Ion Mixing Research Articles

Evaluation of AES depth profiles with serious artefacts in C/W multilayers

Ion beam mixing was applied to produce tungsten carbide nano-layers in C/W nano-multilayer structures, which was studied by Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling. The destructive AES depth profiling caused serious artefacts such as tungsten-carbide production at the interfaces, even when choosing the optimal sputter removal conditions. Here we show that ion mixing due to the AES depth profiling could be described by TRIDYN simulation, and compound formation could be also estimated by introducing a simple model. Thus, despite the serious artefact production the original pristine depth distribution could be reconstructed. This evaluation method has been checked on C/W layer systems containing tungsten-carbide enrichment in the interface region (due to high energy ion beam mixing); the true in-depth distribution could be reconstructed. It has been found also that with increasing carbide formation the artefact production decreases allowing the use the AES depth profiling without reconstruction.

Wear resistance of cutting tools in combination of ion mixing and duplex coating

The paper presents the results of a study of one of the ways to improve the wear resistance of “duplex” coatings applied to cutting tools, which are due to preliminary ion nitriding, involving nitrogen saturation of the tool surface by diffusion method with the possibility of physical deposition of the main wear-resistant coating — (Ti,Cr)N. In addition to the above, the investigated tool surface assumes the presence of a layer of impurity ions, which was deposited on the nitrided substrate prior to the application of the main coating. In this work, the following commonly used metals were applied as an intermediate, transitional layer as Ti, Zr, W and Al and the combination (combination) with non-metals N, C and O was provided. The “triplex” coating deposition was performed by implantation of the above ions, which allowed the creation of an additional hardened layer. To confirm and evaluate the increase in the wear resistance of the cutting tool made of high-speed steel with “triplex” coating a series of in-situ durability experiments during turning and tribotechnical tests were carried out. It was found that the greatest effect can be achieved using titanium implantation in the nitrided sublayer. This surface sublayer (with an ionic mixture) of the tool before and after cutting was examined by electron Auger Spectroscopy (EOS) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). In tribotechnical tests, the adhesion component of the friction coefficient in a wide range of contact temperature changes was determined. In nano-indentation tests, an improved ability of the ion-mix layer to accumulate elastic strain energy was shown. Some researchers suggest that ion mixing leads to a surface film on the tool with an amorphous-like structure and a lubricating effect depending on the temperature-rate mode of cutting machining. The above-mentioned assumes the possibility of prolongation of the normal wear stage on the classical wear curve and, as a consequence, the wear resistance (durability period) of the cutting tool, which is connected with the phenomenon of adaptation of its near-surface layer during cutting.

Corrosion Resistance of Tungsten-Carbide-Rich Coating Layers Produced by Noble Gas Ion Mixing

Corrosion Resistance of Tungsten-Carbide-Rich Coating Layers Produced by Noble Gas Ion Mixing

Cumulation and mixing of ions in a tubular focus of a high-power laser pulse

As applied to laser acceleration of ions, we have constructed an analytical solution to the Cauchy problem for the kinetic equation, which describes the radial motion of particles under the action of a ponderomotive force in a tubular focus of a high-power laser beam propagating in a transparent plasma. For axisymmetric geometry, we have obtained the time and spatial dependences of the ion distribution function and have found their integral characteristics, such as density, average velocity, and energy spectrum. The appearance of ion density peaks inside the laser caustics, the cumulation of ions on the axis, and the effect of the formation of a multi-flux regime of ion motion are described analytically. The efficiency of the generation of neutron bursts by a laser pulse in the focal region in the case of cylindrical cumulation of ions is estimated.

Effect of Nb5+ Doping and LiNbO3 Coating on the Structure and Surface of a LiNi0.8Mn0.2O2 Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Layered LiNixMn1−xO2 structures with high discharge specific capacity and low cost are anticipated as the next-generation of high-energy density cathode active materials. However, the mixed arrangement of Li+ and Ni2+ in the cathode materials affects structural stability. Here, Nb5+ was doped into the structure of LiNi0.8Mn0.2O2 (NM82) to broaden the lithium-ion migration channels and alleviate the degree of ion mixing. LiNbO3 particle was coated on the surface of LiNi0.8Mn0.2O2 to form a spherical compound and reduce the erosion of HF and the dissolution of transition metals, which helped ameliorate the cyclic and structural stabilities of cathode materials. NM82 modified 1% Nb2O5 (LN/NM82-1.0) exhibited maximum discharge specific capacitance (177.7 mAh g−1 at 1.0C following 200 cycles) and excellent thermal stability (189.0 mAh g−1 at 1.0C following 200 cycles at 60 °C). The corresponding capacity retentions of this material were 87.54% and 85.37%, as LiNbO3 particle coating on the surface of NM82 decreased polarization and charge transfer resistor. Nb5+ in the host structure suppressed structural degradation and enhanced discharge capacity. This study determined the influence of Nb5+ substitution and LiNbO3 cladding on the structure and surface of LiNi0.8Mn0.2O2 and provides insights into commercial application of high-energy density layered structures of LiNixMn1−xO2 cathode materials.

Ion milling-induced crystalline phases precipitation in multicomponent Zr-based amorphous alloys

Five groups of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens of Zr65Al7.5Co22.5Ag5 and Zr65Al7Co7Ag7Fe7Ni7 amorphous ribbons are prepared by ion milling. It focuses on effect of ion milling conditions on the structure changes of amorphous ribbons. The results show that Zr-based amorphous ribbons can be crystallized into nanoscale fcc-Ag or fcc-Zr2M (M=Al, Co, Ag, Fe, Ni) under specific ion milling conditions. The crystallization reaction sequence of isothermal annealing Zr65Al7.5Co22.5Ag5 and Zr65Al7Co7Ag7Fe7Ni7 amorphous alloys is different. Besides of ion beams irradiation-induced stresses and surface effects, sputtering, argon ions implantation and irradiation damages, ion irritation effect and mixing heats among constituent elements are significant, resulting in fcc-Ag or fcc-Zr2M precipitates from amorphous phase. The peak temperature locally reached of TEM foil during ion milling is estimated more than 750K.

Hydrogeochemical characterizations and quality evaluation of groundwater in the major river basins of a geologically and anthropogenically driven semi-arid tract of India

Access to clean drinking water has been acknowledged as a human right and assessing the hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality status plays an important role in proving cleaner and safer water for human consumption. This study evaluated the sources and driving factors of the groundwater facies in the five major river basins (viz. Ajay, Mayurakshi, Kopai, Brahmani and Dwarka) of an agroeconomic semi-arid Indian tract through hydrogeochemical and principal component analyses based on 2200 groundwater samples (Ns = 2200) obtained during the pre- and post-monsoon cycles from 1100 wells (Nw = 1100). The results revealed that minerals weathering, ion/reverse ion exchange, mixing and evaporation processes along with anthropogenic inputs are responsible for the deteriorated groundwater quality of the river basins. The study has considered the cokriging approach that uses geostatistical and multivariate statistical techniques to interpolate a dataset. To determine the spatio-seasonal variabilities of the groundwater facies more accurately, the estimation accuracies of different interpolation techniques viz. inverse distance weighting, kriging/cokriging and splines techniques were compared and kriging/cokriging was found to represent the variability more accurately. Shannon's entropy theory was employed to assess the groundwater quality of the river basins as it eliminates the subjective bias and inherent uncertainties of the groundwater systems. Groundwater in ~37.45-38.42% of the total area was moderate to extremely poor for human consumption where 10.40-12.14%, 9.09-12.40%, 21.18-22.35%, 15.20-19.93% and 6.48-8.80% samples from the Ajay (Nw = 175), Brahmani (Nw = 175), Dwarka (Nw = 180), Kopai (Nw = 350) and Mayurakshi (Nw = 220) river basins exhibited unfit to drink water quality. The sensitivity of the water quality model was analyzed to identify the influences of the individual parameters which revealed that the outcome does not depend solely on one parameter. The study recommends adaptation of the treatment techniques to ensure clean drinking water for the residents. Managed aquifer recharge techniques might also improve the groundwater quality in certain areas.

Groundwater fluoride concentrations in the watershed sedimentary basin of Quetta Valley, Pakistan.

Litho-geochemical characteristics of low and high fluoride (F-) groundwater along with hydrological processes were investigated to delineate its genesis and enrichment mechanism in a watershed sedimentary basin. In this study, groundwater F- concentration ranged from 0 to 20mg/L with a mean and standard deviation of 2.8 and ± 3.7mg/L, respectively. Out of N = 87, 63% of samples exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) limit of 1.5mg/L. The order of cationic and anionic dominance in groundwater samples with mean was found in decreasing order as Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ and HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- > PO43- > NO3- measured in milligrams per liter. Groundwater chemistry changed from Ca-HCO3 to Na-HCO3 type and low to high fluoride as we moved from mountain foot towards the synclinal basin. Low fluoride groundwater reflected weathering, recharge, and reverse ion exchange processes with Ca-HCO3- and Ca-Mg-Cl-type water while high fluoride groundwater revealed base ion exchange, mixing, and desorption as dominant hydrological processes with Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl types of water. Gibb's diagram showed rock weathering and mineral dissolution as the major geochemical processes controlling water chemistry with an insignificant role of evaporation in the semi-arid area. Fluoride was undersaturated with mineral fluorite, indicating fluoride in groundwater is released by secondary minerals. However, due to complex geological features, groundwater fluoride enrichment was affected by a broad-scale process across a wide area such as depth, residence time, and most important geomorphological units hosting the aquifer.

Generation and stopping of laser-driven two-component ion beam

The generation and stopping of a laser-driven two-component ion beam are investigated by three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation and an extended stopping model. It is found that a two-component ion beam with the tunable composition ratio can be obtained from the two-species-ions sandwich target interacting with a relativistic laser pulse. When the generated proton beam mixed with a certain portion of carbon ions is transporting in fully ionized dense plasma, the beam stopping power is significantly enhanced compared to a pure proton beam. The maximum penetration depth is sharply reduced, and the Bragg peak with a higher magnitude appears earlier at the end of their paths, which is beneficial for achieving more localized energy deposition. The effect of heavy ion mixing on proton beam driven fast ignition is also discussed. A simple theoretical model is established, indicating that the required ignition time is relatively delayed for a heavy-ion doping case. For a small hot-spot size, it is possible to achieve the fusion ignition for a low mixed ratio. However, it is difficult to maintain a high fuel temperature due to the growing energy loss originating from mechanical work and thermal conduction.

Phase diagrams for the ternary system (NH4NO3 + CsNO3 + H2O) at 298.15 and 348.15 K and its application to cesium nitrate recovery from the eluent aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate

A novel green process for CsNO3 separation from the eluent solution of NH4NO3 was developed based on the predictive phase diagrams of (NH4NO3 + CsNO3 + H2O) at 298.15 and 348.15 K, which were drawn using the Pitzer and its extended HW model. These single-salt parameters and the mixing ion parameters obtained either from the literature or fitted with the relevant experimental data in the literature were used to calculate the solubilities of the ternary system (NH4NO3 + CsNO3 + H2O) at two temperatures successfully. Based on phase diagrams at 298.15 and 348.15 K, a comparison of the ternary system diagrams shows that area of CsNO3 crystallized region is decreased obviously with the increasing temperature, which accounts for separating cesium nitrate from eluent by raising the temperature. Under the guidance of the predictive phase diagram at 298.15 and 348.15 K, the separating process of cesium nitrate from the eluent solution of ammonium nitrate by three fractional crystallization operations was established for the first time, and the material balance of the cyclic process is presented.

Finite Deformation of Swollen pH-Sensitive Hydrogel Cylinder Under Extension and Torsion and its Poynting Effect: Analytical Solution and Numerical Verification

According to the rise of technological interest in hydrogels, there is a growing necessity for precise mechanical and thermodynamic experimental characterizations. One of the common experimental protocols is applying combined extension-torsion loading on a cylinder. Therefore, we have proposed an analytical solution for the problem of torsion superimposed extension coupling with pH variation on a cylinder composed of the pH-sensitive hydrogel. Additionally, the Poynting effect as an inherently nonlinear phenomenon is studied for a hydrogel cylinder under extension-torsion loading. The finite deformation of a swollen cylinder is investigated using a constitutive model that captures network stretching, mixing of polymeric network and solvent, mixing of mobile ions with the solvent, and acidic groups’ dissociation. To evaluate the analytical solution accuracy, 3D finite element analysis (FEA) has been carried out for the same problem. In this regard, it is required to develop a user-defined subroutine, UHYPER, for pH-sensitive hydrogels; the developed subroutine is validated via free-swelling and constrained swelling problems. Compared to the FEA, the presented analytical solution is more interesting regarding its low computational cost. It is perceived that the computational cost of the analytic solution is much lower than the one required for FE analysis (around 1%). Thus, the proposed solution can be utilized as aneffective toolto examine each factor on the swelling behavior of hydrogels, including mechanical properties as well as loading parameters. Moreover, the developed analytical solution can be employed for calibrating material parameters. Finally, Poynting effects are examined for various axial stretches and twists, pH values, and cross-linked densities.

High-precision multidynamic Sr isotope analysis using thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS) with correction of fractionation drift

High-precision and high-accuracy measurement of the natural mass-independent variations of 84Sr/86Sr using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) is crucial for understanding the planetary volatile depletion history and the heterogeneous isotopic reservoirs in the early Solar System. The recently reported μ84Sr values [defined as 106 × (84Sr/86Srsample/84Sr/86Srstandard – 1)] for terrestrial rock samples, however, show a significant discrepancy between static and multidynamic TIMS measurement results, indicating that the data from one or both measurement methods are biased by analytical artefacts. Coupled with this issue, the accurate μ84Sr values of terrestrial samples are also under debate. Here we present high-precision 84Sr/86Sr and 87Sr/86Sr data for a series of natural samples and the standard NIST SRM 987 measured using a new 3-line multidynamic TIMS method, with the aims to: (1) systematically evaluate and correct the fractionation drift effect in multidynamic Sr isotope measurements, (2) investigate the origin of the discrepancy between the μ84Sr values derived from static and multidynamic measurements, and (3) determine the accurate terrestrial μ84Sr value. Our data show that the rapid drift of isotopic fractionation during TIMS measurement can significantly bias the multidynamic 84Sr/86Sr ratio, but has only minor influence on 87Sr/86Sr. The previously observed static vs. multidynamic μ84Sr discrepancy has been reproduced in our study, and can be explained by the positive biases in multidynamic μ84Sr caused by the high fractionation rates of terrestrial samples compared to the standard. After correcting the fractionation drift effect using a linear interpolation method, the average multidynamic μ84Sr value of the terrestrial samples is in complete agreement with the multistatic result. We confirm that the standard NIST SRM 987 possesses an apparent 84Sr enrichment relative to the natural samples from the Earth, and conclude that the terrestrial samples have an average μ84Sr value of −31 ± 8 ppm (2 standard error). The fractionation drift-corrected multidynamic μ87Sr and μ84Sr results of SRM 987 show a pronounced correlation that is likely to be a combined effect of ion counting random error, uncorrected (or overcorrected) fractionation drift effect, and mixing of Sr ions evaporated from variably fractionated sample reservoirs on the filament. The two independent multidynamic 87Sr/86Sr ratios returned by our method exhibit a stable, small but resolvable offset, which most likely reflects systematic errors generated by an insufficient amplifier idle time setting. Our measurement method has also been applied to three standard materials that have been used in the early Solar System 87Sr/86Sr chronology studies from the 1970s till present to examine the reliability of the normalization method used for inter-laboratory comparison and to assure accurate cross-calibrations of these standards.

Remediation of cobalt from semiconductor wastewater in the frame of fluidized-bed homogeneous granulation process

Green and sustainable strategies aim for the development of manufacturing processes that maximize the use of resources, instigating the semiconductor industry to adopt zero-liquid discharge policies. Complexity and variations in semiconductor wastewater effluents open an opportunity for resource recovery. One such opportunity is the potential recovery of heavy metals such as cobalt and/or copper in chemical-mechanical polishing wastewater, and inorganic anions such as phosphate from etching and acid cleaning. The present work demonstrates the capabilities of homogeneous crystallization in fluidized-bed reactor as treatment technology to process water effluents for industrial reuse while simultaneously recovering precious resources such as copper, cobalt and phosphate. Experimental results revealed that the optimum conditions were achieved at effluent pH of 7.75 – 8.0 and [PO4−3]/[Co2+] of 2.0. Uniform crystal growth was attained due to appropriate fluidization and proper collision of the particles at up flow velocity 40.11 m h−1 with 1.18 kg Co2+ m−2 h−1 loading. Performance was based on the removal/recovery capabilities of cobalt as heavy metal pollutant. The percentage of total cobalt recovered by granulation was 98.8%, whereas 99% cobalt removal was attained at optimal parameters. Coexistence of EDTA and citrate inhibits crystal growth, decreasing the metal granulation capability ~35%. Mixing of copper and cobalt ions in fluidized-bed homogeneous crystallization process was also investigated in which the highest granulation of 95.9% was attained at effluent pH of 6.50 for copper, and 96.8% at effluent pH of 7.50 for cobalt with an equimolar metal concentration of 7.0 mM and phosphate-metal molar ratio of 1.60. The granules recovered were analyzed using XRD and SEM-EDS. The recovered crystals were identified as mineral libethenite (Cu2(PO4)OH) and cobalt phosphate hydrate (Co3(PO4)2.8H2O).

Halide Ion Mobility of Mixed Halide Perovskites in Light and Dark

The intrinsic ionic defects, specifically halide ion vacancies, often dictate the mobility of halide species within the perovskite film during the operation of solar cells. Of particular interest is the halide ion mobility in metal halide perovskites, which plays an important role in determining the performance of perovskite solar cells. Photoinduced phase segregation seen in mixed halide perovskite films under steady state irradiation offers a convenient way to visualize halide ion segregation. Interestingly, upon storage in dark, the process is reversed and the original mixed halide composition gets restored. Whereas entropy of mixing explain the thermally activated mixing of halide ions to yield mixed halide perovskite, the opposite trend observed during photoirradiation remains an intriguing phenomenon. The threshold energy of incident light to observe halide segregation increases with increasing temperature. The diffusion of these halide species, which is tracked through changes in the absorption spectra at different temperatures, offers a direct measurement of thermally activated halide diffusion in perovskite films. The thermally activated halide exchange shows the challenges of stabilizing metal halide perovskites with varying bandgap in tandem solar cells.

Ionic loss from Venus upper ionosphere via plasma wake

Recent observations have detected significant escape of ions from the Venusian ionosphere. The measurements indicate that the composition of the escaping mix of ions may reach a critical ratio of H + : O + ≈ 2 : 1 , suggesting that it originated in water molecules, in line with the observed dryness of the planet. In this work, we suggest an additional mechanism that can explain the escape of ions from Venus by invoking a test charge approach. For this purpose, an electrostatic wakefield potential, accompanying a moving test charge, is examined in a plasma consisting of two positive ions ( H + and O + ), as well as electrons. It is found that the wakefield potential can be attractive between like charges; it may thus be responsible for gluing charges to an escaping test charge of the same sign, facilitating the collective escape. This attractive potential is strongly influenced by the test charge speed and the plasma density at different altitudes. Our results are consistent with the observation of Venus Express space probe.

Selective Lithium Adsorption of Silicon Oxide Coated Lithium Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocrystals and Their Regeneration.

Silicon oxide-coated lithium aluminum layered double hydroxide (Lix Al2 -LDH@SiO2 ) nanocrystals (NCs) are investigated to selectively separate lithium cations in aqueous lithium resources. We directly synthesized Lix Al2 -LDH NC arrays by oxidation of aluminum foil substrate under a urea and lithium solution. Various lithium salts, including Cl- , CO3 2- , NO3 - , and SO4 2- , were applied in aqueous solution to confirm the anion effect on the captured and released lithium quantity of the Lix Al2 -LDH NCs. In a 5% solution of sulfate ions mix with lithium chloride, the Lix Al2 -LDH NCs separated a larger quantity of lithium than in other anion conditions. To enhance regeneration stability and lithium selectivity, thin layers of SiO2 were coated onto the Lix Al2 -LDH nanostructure arrays for inhibition of nanostructure destruction after desorption of lithium cations in hot water. The Lix Al2 -LDH@SiO2 nanostructures showed enhanced properties for lithium adsorption, including increase of stable regeneration cycles from three to five cycles, and they showed high lithium selectivity in the Mg2+ , Na+ , and K+ cation mixed aqueous resource. Our nanostructured LDH lithium adsorbents would provide a facile and efficient application for cost-efficient and large-scale lithium production.

First-Principles Study of Microscopic Electrochemistry at the LiCoO2 Cathode/LiNbO3 Coating/β-Li3PS4 Solid Electrolyte Interfaces in an All-Solid-State Battery.

High interfacial resistance between electrode and solid electrolyte (SE) is one of the major challenges for the commercial application of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), and coating at the interface is an effective way for decreasing the resistance. However, microscopic electrochemistry especially for the electrochemical potential and the distribution of Li+ at the interface has not been well established yet, impeding the in-depth understanding of interfacial Li+ transport. Herein, we have introduced a potential energy profile for Li+, ηLi+, and demonstrated that the interfacial ηLi+ can be evaluated from the calculated interfacial Li vacancy formation energy or the bulk vacancy formation energy and the interface band alignment. Through computational analysis of the representative LiCoO2 cathode/LiNbO3 coating/β-Li3PS4 SE interfaces using the novel interface structure prediction scheme based on the CALYPSO method, we found that ηLi+ at the LiCoO2/β-Li3PS4 interface is highly disordered under the influence of the interface reconstruction and is rather electronic conductive. Insertion of LiNbO3 coating can effectively decrease the preference of ion mixing. Besides, the appropriate changes in band alignments lead to a decrease of difference in the interfacial ηLi+ and lower resistances at the interfaces. The results provide a reliable explanation for the effectiveness of the coating layer observed experimentally. Furthermore, our study provides a guidance for the future simulation of the microscopic electrochemistry at the electrode/SE interfaces in ASSBs.

In-situ synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotube reinforced aluminum oxide composites by molecular mixing

Boron Nitride Nanotube (BNNT)/Al2O3 composite powders were prepared by molecular mixing of aqueous nanotube dispersions and aluminum ions. The composite powder was consolidated by spark plasma sintering where the ceramic phase underwent phase transformation to α-Al2O3 (amorphous→γ→α) while anchoring molecularly mixed BNNTs. The addition of 1.5 vol% BNNTs reduced the Al2O3 grain size by 50%, whereas microhardness increased by 22%. With an increasing BNNTs content from 0 to 1.5 vol%, high load (100 N) indentation showed that the residual indention area decreased by 65%, and morphology changed from severely brittle fracture to no visible cracks. Thus the addition of BNNTs leads to simultaneous improvement of strength and toughness of Al2O3. Crack bridging, BNNT pull-out, and crack deflection are the prime toughening mechanisms. Grain refinement of the Al2O3 matrix and effective load sharing is attributed to in-situ and homogeneously dispersed BNNTs, which are chemically bonded with the Al2O3 matrix at the molecular level.

Detrimental impacts of mixed-ion radiation on nervous system function

Galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), composed of highly energetic and fully ionized atomic nuclei, produces diverse deleterious effects on the body. In researching the neurological risks of GCR exposures, including during human spaceflight, various ground-based single-ion GCR irradiation paradigms induce differential disruptions of cellular activity and overall behavior. However, it remains less clear how irradiation comprising a mix of multiple ions, more accurately recapitulating the space GCR environment, impacts the central nervous system. We therefore examined how mixed-ion GCR irradiation (two similar 5-6 beam combinations of protons, helium, oxygen, silicon and iron ions) influenced neuronal connectivity, functional generation of activity within neural circuits and cognitive behavior in mice. In electrophysiological recordings we find that space-relevant doses of mixed-ion GCR preferentially alter hippocampal inhibitory neurotransmission and produce related disruptions in the local field potentials of hippocampal oscillations. Such underlying perturbation in hippocampal network activity correspond with perturbed learning, memory and anxiety behavior.

Composite coatings for cutting tools after ion mixing

Ways of increasing the wear resistance of "duplex" coatings applied to cutting tools due to preliminary diffusion saturation of the tool surface with nitrogen followed by physical deposition of a hard coating (Ti, Cr)N are proposed. The proposed coating, in addition to the above, contains an additional modified layer with an impurity of ions (metals: Ti, Zr, W and Al in combination with three non-metals N, C, and O), applied to a prenitrided surface of high-speed steel before the deposition of a hard coating. The highest wear resistance after "triplex"-treatment was achieved by ion implantation of titanium into a prenitrided surface. The coefficient of friction of the modified layer is studied at different contact temperatures. An improved ability of a layer with an ionic mixture to accumulate elastic deformation energy is shown. Ionic mixing contributes to the appearance of a thin surface layer with an amorphous-like structure, which prolongs the stage of normal wear, significantly increasing the tool life as a result of the self-organization process.