the accuracy of predictions and represents a significant advancement in modeling jute fiber-reinforced composite polymers. This development opens the door for more precise predictions and a better understanding of the intricate relationship between manufacturing conditions and resulting material properties.

Development of plant-based egg-white replacer: Improvement of foaming and thermal properties of plant-based proteins

Optimization of protein mixtures and hydrocolloids was carried out for the preparation of sponge cake using egg-white replacer. First, the protein mixtures ranged fixed as followed; soy protein isolate (SPI, 2–8%), wheat protein isolate (WPI, 2–8%), and potato protein isolate (PPI, 2–4%) based on preliminary experiments. The foaming properties of protein mixture was investigated and evaluated using reactive surface methodology (RSM). Then, the effects of guar gum (GG) and sodium alginate (SA) in protein mixture were investigated. According to the results of foam properties, optimized formula of mixture is strongly influenced by the PPI, WPI, and SA concentration. Based on the results of this research, the optimal proportions of egg-white replacers are (2% SPI; 4.6% WPI; 3.4% PPI; 0.24% GG; 0.15% SA). The overall quality characteristics of sponge cakes made with egg white replacer were similar compared to the egg white.

Thermo-osmosis of a near-critical binary fluid mixture: A general formulation and universal flow direction.

We consider a binary fluid mixture, which lies in the one-phase region near the demixing critical point, and study its transport through a capillary tube linking two large reservoirs. We assume that short-range interactions cause preferential adsorption of one component onto the tube's wall. The adsorption layer can become much thicker than the molecular size, which enables us to apply hydrodynamics based on a coarse-grained free-energy functional. For transport processes induced by gradients of the pressure, composition, and temperature along a cylindrical tube, we obtain the formulas of the Onsager coefficients to extend our previous results on isothermal transport, assuming the critical composition in the middle of each reservoir in the reference equilibrium state. Among the processes, we focus on thermo-osmosis-mass flow due to a temperature gradient. We explicitly derive a formula for the thermal force density, which is nonvanishing in the adsorption layer and causes thermo-osmosis. This formula for a near-critical binary fluid mixture is an extension of the conventional formula for a one-component fluid, expressed in terms of local excess enthalpy. We predict that the direction of thermo-osmotic flow of a mixture near the upper (lower) consolute point is the same as (opposite to) that of the temperature gradient, irrespective of which component is adsorbed on the wall. Our procedure would also be applied to dynamics of a soft material, whose mesoscopic inhomogeneity can be described by a coarse-grained free-energy functional.

Analysis of thermoelectric conversion efficiency of tritium breeding blanket with He-CO2 mixture coolant in fusion reactors

The first wall of the tritium breeding blanket is an important high-heat flux component in fusion reactors, and its thermal analysis is critical. Helium is chosen as the coolant for the CFETR tritium breeding blanket due to its good compatibility with structural materials and excellent thermal properties. However, its low density requires a significant amount of drive power. After extensive feasibility research, using He-CO2 mixture as coolant is one of the main optimization directions. In this paper, a new method is proposed to consider the variation of thermal properties parameters of the He-CO2 mixture with temperature. A fitting formula for the He-CO2 mixture at different ratios under 12MPa is provided, and the mixture is simulated in the commercial CFD software Fluent by compiling a UDF program. The results show that the optimum He mole fraction in the He-CO2 mixture is 60%, which reduces the required drive power by 89.36% compared with using pure He as coolant and by 81.57% compared with using CO2.With further programming calculations and considering the effect of the secondary circuit, it is calculated that the highest energy conversion efficiency is 29.43% .This study provides valuable insights into the thermal-hydraulic performance of the tritium breeding blanket with a binary gas mixture coolant in fusion reactors.

Improvement of Clay Soils Using Cement as a Road Pavement Sub Grade (Case Study: Kuta-Tanah Lot Road)

Abstract Clay soil processing using cement is widely done but it is difficult to find studies that fit this topic, because the case study conducted is on the famous transportation route, namely Jalan Kuta – Tanah Lot in Bali, Indonesia. Pavements at this location are often damaged. In the dry season the road here is often cracked, while in the rainy season there is a decrease in certain parts or potholes occur that endanger users. Therefore it is necessary to conduct an analysis. This research aims to obtain the right formula of the ideal mixture of cement and clay, through mechanical tests i.e. compressive strength. Some results that are in accordance with the research conducted have been contained in the literature review, especially density and compressive strength testing. The use of cement as a stabilizer in clay is successful, as well as for other types of soil. The method used is soil sampling directly at the site, then mixed cement with various variations (treatment). This study discusses the success of cement to stabilize clay soils, especially increasing compressive strength and decreasing plasticity index. According to the results obtained that using cement as a soil stabilizer shows significant strength results, especially in ideal mixtures. This research is believed to be able to answer the obstacles that exist in clay soils to function as sub grade.

Comparison of Mushroom Substrate from Para Rubber vs. Cashew Sawdust on Growth and Yields of Pleurotus Ostreatus

In Cambodia, para rubber sawdust is commonly used to cultivate oyster mushrooms due to its availability as a byproduct from wood factories, but country's significant cultivated cashew could be an alternative substrate. Hence, exploring new substrates becomes essential for farmers when there's a scarcity or price hike in para rubber. This study is in purpose of investigation the impact of para rubber vs. cashew sawdust and different mixture formulas on the growths and yields of Pleurotus ostreatus. The experiment was conduct in Factorial in CRD with two main factors: A) two different saw dusts which were para rubber sawdust and cashew sawdust and factor (B) was mushroom mixture formulas (B1 – B6). B4 of cashew sawdust displayed the highest efficiency at 32.24%, while B3 and B4 of para rubber sawdust showed efficiencies of 23.57% and 23.54%, respectively. In conclusion, based on this experiment, cashew proves more effective than para rubber for Pleurotus ostreatus production. Specifically, B4, consisting of 100kg of cashew sawdust, 8kg of rice bran, 1kg of calcium carbonate, 1kg of palm sugar, 1kg of sticky rice flour, and 0.2kg of magnesium sulfate, maximizes yields for P. ostreatus cultivation.

Effect of glycerol concentration on levels of toxicants emissions from water-pipe tobacco smoking (WTS)

Glycerol, flavorings and sweeteners constitute approximately 70% of water-pipe tobacco smoking (WTS) mixtures. Tobacco mixture combustion produces smoke toxins (e.g. carbonyl compounds), of which the type and amount are highly dependable on tobacco mixture formula. While glycerol in tobacco mixture contribute to enhanced smoking experience, its’ combustion produces toxicants such as acrolein. According to WHO, there are no approved international upper limits regulations on WTS ingredients. This study aims to assess toxicant emission levels corresponding to increasing glycerol concentration in WTS mixtures, which may aid in developing tobacco regulations towards harm reduction.MethodsLaboratory experimental study. Using laboratory water-pipe smoking machine, levels of toxicant emissions in the smoke from WTS mixture samples containing varying glycerol concentrations were measured using High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Smoke from 5 consecutive smoking cycles with 35 puffs each (ISO 22486 standard) was led through a trapping system as described in the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) recommended method No. 74 (Determination of selected carbonyls in mainstream cigarette smoke by HPLC). Trapped carbonyls were then analysed by HPLC with a DAD detector.ResultsAcrolein emission is associated with glycerol addition in WTS mixture indicated by lab-made samples throughout all glycerol concentrations (10%, 20%, 40% and 60%), and brand samples with glycerol concentrations 10% to 20%. However, brand samples showed no increase in acrolein emission corresponding to the increase in glycerol concentrations from 20% to 60%.ConclusionThe effect of glycerol addition in waterpipe tobacco on acrolein emission varies between products. Tobacco fillers, additives and contents quality and other factors may affect toxicant emission levels. Therefore, regulatory recommendations towards defining upper limits of content concentrations require further investigations regarding potential confounders in acrolein emissions and health effects of market-available glycerol concentrations in waterpipe tobacco smoking.

The Effect of Rice Husk on the Variability of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Composites

Abstract Rice husk (RH) is one of the most commonly grown and consumed cereals in the world. Because of its low nutritional value, it is not commonly used as a food or fertilizer. Instead, it is often burned or landfilled. To develop RH-based composites for thermal and acoustic nonstructural applications, a balance between achieving satisfactory performance in physical and mechanical properties is essential as well as ensuring reliability and predictability in the behavior of the composites. The inclusion of RH in composites can result in increased variability in their performance because of the husk’s elastic behavior during compaction and its hydrophilic properties. The RH used in the study was collected from Baixo Mondego, Portugal, and approximately 90 % of the particles had sizes ranging from 1 to 4 mm. To reduce cement usage, different mixtures were produced and categorized based on the use of two types of cement, varying percentages of limestone filler, and different quantities of RH. Robust descriptive and inferential statistics (Student’s t-test and Mann–Whitney U test) were employed to analyze the variability of physical and mechanical properties in 10 different RH-based composites. A study was conducted to assess whether a specific mixture formula within a given group exhibited consistent behavior across different batches or yielded intrinsically different results. This helps to identify the key adaptations required in the industrial process of incorporating this biomaterial into composites. The results have shown that it is possible to produce RH-based composites with less variability of performance and potential for nonstructural applications. In this case, cement CEMI/A-L 42.5 R type with limestone filler addition and paste-to-RH ratio by volume between 1.54 and 2.22 was the most sustainable mix design because it had a small variability of results and reduced the cement content.

PXRD of silymarin, nicotinamide, physical mixture and best formula

PXRD of silymarin, nicotinamide, physical mixture and best formula

Wideband Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Wheat Flour

Use of electromagnetic (EM) fields in the food industry for food inspection as well as sterilization and drying is increasing. To develop such applications, the knowledge of the dielectric properties of food is fundamental. In the literature, there is scarcity of data on dielectric properties of powdered foods, with reported values that are usually at specific frequencies only. This article reports the development of an experimental framework to characterize the dielectric properties of powdered food over a wide range of frequencies. The used methodologies include the open-ended coaxial probe technique and waveguide systems: the first being intrinsically a broadband technique but strongly dependent on the type of material being tested, and the latter being a medium- to narrowband technique allowing a better control of the tested material. The proposed framework is then used to measure the dielectric properties of several types of flour between 500 MHz and 20 GHz. The measured properties are then characterized in terms of density and interpolated with a Cole–Cole dispersive model. From the measured results, the suitability of the proposed setup was demonstrated. Additionally, it was verified that the permittivity of flour does not depend on the brand and can be expressed as a function of the density of the material, following a mixture formula already proposed in the literature. Moreover, the proposed Cole–Cole fit is able to represent the frequency behavior of the real part of permittivity of flour with differences within 3% from the measured data.

Development o f 3 D Printing a s a n Efficient Home Construction Alternative

Technological advances will always experience very fast changes, especially in 3D printing technology, which is currently widely used in various industrial realms. The presence of 3D printing machines really helps humans in visualizing an idea and the results of their thoughts into a very profitable replica. However, construction industry has not fully utilized 3D printing technology, and only a few countries have made it. The advantages of building a house with 3D printing technology include saving labor and time in house construction, as well as minimize the construction. The use of this 3D printing machine will be very useful in Indonesia because the number of populations is very large, and the need for housing will be directly proportional to population growth. The research aim is to build a 3D printer for housing construction at the size of 1m x 1m x 1m, and at this moment the research has successfully built the prototype machine and developed a software controller which is able to control motors using keyboard and mouse through web interface. As a continuation of this housing 3D printing project, the research is currently focusing on development of suitable concrete mixture formula consisting of Portland cement, micro-silica, rice husk ash, aggregate, superplasticizer, fly ash, and water.

Wagner's Furious Host

Wagner's Furious Host

Formulasi Beton yang Mengalir Sendiri di Laboratorium Fakulas Teknik Universitas Batanghari

The compaction of concrete is carried out with a vibrating device or using an awl. One solution in facing problems in concrete compaction is to use the Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) method or also called self-flowing concrete. This study aims to obtain a mixture formula / composition of laboratory-scale SCC-making materials that meet the SCC acceptance criteria. The mixing method is carried out by trial and error by referring to the values of Flowability, Workability, and Passing Ability. The planned SCC concrete quality is fc' 35 MPa. The added ingredients used are the superplasticizer Sika Viscoflow 3660 LR dose variations of 1.2%, 1.6% and doses of 2% against the weight of cement and powder. The results showed that the established composition was quite good and met the criteria for acceptance of SCC concrete. The quality of the plan was achieved with the addition of 2% sika viscoflow to fc' 35 MPa.

PT.X adalah perusahaan cat ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS PRODUK EMBER CAT TEMBOK 5KG MENGGUNAKAN METODE NEW SEVEN TOOLS (Studi Kasus: PT. X)

PT.X is a manufacturing company whose one product is Gallon Paint bucket 5kg. The problems faced by this company are factors that cause production defects, it is necessary to improve the quality of 5kg paint gallons. the flow of stages in the research using the New Seven Tools method with the stages, namely affinity diagrams, Affinity Diagrams, Relationship Diagrams, Tree diagrams, Matrix Diagrams, Data Analysis Matrix, Arrow Diagrams, Process Decision Program Charts. With the results of this study, it is known that the factors of the occurrence of production defects are the human factor The condition of the operator is sick, the operator is in a hurry, the lack of understanding of the production machine. Material factors Inappropriate mixing of raw materials. Machine Factors Short Machine Maintenance Time, Number of Machines That Are Not Operating, Lack of Spare Parts To Do Maintenance. Factors SOP method of Quality Standards that are not written in the production section. Environmental factors Hot Working Environment Temperature, Long Distance Between Production, Noisy Work Environment. The suggestion given to reduce this production defect is to give sick leave for 3 days. Adding operators to the Inject Molding machine at least 2. Providing training on the operation of the machine to each operator. Preparation of appropriate raw material mixture formulas. Placing unused machines in 1 warehouse room. Making regular and strict maintenance schedule for machine maintenance. Stocking spare parts in the Workshop room Providing understanding of product defect SOPs. Providing a fan in the room and increasing air ventilation. Updated the production line layout. Place the machine in a soundproof room and wear earplugs.

Canned dairy: factors of increasing preservation

Introduction. The main criterion for the state of water in food is the indicator of "water activity" (Aw), which affects their quality and shelf life. Problem. At present, it is advisable to propose such changes in the recipe and technology of canned milk, which would reduce the rate of "water activity" and increase the osmotic pressure. The aim of the work is scientific substantiation of factors of canned milk preservation. Methods. Objects of scientific research – low-fat condensed low-lactose milk with a sugar content of 13, 16 and 31 %, the low-fat condensed milk with sugar by traditional technology was used as a control; dry milk multicomponent mixture with the addition of dry whey protein concentrate, as a control there was selected milk-carbohydrate mixture without protein component. Water activity (Aw) was determined on the device AguaLab-3TE, osmotic pressure – by cryoscopic method. The number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms was determined according to DSTU ISO 4833: 2006. Results. Samples of low-lactose condensed milk with mass fraction of 34 and 32 % and sugar content of 31 % in terms of osmotic pressure and "water activity" were the closest to traditional condensed milk with sugar and complied with current regulations on microbiological indicators. The dry whey protein concentrate, included into the formula of the dry milk multicomponent mixture, acts as a water-binding component, reducing the "water activity" to 0.290. Conclusions. The use of enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose with the use of the enzyme preparation β-galactosidase has a positive effect on the osmotic pressure and the indicator of "water activity". In the dry milk multicomponent mixture, the proposed dry whey protein concentrate as a water-binding component helps to reduce the rate of "water activity" and the number of microorganisms. The proposed changes in the technology and recipe of the investigated canned milk will allow to extend the shelf life of products.

Alteration in dough volume and gluten network of lychee pulp pomace bread base on mixture design dominated by particle size.

The reducing flavor of whole grain bread has been constantly affecting the consumption desire of a significant proportion of consumers. The study presents the use of lychee pulp pomace (LPP) powder to replace certain proportion of wheat flour and produce wheat bread with better quality, while having minimal effects on the volume and improving the nutritional quality. Distinct particle sizes (60-400µm) of LPP powder were obtained by superfine or ordinary grinding. Effect of different additive proportions (7-19%) of LPP powder on bread dough quality were studied by constrained mixture designs. The volume of fermented doughs subsequently decreased after adding LPP powder. However, LPP powders with smaller particle sizes were able to minimize this effect due to its higher water-holding capacity. The analyses of gluten network showed that smaller particle sizes of LPP powder resulted in a decrease in surface hydrophobicity and increase in the elasticity and stability of gluten network. Finally, optimum mixture formula was composed of 16% LPP powder with 60µmparticle size and 15% water. The study illustrated the potential to make high-quality bread with small particle size of LPP powder. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The addition of dietary fiber to wheat flour can adversely affect the dough volume and reduce the dough quality. By reducing the particle size of lychee pulp pomace powder, this adverse effect could be minimized while increasing the content of dietary fiber and bound phenolics in the dough. This provides data for the production of high-quality lychee dough bread.

Flow Loop Study of ECT-Based Volume Fraction Monitoring in Oil–Water Two-Phase Flows

Measurement of phase volume fractions in water-containing multiphase flows is necessary for the optimization of a host of industrial flow processes. Many water-containing multiphase flows can be classified as either water-dispersed or water-continuous mixtures. A recently developed approach based on Hanai’s mixture formula and utilizing electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) sensors have shown good potential for obtaining water volume fraction estimates in two-phase water-containing flows with different water salinity levels. However, the proposed approach was investigated via controlled experiments restricted to static configurations while, in practice, multiphase flows can be dynamic and unpredictable. In this work, we perform a flow loop study of the proposed ECT-based method for volume fraction estimation in oil-water two-phase flows. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method in both water-dispersed and water-continuous flow regimes by employing different types of capacitive sensors in cylindrical arrangements and in parallel-plate rectangular arrangements.

An experimental investigation on drag reduction by a combination of polymer, Laurel soap and palm fiber through circulated Newtonian liquid

Flowability and reduced pressure are some of the economic values in pipeline transportation. In this study, we investigated the functionality of self-made drag coefficients composed of a combination of large molecular weight polymer, Laurel soap, and date palm fiber which were induced into a circulated piping system under turbulent water flow. The proposed combination formulas are proved to be a new cost-effective drag reduction approach. The efficiency of using a mixture of polymer, palm fiber, and soap on the drag reduction was thoroughly evaluated via investigating several case studies. Using pure polyelectrolyte showed that at the highest polymer concentration (50 ppm), the percentage of drag reduction reaches 50% in 10.3 mm pipe diameter and 70% drag reduction in 13.5 mm pipe diameter at a flow of low Reynolds number counted 17166.7. Upon applying a mixture of polyelectrolyte composed of (50 ppm) and fiber in the range (30-60 ppm), a drag reduction of 63% in 10.3 mm pipe diameter and 76% in 13.5 mm pipe diameter were achieved, respectively. Upon examining a mixture composed of polyelectrolyte (50 ppm) and soap in a range (50-150 ppm), the results showed that the highest drag reduction was achieved at a low concentration of soap and a bulk flow at a low Reynolds number. The aforementioned performance results were exemplified attaining drag reductions of 70% in 10.3 mm pipe diameter and 96% in 13.5 mm pipe diameter, respectively. This is accomplished through optimizing the applied mixture formulas. The estimated drag reductions were shown higher when applying the polymer mixture compared to that of pure polymer. However, a slight decrease in the attained drag reductions when using polymer-soap was observed and attributed to the hindrance from the palm fiber, which ultimately reduces the chance for all soap particles to reach the stagnant wall layer

Generic Wideband Phantom Design Methodology for Microwave Medical Applications

This letter proposes a general formula to determine the amount of compound required to produce water-oil-based phantoms that can emulate the electrical properties of a specific body tissue at microwave frequencies. The existing process to produce such a phantom usually involves mixing together a number of different materials, where the proportion of each compound needs to be known a priori to reproduce the dielectric properties of a specific tissue. In this letter, we first investigate the dielectric variation of the mixture by changing the proportion of each compound over a wide frequency band. By utilizing Lichtenecker's logarithmic mixture formula, the gradient descent iterative optimization method is applied to train the relations obtained, and a formula that determines the amount of each compound required to produce a phantom given a specific tissue type is derived. The formula is verified by constructing representative tissues of the human head, with the durability and fidelity of the produced phantom also analyzed.

A new 3-D multi-fluid model with the application in bubble dynamics using the adaptive mesh refinement

Violent pulsating bubbles behave diversely in different circumstances. It is a multi-scale problem in both space and time. In 3-D problems, the numerical simulation is usually too expensive to implement in practice with a fixed grid. In this paper, a 3-D multi-fluid model is established based on the Eulerian finite element method and the adaptive mesh refinement technique to investigate the bubble evolution and its toroidal motion near a solid vertical wall. The mixture formula for compressible multi-fluid flow is adopted to ensure conservativeness. By means of the block-based adaptive mesh refinement, the accuracy and the efficiency of the simulation are well balanced. The present model is validated by comparing the results with an underwater explosion experiment and the existing numerical results. The results agree well and a fast convergence is observed. Then, several cases with different buoyancy parameters are simulated, and the toroidal bubble motion and their pressure load on the solid wall are analyzed. The bubble’s motion exhibits complex physics, such as the formation of the crescent-shaped bubble, the air cushion effect during the jet penetration, and the nonlinear relationship between the jet impact pressure and the angle between the jet and the opposite bubble surface.