Mixed Nanoparticles Research Articles

Optimizing heat and mass transfer in Carreau nanofluid with mixed nanoparticles in porous media using explicit finite difference method

Optimizing heat and mass transfer in Carreau nanofluid with mixed nanoparticles in porous media using explicit finite difference method

Study on the melting and sintering behavior of Cu-Fe mixed nanoparticles based on molecular dynamics simulations

Study on the melting and sintering behavior of Cu-Fe mixed nanoparticles based on molecular dynamics simulations

Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconia-Based Ceramics: A Comprehensive Exploration of Film Formation and Mixed Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis

Due to its strong ionic conductivity and superior mechanical qualities, zirconia-based ceramics are frequently used in electrochemical devices. Today, zirconium oxychloride octahydrate and ethanol have been developed for the purpose of reducing zirconium thin films on glass, single-crystal silicon p-type, substrates. The phase composition and properties of the films, as well as the physicochemical processes involved in film formation, have all been investigated. Zirconia mixed metal oxide nanoparticles with various physicochemical properties can be created using a variety of synthetic processes in conjunction with additional variables like concentration, PH, type of precursor utilized, etc. In order to create zirconia mixed metal oxide nanoparticles, many synthetic techniques, including sol-gel, hydrothermal, and coprecipitation methods are discussed in this article.

Harnessing in-situ oxidation of nanostructured mxene to modulate the electronic structure for improved selectivity for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising approach to valorizing CO2. Ti3C2TX as a support material has received significant interest in enhancing CO2RR performance for tuning the electronic structure. However, there has been relatively less focus on changes to the Ti3C2TX electronic structure induced by loading catalysts onto the Ti3C2TX. Because Ti3C2TX has an intrinsic activity for both CO2RR and the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), electronic structure changes can affect the balance between CO2RR and HER selectivity. Therefore, tuning the electronic structure of Ti3C2TX can control the competition between CO2RR and HER and tune the selectivity and activity. Herein, we report that Ti3C2TX’s electronic structure can be tuned by the Ag+ loading method via redox interactions, tuning the reaction selectivity and activity for CO2RR. To illustrate this effect, we compare the CO2RR performance of in-situ formed Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on Ti3C2TX (0.9Ag-IS-Ti3C2TX) with physically mixed Ag NPs and Ti3C2TX (0.9Ag/P/Ti3C2TX). Here, ‘0.9’ refers to the molar ratio between Ag precursor and Ti3C2Tx, and ‘IS’ vs. ‘P’ refers to in-situ formed vs. physically mixed Ag NPs. 0.9Ag-IS-Ti3C2TX demonstrates a higher oxidation state for Ti and a higher proportion of Ti-O bonds than 0.9Ag/P/Ti3C2TX. Compared to 0.9Ag/P/Ti3C2TX, 0.9Ag-IS-Ti3C2TX exhibits higher CO Faradaic efficiency (FE), rising from 8.1 % with a partial current density of −2.0 mA cm−2 to 49.6 % with a partial current density of −20.1 mA cm−2 at −1.4 V vs. RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode). To harness this effect, we demonstrate control over the CO: H2 ratio of syngas formed from CO2RR over our Ti3C2TX-supported catalysts. Further electrochemical anodic oxidation experiments reveal the critical oxidation potential of Ti3C2TX (0.8 V vs. RHE) and show that HER can be partially suppressed by partial oxidation of Ti3C2TX. This work highlights the importance of considering the changes in Ti3C2TX (and other) supports when supporting catalysts for CO2RR and other electrochemical reactions.

Efficacy of zinc and copper oxide nanoparticles as heat and corrosion-resistant pigments in paint formulations

This study focuses on the synthesis of zinc and copper oxide nanoparticles using green methods by plant extracts. The resulting metal oxides were analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, TEM, zeta potential and assessed for their efficacy as pigments based on properties such as Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Oil absorption, Moisture Content, Fineness of grinding, Bleeding, and loss on ignition. The results confirmed that the prepared ZnO and CuO nanoparticles exhibited the formation of nanoparticles in the range of 10–40 nm with potential as pigments. Two paint formulations incorporating these nanoparticles and silicon resins as binders were tested for physico-mechanical attributes, chemical resistance, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance of the dry paint films. The study found that the films containing the prepared oxides demonstrated excellent performance, with no damage or color alteration observed after exposure to temperatures up to 500 °C. Moreover, the paint films containing ZnO nanoparticles showed superior efficiency after a 500 h salt spray test compared to those with CuO nanoparticles. These findings suggest that the synthesized mixed oxide nanoparticles are promising candidates for heat-resistant pigment applications.

Effect of droplet charge density on stabilization of oil‐in‐dispersion emulsions co‐stabilized by binary mixed surfactants and nanoparticles

AbstractIonic surfactant and similarly charged nanoparticles can co‐stabilize oil‐in‐dispersion (OID) emulsions at extremely low concentrations (0.001 cmc/0.001 wt%), in which particles do not adsorb at the oil/water interface but distribute in the aqueous phase forming a dispersion. In this paper, the effect of droplet charge density on stabilization of the n‐decane‐in‐water OID emulsion was examined by using a cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)/C12B (dodecyl dimethyl carboxyl betaine) binary mixture at a low fixed total concentration (0.01 mM) with varying molar fractions of CTAB. A model based on the Derjaguin‐Landau‐Verwey‐Overbeek (DLVO) theory is proposed to calculate interaction energies between droplets and between droplets and particles. It is found that the droplet charge density can be well compensated by particle concentration along the stabilization boundary, and the OID emulsion still follows the DLVO stabilization. Particles tend to surround droplets at large distances but may form a monolayer between approaching droplets at shorter distances, which significantly reduces the van der Waals attraction between droplets. In addition, the induced auxiliary droplet–particle repulsion is proportional to the number of particles per unit area of droplet surfaces, which together with the droplet–droplet repulsion ensures a large total repulsion preventing droplets from flocculation and coalescence. This work explains quantitatively the stabilization of OID emulsions, which have potential applications in emulsion products such as foods, cosmetics, pesticides, and various industrial emulsion systems. Moreover, the development of the OID emulsions represents an important advancement in green chemistry as it substantially reduces the required amounts of emulsifiers and their environmental impact after use.

Mosaic and mixed HIV-1 glycoprotein nanoparticles elicit antibody responses to broadly neutralizing epitopes.

An effective human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) vaccine will most likely have to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to overcome the sequence diversity of the envelope glycoprotein (Env). So far, stabilized versions of Env, such as SOSIP trimers, have been able to induce neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses, but those responses are mainly strain-specific. Here we attempted to broaden NAb responses by using a multivalent vaccine and applying a number of design improvements. First, we used highly stabilized SOSIP.v9 trimers. Second, we removed any holes in the glycan shields and optimized glycan occupancy to avoid strain-specific glycan hole responses. Third, we selected five sequences from the same clade (B), as we observed previously that combining Env trimers from clade A, B and C did not improve cross-reactive responses, as they might have been too diverse. Fourth, to improve antibody (Ab) responses, the Env trimers were displayed on two-component I53-50 nanoparticles (NPs). Fifth, to favor activation of cross-reactive B cells, the five Env trimers were co-displayed on mosaic NPs. Sixth, we immunized rabbits four times with long intervals between vaccinations. These efforts led to the induction of cross-reactive B cells and cross-reactive binding Ab responses, but we only sporadically detected cross-neutralizing responses. We conclude that stabilized HIV-1 Env trimers that are not modified specifically for priming naive B cells are unable to elicit strong bNAb responses, and infer that sequential immunization regimens, most likely starting with specific germline-targeting immunogens, will be necessary to overcome Env's defenses against the induction of NAbs. The antigens described here could be excellent boosting immunogens in a sequential immunization regimen, as responses to bNAb epitopes were induced.

Competition between surficial and volumetric diffusion in sintering TiO2 polymorphs by molecular dynamics simulation

AbstractThe competition between surficial and volumetric diffusion during the sintering process for ceramic polymorphism at different sintering temperatures is worth deeply exploring. In the current work, various sintering cases of mixed TiO2 nanoparticles with rutile and anatase types were investigated and the effects of crystalline phase, sintering temperature, and particle size on the sintering process were systematically investigated. The difference in thermodynamic stability and surficial activity of the crystalline phase could promote the decomposition and densification of the nanoparticles. Comparing the mixed‐phase sintering process at different sintering temperatures, the results showed that the particle binding process at low temperature relied mainly on surficial diffusion, however, volumetric diffusion played a crucial role at high temperature. The internal occurrence of volumetric diffusion inhibited the surficial diffusion, resulting in a smaller diameter of the sintering neck and a different sintering rate. In the case of sintering three nanoparticles with rutile and anatase types, it could be found that the decomposition of nanoparticles is more uniform in mixed‐phase sintering at high temperatures and the sintering rate is not significantly influenced by the sintering temperature. This work demonstrates the advantage of a mixed‐phase sintering strategy for TiO2 nanoparticles, which could provide insight into ceramic materials with polymorphism.

Optimising the viscoelastic properties of hyaluronic acid hydrogels through colloidal particle interactions: A response surface methodology approach

Enhancing the viscoelastic characteristics of hydrogel systems through strategic colloidal particle interactions is paramount for their functionality in rectal gel applications. This investigation delves into the synergistic interactions between cationic nanoparticles (CNPs), anionic nanoparticles (ANPs), and composite nanoparticles (NPs) within a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel matrix, employing response surface methodology (RSM) for optimisation. Critical parameters, namely the volume fraction of NPs and oscillatory amplitude, were meticulously calibrated to achieve optimal complex viscosity, as determined by advanced rheometric analysis. The findings reveal substantial effects of CNPs, ANPs, and mixed NPs on the viscoelasticity of the HA hydrogel, with complex viscosity measurements of 490.82 ± 10.57, 214.70 ± 8.96, and 328.46 ± 6.67 mPa. s, respectively. The hydrogel system with mixed NPs exhibited a strong concordance with empirical data (R² = 0.9843), validating the predictive precision of the model. Morphological assessments uncovered a highly interconnected network within the HA gel-particle composite, characterised by both densely and sparsely packed porous architectures. This study presents a robust framework for modulating viscoelastic properties in colloidal particle-gel systems, providing pivotal insights for the development of advanced rectal gel formulations.

A New Approach to Single‐Step Fabrication of TiOx‐CeOx Nanoparticles

Mixed metal oxide (MMO) nanoparticles (NPs) are hybrids consisting of two or more nanoscale metal oxides. Advantages of MMO NPs over single metal oxides include improved catalytic activity, enhanced electrical and magnetic properties, and increased thermal stability due to the synergy of the different oxide components. This study presents a novel fabrication route for TiO2‐CeO2 NPs enriched with oxygen vacancies using a Haberland‐type gas aggregation cluster source. The NPs, deposited from different segmented Ti/Ce targets under varying O2 addition, were examined with respect to final composition, morphology, and Ti, Ce surface oxidation states. Particle formation mechanisms are proposed for the observed morphologies. Additionally, available O2 during deposition and its impact on the formation of defective sites were investigated. Defective sites in TiO2‐CeO2 NPs were analyzed using transfer to X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy without contact to ambient oxygen. The incorporation of Ce to the target exhibits synergistic effects on the synthesis process. Segmented Ti/Ce targets enable the deposition of a broad range of mixed oxide NPs with diverse compositions and morphologies at considerably enhanced deposition rates, which is vital for practical applications. The presented fabrication approach is expected to be applicable for a broad variety of MMO NPs.

Preparation of a novel Cu‐Ni mixed nanoparticles immobilized on clay: An Eco-friendly Nanocatalyst for mild synthesis of Benzimidazoles and pyrimidines

In the present work, Cu‐Ni mixed nanoparticles immobilized in magnetic clay (MMT-BAC@Fe3O4@CuNi) nanocatalyst were successfully synthesized using a simple method for the first time. In the design of this catalyst, nickel and copper ions were reduced and deposited on clay layers using a benzalkonium chloride directing group. The proposed method offers a safe, sustainable, and selective approach for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazole and 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones using an environmentally friendly nanocatalyst. The solid catalyst was distinguished using a diversity of methods, including EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma), VSM (Vibrating Sample Magnetometer), FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) and FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy). The significant features of this new protocol include good to excellent efficiency, oxidant-free conditions, low catalyst loading, inexpensive and non-toxic catalyst, simple procedure, moderate conditions, straightforward work-up, short reaction times, and easy reuse of the nanocatalyst.

Linear and nonlinear optical studies on successfully mixed vanadium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique

Abstract In this study, V2O5, 5ZnO/10V2O5, and ZnO, 10ZnO/10V2O5 nanocomposites were synthesized by the sol–gel method. The sol–gel technique is an important process for the fabrication of advanced oxide materials with desirable catalytic, optical, and structural properties. The varieties and flexibilities of sol–gel techniques help in preparing materials with extremely specific properties. For the presented samples, three types of phases were assessed. The average crystalline size of V2O5, 5ZnO/10V2O5 and ZnO, 10ZnO/10V2O5 nanocomposites were found to be 25, 26, 14.5, and 15.5 nm, respectively. SEM images showed three different shapes of semi-tube, semi-spherical, and semi-flower. The pure samples of V2O5 and ZnO showed semi-tube shapes. 5ZnO/10V2O5 shows a spherical shape with average dimeter of 0.6 µm. Strong dependence of the direct optical band gap was observed on different compositions that varied within the range of (2.33–2.73 eV). Conversely, the indirect values varied within the range of 2.119–2.35 eV. On the other hand, 10ZnO/10V2O5 has semi flower shape with different layers. Optical parameters, such as optical band gap, extension coefficient, tails of localized states, and refractive index, were gauged for these nanocomposites. In addition, the mean refractive index of ZnO is lower than that of V2O5, with differences observed between 5ZnO/10V2O5 and 10ZnO/10V2O5 nanocomposites.

Structure of ZnxFe3−xO4 nanoparticles studied by neutron diffraction and its relation with their response in magnetic hyperthermia experiments

The mixed zinc-ferrite spinel magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with the general formula ZnxFe3−xO4 are among the most extensively studied families of Fe oxides due to their interesting and diverse chemical, electronic, and magnetic properties. These systems offer the possibility of surface functionalization and possess high biocompatibility, making them highly attractive for applications in biomedicine, such as magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). The efficiency of the MFH process relies on the magnetic, structural and morphological properties of the MNPs. The substitution with the Zn ion and the cationic distribution, as well as the synthesis process employed, have a direct impact on the final properties of these oxides. Therefore, it is essential to have tools that enable a comprehensive characterization of the system to assess its performance in MFH. In this study, we have synthesized four ZnxFe3−xO4 MNP systems using three different methods: two by thermal decomposition at high temperatures, one by co-precipitation, and another by co-precipitation followed by ball milling. We analyze the effect of these various synthesis processes on the magnetic and crystallographic properties, aiming to correlate them with the response of each system in MFH. Neutron diffraction data are employed to determine the cation site occupation and to investigate the correlation with the synthesis method. MFH measurements were conducted in media of diverse viscosities, revealing different values of specific loss power, thus demonstrating a clear dependence on the synthesis process and Zn content.

Antimicrobial Activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi of TiO2/ZnO Thin Films under UV Irradiation: Experimental and Theoretical Study.

We deposited bare TiO2 and TiO2/ZnO thin films to study their antimicrobial capacity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi. The deposit of TiO2 was performed by spin coating and the ZnO thin films were deposited onto the TiO2 surface by plasma-assisted reactive evaporation technique. The characterization of the compounds was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations were performed to support the observed experimental results. Thus, the removal of methylene blue (MB) by adsorption and posterior photocatalytic degradation was studied. Adsorption kinetic results showed that TiO2/ZnO thin films were more efficient in MB removal than bare TiO2 thin films, and the pseudo-second-order model was suitable to describe the experimental results for TiO2/ZnO (q e = 12.9 mg/g; k 2 = 0.14 g/mg/min) and TiO2 thin films (q e = 12.0 mg/g; k 2 = 0.13 g/mg/min). Photocatalytic results under UV irradiation showed that TiO2 thin films reached 10.9% of MB photodegradation (k = 1.0 × 10-3 min-1), whereas TiO2/ZnO thin films reached 20.6% of MB photodegradation (k = 3.9 × 10-3 min-1). Both thin films reduced the photocatalytic efficiency by less than 3% after 4 photocatalytic tests. DFT study showed that the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) energy gap decreases for the mixed nanoparticle system, showing its increased reactivity. Furthermore, the chemical hardness shows a lower value for the mixed system, whereas the electrophilicity index shows the biggest value, supporting the larger reactivity for the mixed nanoparticle system. Finally, the antimicrobial activity against F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi showed that bare TiO2 reached a growth reduction of 68% while TiO2/ZnO reached a growth reduction of 90% after 250 min of UV irradiation.

Localized surface plasmon-enhanced nanorod micro-LEDs with Ag nanoparticles embedded in insulating and planarizing spin-on glass

To enhance the emission of GaN-based Micro-LEDs (μLEDs), we etched uniform nanorods (NRs) on the μLED surface and filled the nanorod gaps with spin-on glass (SOG) containing mixed Ag nanoparticles (NPs). The nanorod structure creates a conducive environment for close interaction between Ag NPs and quantum wells (QWs), facilitating the coupling of Ag NPs as localized surface plasmons (LSPs) with the QWs to enhance light emission. The SOG acts as an insulating layer between Ag NPs and NRs, preventing electron leakage, while also serving as a planarization material for the nanorod structure. This configuration allows for the fabrication of a planar Indium Tin Oxide layer without short-circuiting the nanorod structure. Compared to traditional planar Micro-LEDs, NR-μLEDs with SOG-encased Ag NPs exhibit a 50% increase in electroluminescence (EL) intensity and a 56% increase in photoluminescence (PL) intensity. This work paves the way for broader applications of LSP in μLEDs.

Biocompatible Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles for X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy.

The synthesis of water-soluble nanoparticles is a well-developed field for ferrite-based nanoparticles with the majority consisting of iron oxide or mixed metal iron oxide nanoparticles. However, the synthesis of non-agglomerated non-ferrite metal/metal oxide NPs is not as well established. The synthesis and characterization of uniform 20 nm, biologically compatible cobalt oxide (CoO) nanoparticles (NPs) is described. These nanoparticles have two principle components: 1) a CoO core of suitable size to contain enough cobalt atoms to be visualized by X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) and 2) a robust coating that inhibits NP aggregation as well as renders them water-soluble and biocompatible (i.e. stealth coatings). Stable cobalt oxide NPs are obtained with octadecyl amine coatings as reported by Bhattacharjee. Two strategies for solubilizing these NPs in water were investigated with varying degrees of success. Exchanging the octadecyl amine coating for a nitrodopamine anchored PEG coating yielded the desired water-soluble NPs but in very low yield. Alternately, leaving the octadecyl amine coating on the NP and interdigitating this with a maleic anhydride-vinyl copolymer with different hydrophobic sidechains followed by opening the maleic anhydride ring with amine substituted PEG polymers (the water solubilizing component), yielded the desired water soluble NPS were obtained in good yield. Characterization data for the nanoparticles and the components of the coatings required for bioorthogonal reactions to ligate them with biotargeting agents are also described.

Synergistic advancements in nanocomposite design: Harnessing the potential of mixed metal oxide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for multifunctional applications

Reduced graphene oxide-based nanocomposites find applications in designing and fabrication of smart materials due to their unique optical, electrical, mechanical, sensing, photochemical, and energy-storing capacities. This comprehensive review article explores different synthetic pathways employed in fabricating reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/metal oxides based nanocomposites (NCs) with improved properties for multifaceted applications. The different applications of the mixed metal oxide/rGO NCs were explored in gas sensing, photocatalysis, energy storage, and biomedical applications. Through comparative assessments, this review focuses on the change in optical, physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, photocatalytic, sensing, charge storing, and antibacterial properties as we move from mixed metal nanoparticles and pure rGO to NCs. This review article opens the door for the design and synthesis of rGO-based multifunctional composite materials by providing insightful information about the development and design of mixed metal oxide/rGO NCs. The findings presented herein hold the potential to revolutionize future endeavors in energy storage, sensing, photocatalysis, adsorption, catalytic processes, purification, separation, protective coatings, and beyond.

Dynamic Release from Acetalated Dextran Nanoparticles for Precision Therapy of Inflammation.

Polymer-based nanoparticles (NPs) that react to altered physiological characteristics have the potential to enhance the delivery of therapeutics to a specific area. These materials can utilize biochemical triggers, such as low pH, which is prone to happen locally in an inflammatory microenvironment due to increased cellular activity. This reduced pH is neutralized when inflammation subsides. For precise delivery of therapeutics to match this dynamic reaction, drug delivery systems (DDS) need to not only release the drug (ON) but also stop the release (OFF) autonomously. In this study, we use a systematic approach to optimize the composition of acetalated dextran (AcDex) NPs to start (ON) and stop (OFF) releasing model cargo, depending on local pH changes. By mixing ratios of AcDex polymers (mixed NPs), we achieved a highly sensitive material that was able to rapidly release cargo when going from pH 7.4 to pH 6.0. At the same time, the mix also offered a stable composition that enabled a rapid ON/OFF/ON/OFF switching within this narrow pH range in only 90 min. These mixed NPs were also sensitive to biological pH changes, with increased release in the presence of inflammatory cells compared to healthy cells. Such precise and controllable characteristics of a DDS position mixed NPs as a potential treatment platform to inhibit disease flare-ups, reducing both systemic and local side effects to offer a superior treatment option for inflammation compared to conventional systems.

Green synthesis and characterization of CuO, Fe2O3 and CuO/Fe2O3 compounds investigation

Green chemistry techniques are increasingly being used to produce nanomaterials from easily accessible natural resources. The present study utilized a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable method to separately synthesize copper oxide, iron oxide, and mixed oxide nanoparticles. Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate and iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate were utilized as precursors with the help of fruit peel extracts. The nano-oxides were synthesized from the local fruit peels, specifically orange, cherry, and sidra (Ziziphus jujuba), by a simple procedure that involved heating the peels with distilled water, filtration, adding precursor, and calcination. Experiments were conducted on the resultant powders to evaluate their structural, biological, and physical characteristics. The results of the X-ray diffraction analysis showed that pure crystallite structures of CuO and Fe2O3 were formed, ternary compound CuFeO2 (delafossite), and CuO/Fe2O3 (nanocomposite) were synthesized, and their purity was verified through energy dispersive X-rays (EDX). The findings from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analysis (PSA) revealed that the nanoparticles are semi-spherical, with particle sizes ranging from 83.9 to 118.7 nm for CuO, from 95.2 to 119.8 nm for Fe2O3, and from 60.6 to 90.4 nm for mixed oxides extracted from three fruit peels. The conducted experiments on bacterial and fungal resistance revealed that the produced oxides are effective antibacterial and antifungal particles. The synthesized nanoparticles were also analyzed through AFM and Toxicity.

Enhancing photocatalytic performance of iron-doped TiO2 nanoparticles: Effects of annealing temperature on anatase-rutile mixed phase structure

The photocatalytic activity of the methylene blue in metal oxide anatase-rutile mixed phase TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron after annealing at various temperature has been investigated. The ratio Fe/Ti (wt 3 %) was prepared using the conventional co-precipitation technique with annealing treatment. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed anatase (∼25 %) and rutile (∼75 %) phase structures, and the crystallite size increased with increasing temperature. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmittance band at 517 cm−1 for TiO2 stretching vibration mode was examined using Kramer-Kronig relation for determining the optical characteristic such as the refractive index (n), the extinction coefficient (k), the dielectric function, and the energy loss function. Further analysis of the optical properties of Fe-doped TiO2 NPs shows the Δ (LO−TO) is shrinker after annealing above 200oC that indicated more stable bonding. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micrographs show agglomerations formed into clusters like as edelweiss flowers and roses on the surface. UV–Vis measurement reveals that the optical energy gap decreased from 3.05 eV annealed at 200oC to 2.88 eV annealed at 500oC. The UV–Vis absorbance with varying the time from 30 to 120 min to MB as a pollutant is reduced as time irradiation increases with photocatalytic rates for annealing at 500oC is 0.0071/min. The predominant anatase phase alignment, stable bonding, and unique surface make iron doped TiO2 NPs a promising catalyst.