Mixed Manure Research Articles

Maize growth and soil nitrogen availability after fertilization with cattle manure and/or gliricidia in semi-arid NE Brazil

Cattle manure is used as fertilizer by farmers in northeastern Brazil. However, the manure is insufficient to fertilize all cropping areas and is usually of low quality and may immobilize N. The use of Gliricidia sepium as green manure could increase the amount and quality of organic fertilizers. However, the high-quality biomass of this legume is valued as forage and may also decompose too quickly and cause nitrogen (N) leaching. This study aimed to identify efficient management practices for cattle manure and Gliricidia to improve N uptake and crop productivity in semi-arid NE Brazil. For this, we conducted three experiments. In the greenhouse, we evaluated maize growth and N uptake after application of Gliricidia and/or cattle manure under different soil moisture conditions. A litterbag field experiment evaluated the decomposition dynamics of Gliricidia or manure. Finally, a field experiment tested the effects of mixing and/or splitting Gliricidia and manure on maize productivity and N uptake. In the greenhouse, maize dry matter production and N uptake and apparent N recovery from fertilizers were significantly greater in treatments with higher proportions of Gliricidia, but mainly under high soil moisture conditions. The litterbag experiment showed that Gliricidia indeed decomposed twice as fast as cattle manure, that decomposition was up to 2.5 times faster when the materials were incorporated rather than surface applied, and also that N release was more synchronized to maize demand when fertilizers were split in two applications. In the field experiment, we observed that both mixing cattle manure and Gliricidia and splitting the application in two increased in maize productivity up to 350%.

Volatilization of ammonia from manure as affected by manure additives, temperature and mixing

Ammonia (NH 3) volatilization decreases the N-nutrient value of livestock manure slurries and can lead to soil acidification and eutrophication problems. In this study the effect of three manure additives (Euro Mest-mix ® (Mx), Effective Micro-organisms ® (EM), and Agri-mest ® (Am)) on NH 3 volatilization at three temperatures (4, 20, and 35 °C) was investigated. The manufacturers claim that Mx contains absorbing clay minerals and that applying Am and EM to slurry will reduce nitrogen losses, most likely by enhancing the biodegradation of manure slurry. Furthermore, the effect of mixing slurry on NH 3 volatilization has been investigated. Ammonia volatilization increased with increasing temperature and mixing of the slurries. However, at 35 °C mixing of manure reduced NH 3 emissions compared to non-mixing, which is related to a reduced crust resistance to gaseous transport at higher temperatures for non-mixing. Moreover, mixing introduces oxygen into the anaerobic slurry environment which will slow down microbial activity. The use of additives did not change manure characteristics (pH, dry matter, N total, N mineral, C/N, and C/N organic) and did not result in a significant ( p < 0.05) decrease in NH 3 emissions, except that at 4 °C and no mixing a significant decrease of 34% in NH 3 volatilization was observed, when Am and EM together, were applied to slurry.

Persistence of Listeria and Salmonella During Swine Manure Treatment

Swine manures are known to be a source of a variety of human and animal pathogens. Of particular concern are bacteria causing human food-borne illnesses such as Salmonella and Listeria species. The effects of commonly used manure treatments on the persistence of these pathogens have rarely been compared. The objective of this study was to compare the persistence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium during the treatment of swine manure by the most commonly used manure management methods: liquid storage, aerated liquid storage, thermophilic composting (55°C) and manure packing (low temperature composting). Swine manure obtained from Ohio State University's Agricultural Technical Institute swine farm was inoculated with L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium to obtain a final concentration of 106 CFU/g of each organism. To simulate liquid storage, manure was diluted with water and stored aerated and unaerated at 20-25°C. To simulate pack storage and thermophilic composting, the same manure was amended with sawdust to provide 60% moisture and incubated in triplicate aerated 4-liter compost reactors at 25 and 55°C, respectively. The treatments were sampled on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 and analyzed for the most probable numbers (MPN) of Listera and Salmonella using standard methods. L. monocytogenes was culturable in all the treatments for 28 days and in compost mixes through day 56 at both temperatures. The MPN/g of L. monocytogenes in the 55°C compost and the aerated liquid declined by 3 to 4 logs after 3 days, but not in the compost stored at 25°C or the unaerated liquid. Likewise after 3 days, Salmonella MPNs dropped to 44 MPN g−1 in the 55°C compost and 1.2 × 104 MPN g−1 in the aerated liquid but were unchanged in the sawdust manure mix at 25°C and the unaerated liquid. Salmonella persisted for up to 28 days in compost at 55°C, 42 days in aerated liquid and up to 56 days in both compost at 25°C and the unaerated liquid. Taken together, the results indicate that both pathogens were destroyed most rapidly under thermophilic composting conditions and that they persisted the longest in pack storage or low temperature composting conditions. However, although L. monocytogenes declined by 4-5 logs after 14 days in all treatments, it persisted at low levels (<1000 MPN g−1) longer in composts than in liquid manure treatments.

Dynamics of soil water-extractable organic C following application of dairy cattle manures

Water-extractable organic C (WEOC) is a determinant driver of several soil and environmental processes, and can be influenced by management practices such as organic amendment. Our objective was to study the dynamics of soil WEOC following application of liquid and solid dairy cattle manures to a loamy and a clay soil under field conditions. Manures were applied in 2 consecutive years to silage corn fields at rates equivalent to 150 kg total N ha-1. Soil WEOC was monitored the day after application and weekly or biweekly thereafter in manured and control (mineral fertilizers) plots. Liquid and solid manure S brought on average 39 and 13 g WEOC m-2, respectively. These amounts are much larger than the increases measured in soil WEOC during the hours and days following manure application (0 to 30 mg kg-1, equivalent to 0 to 3 g m-2). Moreover, manure addition had little effects in the 10- to 30-cm soil layer. The rapid and extensive adsorption of manure WEOC onto mineral surfaces likely explains the limited effects of manure on soil WEOC. This adsorption process was presumably exacerbated by the mixing of manure and soil resulting from the tillage operation. Soil temperature and respiration appeared to have determinant influence on the level of soil WEOC content in the post-harvest period. Overall, temporal variations in soil WEOC contents were large and generally greater than the fluctuations directly attributable to manure addition. Key words: Soil organic C, extractable C, dairy manure, silage corn

Reduction of bacterial leaf spot severity on radish, lettuce, and tomato plants grown in compost-amended potting mixes

Compost-amended substrates offer the potential for management of diseases caused by soilborne as well as foliar plant pathogens. In this study, the efficacy of composted pine bark mix fortified with the biocontrol agent Trichoderma hamatum 382 (FCPB) against bacterial leaf spot of radish, lettuce, and tomato under controlled environment conditions was evaluated. Plants grown in the FCPB mix and inoculated with bacterial leaf spot pathogens were less severely diseased than plants grown in commercial peat mix or vermiculite. In some cases, plants were also grown in a composted cow manure mix or in a steam-treated compost-amended greenhouse soil, and these plants were also less severely diseased. Infected radish and tomato plants grown in these compost-amended substrates also harbored significantly smaller populations of Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, respectively. The disease-suppression effect of the FCPB mix was lost by autoclaving and restored by reinoculating the autoclaved FCPB mix with nonautoclaved FCPB mix. However, the disease-suppression effect varied among the batches of FCPB mix used. In contrast, vermiculite and a highly decomposed sphagnum peat mix consistently failed to suppress these diseases. These results suggest that producing vegetable seedlings in FCPB mix or compost-based substrates may provide initial protection against bacterial leaf spot pathogens.

Use of machines for liquid manure aerating and mixing

The paper concerns the ecological aspects of liquid manure. In order to have a better insight into the efficiency of the machine, four samples of liquid manure were analysed, namely two samples from a pit without aerators and two samples from a pit with incorporated aerator. The analysis showed that the dry matter content in the liquid manure amounted to 5.05–5.74%. The sample taken from the pit with incorporated aerator after 20 min of mixing contained the greatest quantity of the dry matter. The nitrogen and phosphorus contents were equal to the average; again the sample taken out of the pit with aerator stood out. The values of potassium exceeded the European average. The aerated liquid manure was spread on the surface more uniformly; it flowed off the plants and penetrated faster into the ground up to the roots. When the aerated liquid manure was sprinkled, the bad smell in the environment was considerately lower. Pumping into the cistern was much easier because it did not contain clods. The fodder remains were chopped and did not stop up the pipe. The cost of aeration was small in comparison with the devices for liquid manure mixing.

Combined de-inking paper sludge and poultry manure application on corn yield and soil nutrients

Application of combined de-inking paper sludge and poultry manure may be an appropriate way to dispose of these residues and restore fertility of highly degraded soils. An experiment was initiated to determine the effects of a single application of this material, using two different application techniques, on corn yield and soil properties of two 12-ha fields of contrasting textures located in the Nicolet watershed in the province of Québec, Canada. De-inking paper sludge was mixed with poultry manure (PP) at a ratio of 25:1 and strip-applied before corn seeding. The study included three treatments: untreated control, a constant application rate, and variable application rates according to initial soil organic C content. The variable application rates were 10, 20 and 30 Mg dry weight ha-1. The strips were randomized within blocks, and the strips ran lengthwise in the blocks. Soil N immobilization and P release occurred on both sites at least 2 mo after PP incorporation, as measured at the corn eight-leaf and silk apparition stages by the anion-exchange membranes. Despite early N immobilization, grain yield was not affected whereas plant P uptake was increased by PP. At both sites, a single application of PP increased soil pH and major nutrient levels at harvest but had no significant effect on soil organic C. The application of PP also increased P saturation indices but the measured values were well below critical thresholds above which environmental risks would be high. The variable application rate treatment did not differ from the equivalent constant rate treatment for improving soil status and crop growth. This study indicates that mixing de-inking paper sludge and poultry manure may provide a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to land disposal of these wastes. Key words: Corn, paper sludge, poultry manure, precision farming, soil nutrients

이축분종(異畜糞種) 퇴비에서의 중금속 화학종분화(化學種分化)

Composting animal manure is one of feasible treatments that reserves some portion of nutrients of manure. Although the application of compost to arable land has many advantages, the repeated cultivation of the agriculture land will accumulate the level of heavy metals in the soil which is potentially hamful to people and animals. Therefore it is important to know the characteristics concentration and species of heavy metals in a variety of chemical fonns than just total content of the metal. Because the metals in different forms have different mobilities and bioavailabilites. The aim of this study was to examine the total content and the chemical forms of the heavy metals; Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb in the animal manure composted with sawdust or rice hull as a bulking agent. A total of 75 compost samples were collected throughout the country and classified into the three groups in accordance with the characteristics of raw materials: swine manure, poultry manure, and mixed(swine + poultry + cattle)manure. The compost samples were analyzed for total metal content and fractionated by sequential chemical extractions to estimate the quantities of metals: exchangeable, adsorbed, organically bound, carbonate and residual. The results showed that the heavy metal concentrations in all compost samples were lower than the maximum acceptable limits by the Korea Compost Quality Standards. The concentrations of heavy metals in the swine manure compost were higher than those of both the poultry and the mixed manure compost except for Cr. Zn and Cu concentrations of three different compost ranged from 157 to 839 mg Zn/kg DM(dry matter) and from 47 to 458 mg Cu/kg DM, depending on the composition of animal manures. The predominant forms for extracted metals were Cr, Ni, Zn, As and Ph, residual; Cu, organic; and Cd, carbonate. The results suggested that the legal standards for composts should be reexamined to revise the criteria on the total metal content as well as metal speciation.

Applying mixed manure and inorganic phosphorus fertiliser to improve rice yield on acid sulfate soil (Hydraquentic Sulfaquept)

In order to improve the yield of rice cultivated on acid sulfate soil, 2 field experiments and 1 pot experiment were conducted continuously for 5 and 2 crops, respectively (1997–2000), in Tri Ton district, An Giang province, Vietnam. Soil for the pot experiment was taken from the 2 field experiments to study the residual effect on phosphorus availability. Both organic and inorganic phosphorus had a possitive effect on the rice yield. Compared with the treatments being fertilised at the same doses of P, a significantly higher yield was obtained in the treatment of mixed inorganic P fertiliser and manure. This effect was found only in the first crop. From the second crop onward, rice yields were not different among treatments (mixed fertilisers, inorganic P fertiliser, and manure only). Manure-only treatment resulted in rice yield equal to the treatment with 60 kg P2O5 in the form of superphosphate. Supplying phosphorus in both organic and inorganic forms over several crops resulted in an accumulation of phosphorus in soil, which became available for rice growth in the following crop season. Adding P fertiliser modified the P fraction in acid sulfate soil mainly to the form of Fe-P.

Produktivitas Genotipe Padi Gogo Adaptif Naungan pada Kondisi Digenangi dan Kering

Increase in utilization of upland rice tolerant to shade under plantation and commercial timber canopy. demands significant amount of seed become critical. The objective of this research was to study the productivity of shade-tolerant upland rice genotypes under flooded and dried cultivation. Research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Agronomy, IPB, Bogor from September 1998 to March 1999. Random Complete Block (RCB) Design with two factors i.e. flood-dry and 12 genotypes of upland rice, namely Jatiluhur, Dodokan, TB 165E-TB-6, TB 13G-TB- 2. ITA247, B7291D-SM-12, B6926F-TB-l, B9484-F-TB-3, B9266F-PN-7-MR-2-PN-4, TBI77E-TB-30-B-2, B149F- MR-7. and TB35H-MR-3 was used. Genotypes were cultivated in plastic pots containing 10 kg media mix of soil and manure 9: I. Dry cultivation was performed with a two-day interval of watering; while flooding was done as in sawah field. Other maintenance such as weeding and fertilization were applied as in sawah cultivation. Treatments were replicated three times with two pots in each replicate. The result showed that flooding increased the number of tiller by 20% for the genotype B729ID-SM-12 (V6), B9484-F-TB-3 (V8), B9266F-PN-7-MR-2-PN-4 (V9), BI49F-MR-7 (V11), and TB35H-MR-3 (V12), increased biomass of top part 31.29 ± 29.02:% and roots 187. 91 ± 74. 16% for genotype TBI3G-TB- 2 (V1), ITA247 (V5), B6926F-TB-1 (V-), B9484-F-TB-3 (V8), B9266F-PN-7-MR-2-PN-4 (V9), and TBI77E-TB-30-B-2 (V10), decreased the shoot root ratio by 53.10 ± 9. 70%; affected the number of productive tiller and the number of panicle 18.47± 51.04%; and increased the productivity up to 111.34 ± 123.19%. Based on a cluster analysis, three groups were proposed. A first group suitable for flooding were Jatiluhur (V1), TBI65E-TB-6 (V3), ITA247 (V5), B6926F-TB-1 (V-), B9484-F-TB-3 (V8). B9266F-PN-7-MR-2-PN-'4 (V9). and TBJ.77E-TB-30-B-2 (V10). A second group not suitable for flooding were Dodokan (V~, B7291D-SM-12 (V6), BI49F-MR-7 (V11), and TB35H-MR-3 (V12). A moderate genotype. TB 13G- TB-2 (V4 ). performed well in both cultivation methods was in the third group. Key words: Shading. upland rice, Flooding, Dry, Productivity

RICE GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE AS AFFECTED BY LIVESTOCK MANURE IN FOUR JAPANESE SOILS

One of the measures being adopted for relieving environmental problems arising from agricultural production is to recycle animal manure and other organic products as fertilizers and soil amendment. In Japan, this is a usual practice among farmers. In this study, we evaluated the effects of chicken manure (PM), cattle manure (CM), swine manure (SM) and mixed manure (MM = PM + CM + SM) on the growth, dry matter yield, and nutrient [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)] uptake of rice (Oryza sativa Var. koshihikari). Four naturally infertile soils, andosol (A), red-yellow soil (RY), sandune soil (SD), and masatsuchi (M), were amended with 100 Mg ha−1 (dry weight) of each of the manure and allowed to stabilize for 4 weeks before rice was seeded. Changes in rice growth as indicated by plant height and number of leaves and tillers were monitored for 6 weeks, and the biomass yield was determined. Shoot samples were also analyzed for nutrient uptake. The amended A and RY soils produced the best effects on all the rice parameters studied. However, the number of rice leaves were significantly higher in RY than A. The manure effects on rice growth and biomass yield were ranked as CM > MM > SM > PM. Amending the soils with manure significantly delayed seedling emergence. Andosol amended with CM and MM produced significantly greater roots than with other manures. Masatsuchi amended with PM had lower shoot and root biomass than even the control. Among the manures, the uptake of all nutrients was highest in CM. The higher dry matter yield of rice in soils amended with CM and MM may be due to better nutrient balance and relatively lower levels of toxic factors in the material.

Effects of anaerobic digestion and additives to effluent or cattle feed on odor and odorant concentrations.

Odor intensity (5,437 observations), determined by human panelists (100 different panelists over the course of the experiment), and a number of chemical odorant concentrations were determined for manure-related samples (326) obtained from effluents from conventional stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) and fixed-film anaerobic digesters, effluents to which commercial additives or KMnO4 or H2O2 were added, and feces, urine, and mixed manure from cows fed a control or additive-containing diet. Mostly, samples were held in stoppered, Erlenmeyer flasks for 3 d at room temperature before evaluation by panelists and with chemical analyses, but shorter holding times also were tested. Anaerobic digestion reduced odor intensity linearly with increasing hydraulic retention time (HRT) up to 20 d; fixed-film digestion with 1.5- or 2.3-d HRT reduced odor intensity similarly to that observed with 10-d HRT in CSTR. Addition of commercial products and chemicals altered some odorant concentrations (e.g., ammonia) but did not reduce odor intensity; some products increased odor intensity. Addition of a commercial yeast-based product to a dairy cow diet had no detectable effect. The cow diet study showed that fresh urine and feces alone were less odorous than a mixed combination (manure). Fresh manure was less odorous than manure held for 3 d. Total phenol was the odorant most highly correlated with odor intensity. Individual and total volatile fatty acids also contributed. Ammonia did not seem to be a major contributor to odor in this data set.

電気分解水が水耕植物の生育におよぼす影響（第３報） 電解水の酸化還元電位が水耕コマツナの生育におよぼす影響

To investigate the effects of the oxidation reduction potentials (ORP) of electrolytic water and its solution mixed manure on the early growth of soilless culture plant, Komatuna was cultured during ten days by using the electrolytic water solutions, which adjusted to the three ORP values in the region of 100-750 mV, and to the almost constant pH of 6.5±0.25.In the case of the ORP was as high as 700-750 mV, the length and weight of the plant (or seedling) were brightly repressed, but in the case of the ORP was as low as 100-150 mV, they were almost increased. In the case of the ORP was middle value, the length of plant was increased but its weight was slightly decreased.At both experiments of No. I and II, the electrolytic water solution of low ORP was mainly promoted the growth of top (stem and leaf) of plant, but there were no correlative relationships between the ORP and the leaf number, the root growth, because the maximum leaf length, the fresh and dry weights of top, and the top-root ratio of fresh weight at low ORP were larger than those of control plot.In the experiment of No. II, each ORP of two cathode water solutions was adjusted to 100-150 mV and 300-350 mV with well-water, respectively, and one solutionwas adjusted to 300-350 mV with anode water. Those three solutions and a control of well-water were mutually compared.At any experimental plots, the leaf number, both fresh and dry weights of top, and the top-root ratio of fresh weight were increased, namely, the growth promotion effect at top was found, and the growth in a plot adjusted to 300-350 mV with electrolytic water was most promoted the growth.

High Rapid Composting of Dairy Cattle Manure with Crop and Forest Residues

ABSTRACT DAIRY manure was composted in a batch type enclosed composter without regular mixing for 7 days. The maximum decomposition was obtained in the range of 65 to 70 C at initial moisture content as between 55.5 and 64.6% (w.b.), initial pH value 7.8 to 8.3 and 0.87 to 1.07 L/min-kg per volatile matter of air. Carbon dioxide content in effluent gas was around 4.7 to 7.5% per volume at 68 C. Stabilization time for the plateau temperature (70 to 75 C) must be related to the aeration rate and moisture content in compost mass. The mixed manure with straw was a valuable acid soil conditioner.

Agricultural Experiments

WISCONSIN Experiment Station Twenty-second Annual Report.—From the time of Thomas Andrew Knight onwards, hortioulturists have remarked the effects of an excessive food supply on variability in cultivated plants, but one seldom hears of a case in which such pronounced results have followed excessive feeding as those which occurred in an experiment described by Mr. E. P. Sandsten in the twenty-second annual report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin. To a batch of tomato seedlings growing in a greenhouse a mixed manure consisting of Soo lb. nitrate of soda, 600 lb. sulphate of potash, and 1000 lb. bone per acre was applied. The seedlings soon began to vary, with the result that out of ninety-six plants scarcely any two were alike. Some plants were dwarfed, others developed internodes of abnormal length; the leaves varied in size and shape; the blossoms were abnormal in form; the stamens were much modified, and in one case became “almost aborted “; the pistils, on the other hand, were greatly overgrown, and some of the plants produced seedless fruits. Two seedless types, a large- and small-fruited, were specially noticeable, and cuttings of these and of some of the other marked variations were made. These were subsequently grown in an ordinary soil, and produced plants which retained all their abnormal characters.