Mixed Arrangement Research Articles

The effect of heating rate on microstructure and electrochemical performance of nickel-rich layered oxides cathode materials

Nickel-rich layered oxides have attracted significant attention as promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high specific capacity, rate capability, and relatively low cost. However, the material still faces challenges such as harsh synthesis conditions, easy cation mixing and large residual alkali on the surface, severely limiting its practical applications. To overcome these drawbacks, this study successfully synthesized a series of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM) cathode materials with different heating rates. The results indicate that appropriately reducing the heating rate can improve the cycling performance of the material and reduce cation mixing and surface residual alkalinity. Specifically, among the four samples, the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 sample (NCM-2 °C min-1) exhibites a lower Li⁺/Ni²⁺ mixed arrangement and fewer surface residual alkalis, demonstrating good cycling performance and rate capability. The NCM-2 °C min-1 sample provides an excellent initial discharge capacity of 210.4 mAh g⁻¹ under 0.1 C conditions, and it achieves the highest capacity retention rate (85.9%) after 100 cycles at 1 C, while the capacity retention rates for NCM-1 °C min-1, NCM-3 °C min-1, and NCM-4 °C min-1 are 75.4%, 75.2%, and 71.2%, respectively. NCM-2 °C min-1 sample also showed excellent rate performance, especially at high rates. The discharge capacity remains at 151.6 mAh g-1 at 10 C, which is much higher than that of other samples (149.3 mAh g-1 for NCM-1 °C min-1, 123.5 mAh g-1 for NCM-3 °C min-1, and 120.6 mAh g-1 for NCM-4 °C min-1). The research of synthesis technology has important guiding significance for the synthesis of high-stability high-nickel layered oxide materials.

Investigating the impact of battery arrangements on thermal management performance of lithium-ion battery pack design

The working temperature is one of the key factors affecting the efficiency and safety performance of automotive power batteries. Current battery pack design primarily focuses on single layout configurations, overlooking the potential impact of mixed arrangements on thermal management performance. This study presents a module-based optimization methodology for comprehensive concept design of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack. Firstly, the arrangement modules is optimized and performed using particle swarm optimization algorithms considering various arrangement layout (i.e. rectangular, diamond, and staggered arrangements) by taking the intercell spacing and maximum temperature of the modules as design objectives. Secondly, the battery pack configuration design is performed employing a neural network model reflect diverse battery module configurations within the pack, exploring their impact on thermal management performance. The hybrid battery arrangement effectively improves thermal management, and the module spacing helps to enhance heat dissipation. The staggered arrangement has a greater impact on the heat dissipation performance of the battery pack, but the spacing between different modules varies with the position of the modules. When all configuration schemes are staggered modules, the optimal range of the spacing between modules is between 6 and 7 mm. However, the study observes a non-linear relationship between module spacing and the maximum temperature difference within the battery pack. While increasing module spacing initially decreases temperature differences, it eventually reverses, suggesting that spacing alone may not consistently enhance thermal management. Validation with a lithium-ion battery pack case study demonstrates the method’s effectiveness, providing valuable knowledge for future cell and pack designs that employ different battery cell arrangements and diverse cooling strategies.

Adaptación de leguminosas arbóreas en un sistema silvopastoril para ovinos en clima templado

The objective was to evaluate, over a one-year period, the survival, production, and nutritional value of forage from tree legumes as well as grasses and weeds in a silvopastoral system. A mixed protein bank was established, consisting of two plots: in the first plot, planting orientation was East to West, and in the second, North to South. The planted tree species were leguminous: pata de vaca (Bauhinia forficata), albizia (Albizia lebbeck), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), and palo dulce (Eysenhardtia polystachya). Three planting densities were used, with tree spacings of 70x70, 90x90, and 110x110 cm. Survival was assessed visually and manually by identifying the species and recording their condition as either alive (1) or dead (0). A three-way classification model with an unequal number of repetitions was used, employing the Generalized Linear Models procedure of the statistical analysis system under a fixed effects model. The nutritional value of thetree legumes ranged from 11% to 18% protein. Differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed between treatments and orientation regarding height. There was a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) of treatment, orientation, period, and species on foliage production. Differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found in species survival, with albizia (Albizia lebbeck) being notable. The period also significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.05) tree survival. It is concluded that the survival rate of forage tree legume species determines their capacity to establish silvopastoral systems in a subhumid temperate climate in mixed protein bank arrangements

Evaluation of plate heat exchangers comprising sections with different chevron angle arrangements

Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers (GPHEs) are essential equipment for thermal control of oil facilities owing to their compactness and well-organized assembly concept. In order to satisfy heat loads of several megawatts, numerous and large plates are necessary. The application of GPHEs with plentiful plates yields flow maldistribution which affects GPHE thermal–hydraulic performance. With the purpose of matching different heat loads and processing conditions or as an alternative to reduce maldistribution effects, GPHEs with mixed arrangements, comprising sections where channels contain different geometrical features, may be selected. This works addresses the evaluation of flow and pressure distributions in GPHEs with mixed arrangements. The pressure drop in each GPHE section is initially approximated by the pressure drop in parallel pipes, neglecting the pressure drop in the ports. With this assumption, the inlet flow rate is divided into two different parts. The pressure distributions in each section are assumed to maintain flow features of m2-model for U-type arrangement. The friction factor for each GPHE segment was determined with independent experiments including only one section type and with a small number of channels as to avoid flow maldistribution. Friction factor correlations were determined for single section GPHEs where each channel can be formed with plates containing different chevron angles: 30°/30°, 60°/60°, 66°/66°, 30°/60° and 30°/66°, with channel Reynolds number ranging from 260 to 3,080. Subsequently, experiments with GPHEs containing mixed sections with high and low pressure drop channels were performed: 60°/60° and 30°/30°, 30°/30° and 66°/66°; with total number of channels up to 180. The channel pressure drop was measured in regularly spaced locations. The pressure drop in each GPHE segment has been predicted with the fractional RMS deviation equal to 2.2%. Although the mass flow rate per channel has not been measured, it is expected that the predicted flow rate distribution can reasonably stand for the real one and, therefore, assisting in proper thermal performance evaluation.

Comparison of STP and TP Modes of Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloys: Forming, Microstructures and Mechanical Properties

Aluminum–magnesium (Al–Mg) alloys, known for their lightweight properties, are extensively utilized and crucial in the advancement of wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) for direct high-quality printing—a focal point in additive manufacturing research. This study employed 1.2 mm ER5356 welding wire as the raw material to fabricate two sets of 30-layer thin-walled structures. These sets were manufactured using two distinct welding modes, speed-twin pulse (STP) and twin pulse (TP). Comparative evaluations of the surface quality, microstructures, and mechanical properties of the two sets of samples indicated that both the STP and TP modes were suitable for the WAAM of Al–Mg alloys. Analyses of grain growth in the melt pools of both sample sets revealed a non-preferential grain orientation, with a mixed arrangement of equiaxed and columnar grains. The STP mode notably achieved a refined surface finish, a reduced grain size, and a slight increase in tensile strength compared to the TP mode. From the comparison of the tensile data at the bottom, middle, and top of the two groups of samples, the additive manufacturing process in the STP mode was more stable.

From Block to City Scale: Greenery’s Contribution to Cooling the Urban Environment

Urban greenery is a strategy to improve the thermal environment in urban areas affected by heat islands and global warming. These phenomena can harm the citizens’ quality of life. Researchers have investigated the thermal benefits of urban vegetation, but only a few have explored its complexities across diverse urban scales. Understanding these variations is critical for precise analysis, customized solutions, efficient resource allocation, and enhancing urban living quality while promoting sustainability and climate resilience. This paper reviews 250 scientific articles about the relationship between greenspace and the urban thermal environment published between 2010 and 2023 through urban scales. It summarizes the parameters and findings of greenery’s contribution to cooling the urban environment. The data reveal that most studies concentrated on the block scale, public open spaces, neighborhoods, parks, grouped vegetation, mixed arrangements, high vegetation, spatial parameters, and the use of air temperature data to report their findings. The cooling-effect evidence shows that the block scale has an average mitigation range of 0.7–2.7 °C, the neighborhood scale of 1.1–2.9 °C, and the city scale of 0.5–2.2 °C. Furthermore, it is critical to define reliable research methods and perform thorough software validation to assess model performance and establish guidelines for urban-landscape design accurately.

Numerical investigation into the blending characteristics of opposed wall jets in a finite field with different stagger distances

Strong turbulence is generated by the blending of opposed staggered jets (OSJs). This turbulence results in fluid mixing and energy dissipation, which are crucial for pollutant dilution and the filling of navigation lock chambers. A renormalization group k-ε turbulence model is adopted to conduct three-dimensional simulations of OSJs at various stagger distances. The blending characteristics of two square water jets at eight stagger distances L* within a finite field are examined; here, L* is defined as the distance between the center lines of the staggered jets divided by the jet diameter. The initial Reynolds number and inlet diameter of the jets for the numerical simulations are set to 2.99 × 106 and 0.6 m, respectively. The numerical results show that there is a linear correlation between the decay exponent and the jet half-width, both of which increase and then gradually stabilize with increasing L*. Intriguingly, the vortex strength and blending length both increase at first before decreasing as L* increases, and the blending effectiveness distribution mirrors these fluctuations. Moreover, a decay model for the axial velocity is formulated in terms of the decay exponent and L*. These investigations yield substantial theoretical results underpinning fluid mixing and orifice arrangement in navigation lock chambers.

Human centric lighting luminaires: practical design

Discoveries in medicine concerning the influence of light on human physiology provoked the creation of the Human Centric Lighting (HCL) approach. Research dedicated to this mainly focuses on optimally matching light parameters to human needs, e.g. increasing concentration, relaxation, etc. However, only a properly designed light source is capable of meeting HCL goals. This paper focuses on the LED luminaire design used in HCL systems. A review of LEDs dedicated to HCL systems was performed. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The Tunable White (TW) design is shown to be the most universal solution for HCL systems because it enables regulation of the colour temperature and spectrum, depending on user needs. However, TW is also the most complex in design. The problems that might arise during TW luminaire design are discussed. Example strategies on how to solve them, focusing on colour mixing and LED arrangement are given. Practical examples of TW luminaire design are also described, each one with a commentary covering encountered issues and their solutions.

Visual interference – artistic possibilities of linear mixed arrangements

The aim of the author of the article is to investigate the possibility of using the phenomenon of visual interference in architecture. The research is experimental and serves to develop a module consisting of two layers, which will be multiplied and placed on a glass façade. The research can be used to develop an image processing method using interference. In the introduction to the article, various forms of interference in graphics composed of linear elements are discussed. Examples of flat, non-transparent projects in graphics and painting are cited. Then, a group of spatial images was presented in the form of installations or placed on two layers of glass. Research aimed at developing a graphic layout to be placed on a glass façade is presented. The article briefly describes the creation of a module – a graphic element that is used to develop more complex compositions that can be used in a glass façade. This is a step towards creating a compendium of knowledge about this phenomenon and existing solutions. The results of our research can be an inspiration for artists and architects, as well as an incentive for designers and investors to use them in architecture.

Perspective Legal Theory Analysis Mixed Marriage Arrangements As An Instrument Of Prevention Legal Smuggling In Business Development

Various cases of mixed marriages show that not all mixed marriages are based on the motive of forming a happy family and continuing offspring, but there are also mixed marriages with other motives, including business, by using the Indonesian citizen partner as a tool to control land. property rights status and carrying out business activities at lower costs. According to the Basic Agrarian Law in Indonesia, foreign nationals are prohibited from controlling land with ownership status. The Basic Agrarian Law in Indonesia prohibits Indonesian citizens from controlling land with ownership status and only allows foreigners to hold land rights on Right to Use or Right to Use Building if they have formed a Limited Liability Company. The research method used in this research is the normative juridical research method. The research results show the importance of a legal theoretical basis in establishing mixed marriage arrangements as an instrument for preventing legal smuggling in business development in Indonesia. and proportionally placing marriage and business as different legal events, in accordance with statutory regulations, as well as returning mixed marriages to their natural, social and cultural aims and objectives, so that Indonesian citizen couples in mixed marriages can enjoy their constitutional rights as partners in a marriage like marriage in general.

W18O49 Nanowhiskers Decorating SiO2 Nanofibers: Lessons from In Situ SEM/TEM Growth to Large Scale Synthesis and Fundamental Structural Understanding.

Tungsten suboxide W18O49 nanowhiskers are a material of great interest due to their potential high-end applications in electronics, near-infrared light shielding, catalysis, and gas sensing. The present study introduces three main approaches for the fundamental understanding of W18O49 nanowhisker growth and structure. First, W18O49 nanowhiskers were grown from γ-WO3/a-SiO2 nanofibers in situ in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) utilizing a specially designed microreactor (μReactor). It was found that irradiation by the electron beam slows the growth kinetics of the W18O49 nanowhisker, markedly. Following this, an in situ TEM study led to some new fundamental understanding of the growth mode of the crystal shear planes in the W18O49 nanowhisker and the formation of a domain (bundle) structure. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis of a cross-sectioned W18O49 nanowhisker revealed the well-documented pentagonal Magnéli columns and hexagonal channel characteristics for this phase. Furthermore, a highly crystalline and oriented domain structure and previously unreported mixed structural arrangement of tungsten oxide polyhedrons were analyzed. The tungsten oxide phases found in the cross section of the W18O49 nanowhisker were analyzed by nanodiffraction and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), which were discussed and compared in light of theoretical calculations based on the density functional theory method. Finally, the knowledge gained from the in situ SEM and TEM experiments was valorized in developing a multigram synthesis of W18O49/a-SiO2 urchin-like nanofibers in a flow reactor.

Examining multiple funding flows to public healthcare providers inlow- andmiddle-income countries - results from case studies inBurkina Faso, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Tunisia andVietnam.

Provider payment methods are traditionally examined by appraising the incentive signals inherent in individual payment mechanisms. However, mixed payment arrangements, which result in multiple funding flows from purchasers to providers, could be better understood by applying a systems approach that assesses the combined effects of multiple payment streams on healthcare providers. Guided by the framework developed by Barasa etal. (2021) (Barasa E, Mathauer I, Kabia E etal. 2021. How do healthcare providers respond to multiple funding flows? A conceptual framework and options to align them. Health Policy and Planning 36: 861-8.), this paper synthesizes the findings from six country case studies that examined multiple funding flows and describes the potential effect of multiple payment streams on healthcare provider behaviour in low- and middle-income countries. The qualitative findings from this study reveal the extent of undesirable provider behaviour occurring due to the receipt of multiple funding flows and explain how certain characteristics of funding flows can drive the occurrence of undesirable behaviours. Service and resource shifting occurred in most of the study countries; however, the occurrence of cost shifting was less evident. The perceived adequacy of payment rates was found to be the strongest driver of provider behaviour in the countries examined. The study results indicate that undesirable provider behaviours can have negative impacts on efficiency, equity and quality in healthcare service provision. Further empirical studies are required to add to the evidence on this link. In addition, future research could explore how governance arrangements can be used to coordinate multiple funding flows, mitigate unfavourable consequences and identify issues associated with the implementation of relevant governance measures.

Analysis of Thermal Performance of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite by Using T-History Method

In this study, we perceived the thermo-physical boundary and the thermal efficiency of zinc oxide for volume fraction in polylactic acid based on a heat energy storage system was examined by using the T-history method. The use of the T-history method for the assessment of thermo-physical boundary describes the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity enhanced in solid as well as liquid phases of the mixture until the addition of 0 to 0.025% of volume part of zinc oxide in the polylactic acid nanocomposite. After the addition of the zinc oxide, the heat of fusion falls and polylactic acid has a high rate of fusion related to 0.025% volume part of zinc oxide mixed with polylactic acid. Further zinc oxide-based polylactic acid nanocomposite has 31.30% and 13.5% higher solid as well as liquid thermal conductivity in comparison with polylactic acid. Moreover, raise the particle size and analysis as well as distributions found by dynamic light dispersing method for different volume parts of zinc oxide mixed on polylactic acid. In contrast to the thermal efficiency analysis of 0.025% of volume fraction zinc oxide in polylactic acid nanocomposite has a 30.6% high heat transfer rate related to pure polylactic acid along the stage of 4 minutes. Further, the addition of zinc oxide above 0.025% volume fraction in polylactic acid, rise the particle settlement rate freely. Whatever can become to end that 0.025% volume fraction of zinc oxide in polylactic acid mixed thermal energy storage arrangement outcome of maximum thermo physical property and thermal efficiency.

Research on the Shape Classification Method of Rural Homesteads Based on Parcel Scale—Taking Yangdun Village as an Example

The basic information survey on homesteads requires understanding the shape of homesteads, and the shape of the homesteads based on the spatial location can reflect information such as their outline and regularity, but the current shape classification of rural homesteads at the parcel scale lacks analytical methods. In this study, we endeavor to explore a classification model suitable for characterizing homestead shapes at the parcel scale by assessing the impact of various research methods. Additionally, we aim to uncover the evolutionary patterns in homestead shapes. The study focuses on Yangdun Village, located in Deqing County, Zhejiang Province, as the research area. The data utilized comprise Google Earth satellite imagery and a vector layer representing homesteads at the parcel scale. To classify the shapes of homesteads and compare classification accuracy, we employ a combination of methods, including the fast Fourier transform (FFT), Hu invariant moments (HIM), the Boyce and Clark shape index (BCSI), and the AlexNet model. Our findings reveal the following: (1) The random forest method, when coupled with FFT, demonstrates the highest effectiveness in identifying the shape categories of homesteads, achieving an average accuracy rate of 88.6%. (2) Combining multiple methods does not enhance recognition accuracy; for instance, the accuracy of the FFT + HIM combination was 88.4%. (3) The Boyce and Clark shape index (BCSI) proves unsuitable for classifying homestead shapes, yielding an average accuracy rate of only 58%. Furthermore, there is no precise numerical correlation between the homestead category and the shape index. (4) It is noteworthy that over half of the homesteads in Yangdun Village exhibit rectangular-like shapes. Following the “homesteads reform”, square-like homesteads have experienced significant vacating, resulting in a mixed arrangement of homesteads overall. The research findings can serve as a methodological reference for the investigation of rural homestead shapes. Proficiency in homestead shape classification holds significant importance in the realms of information investigation, regular management, and layout optimization of rural land.

European emergency managers on social media: institutional arrangements and guidelines

PurposeThis paper offers an empirical overview of European emergency managers' institutional arrangements and guidelines for using social media in risk and crisis communication.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected and analysed material including publicly accessible relevant legal acts, policy documents, official guidelines, and press reports in eight European countries – Germany, Italy, Belgium, Sweden, Hungary, Finland, Norway, and Estonia. Additionally, the authors carried out 95 interviews with emergency managers in the eight countries between September 2019 and February 2020.FindingsThe authors found that emergency management institutions' social media usage is rarely centrally controlled and social media crisis communication was regulated with the same guidelines as crisis communication on traditional media. Considering this study's findings against the backdrop of existing research and practice, the authors find support for a “mixed arrangement” model by which centralised policies work in tandem with decentralised practices on an ad hoc basis.Practical implicationsComparative insights about institutional arrangements and procedural guidelines on social media crisis communication in the studied countries could inform the future policies concerning social media use in other emergency management systems.Originality/valueThis study includes novel, cross-national comparative data on the institutional arrangements and guidelines for using social media in emergency management in the context of Europe.

Optimally integrating ad auction into e-commerce platforms

Advertising becomes one of the most popular ways of monetizing an online transaction platform. Usually, sponsored advertisements are posted on the most attractive positions to enhance the number of clicks. However, multiple e-commerce platforms are aware that this action may hurt the search experience of users, even though it can bring more incomes. To balance the advertising revenue and the user experience loss caused by advertisements, most e-commerce platforms choose fixing some areas for advertisements and adopting some restrictions on the number of ads, such as a fixed number K of ads or one advertisement for every N organic searched results. Different from these common rules of treating the allocation of ads separately (from the arrangements of the organic searched items), in this work we build up an integrated system with mixed arrangements of advertisements and organic items. We focus on the design of truthful mechanisms to properly list the advertisements and organic items and optimally trade off the instant revenue and the user experience. Furthermore, for different settings and practical requirements, we extend our optimal truthful allocation mechanisms to cater for these realistic conditions. Finally, we exert several experiments to verify the improvement of our mechanism compared to the common-used advertising mechanism.

Turning an energy-based defect detector into a multi-molecule structural indicator for water.

Recent studies have provided conclusive evidence for the existence of a liquid-liquid critical point in numerical models of water. Such a scenario implies the competition between two local molecular arrangements of different densities: a high-density liquid (HDL) and a low-density liquid (LDL). Within this context, the development of accurate structural indicators to properly characterize the two interconverting local structures is demanded. In a previous study, we introduced a reliable energy-based structural descriptor that properly discriminates water molecules into tetrahedrally arranged molecules (T molecules) and distorted molecules (D molecules). The latter constitute defects in terms of hydrogen bond (HB) coordination and have been shown to represent a minority component, even at high temperatures above the melting point. In addition, the D molecules tend to form high-quality HBs with three T molecules and to be surrounded by T and D molecules at further distances. Thus, it became evident that, while the LDL state might consist of a virtually pure T state, the HDL state would comprise mixed molecular arrangements including the D molecules. Such a need to abandon the single-molecule description requires the investigation of the degree of structural information to be incorporated in order to build an appropriate multi-molecule indicator. Hence, in this work, we shall study the effect of the local structural constraints on the water molecules in order to discriminate the different molecular arrangements into two disjoint classes. This will enable us to build a multi-molecule structural indicator for water whose performance will then be investigated within the water's supercooled regime.

Numerical Simulation and Field Test of a PDC Bit with Mixed Cutter Arrangement to Break Non-Homogeneous Granite

As the depth of petroleum drilling increases, the strata environment becomes more complex. The efficiency and lifespan of Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) drill bits fail to meet current drilling demands. However, the structure and arrangement of PDC cutters are valuable determinants of drilling efficiency, although related research still has gaps and deficiencies. This study focuses on PDC cutters in axe, triangular prism, and circular forms. It establishes an inhomogeneous granite model based on the actual measurements of granite and verifies the accuracy of this model through uniaxial compression simulation. Finite element models of three types of cutters in various combination schemes are constructed to examine rock-breaking effects, with the best scheme optimized using Box-Behnken response surface methodology. The rock-breaking process of the optimal PDC drill bit layout has been compared to that of a single cutter bit. Field drilling has demonstrated the effectiveness of a mixed cutter arrangement. The results show that the inhomogeneous granite model can be trusted. The optimal arrangement involves axe cutters in the front row and an alternate arrangement of triangular prism cutters and axe cutters in the back row. The optimal lateral and longitudinal distances for the triangular cutters from the front row of axe cutters are 10 mm and 7 mm, respectively, while those for the back row of axe cutters from the front row are 10.06 mm and 7 mm, respectively. The ROP standard deviation in the drilling process of mixed cutter bits decreases by 53.06% and 43.08% compared to axe and triangular prism cutter bits, respectively. The drilling efficiency increases by 16.8% and 16.6%, respectively, demonstrating higher efficiency and stability. Field drilling results indicate that a mixed cutter bit increases efficiency by 23.5% compared to a bit with only triangular prism cutters. This study posits that research on the combination schemes and parameters of PDC cutters can significantly enhance drilling efficiency, thereby reducing the drilling cycle and costs.

Iron Control in Liquid Effluents: Pseudo-Emulsion Based Hollow Fiber Membrane with Strip Dispersion Technology with Pseudo-Protic Ionic Liquid (RNH3+HSO4-) as Mobile Carrier.

The transport of iron(III) from aqueous solutions through pseudo-emulsion-based hollow fiber with strip dispersion (PEHFSD) was investigated using a microporous hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane module. The pseudo-protic ionic liquid RNH3HSO4- dissolved in Solvesso 100 was used as the carrier phase. This pseudo-protic ionic liquid was generated by the reaction of the primary amine Primene JMT (RNH2) with sulphuric acid. The aqueous feed phase (3000 cm3) containing iron(III) was passed through the tube side of the fiber, and the pseudo-emulsion phase of the carrier phase (400 cm3) and sulphuric acid (400 cm3) were circulated through the shell side in counter-current operational mode, using a single hollow fiber module for non-dispersive extraction and stripping. In the operation, the stripping solution (sulphuric acid) was dispersed into the organic membrane phase in a tank with a mixing arrangement (a four-blade impeller stirrer) designed to provide strip dispersion. This dispersed phase was continuously circulated from the tank to the membrane module in order to provide a constant supply of the organic solution to the fiber pores. Different hydrodynamic and chemical parameters, such as feed (75-400 cm3/min) and pseudo-emulsion phases (50-100 cm3/min) flows, sulphuric acid concentration in the feed and stripping phases (0.01-0.5 M and 0.5-3 M, respectively), metal concentration (0.01-1 g/L) in the feed phase, and PPILL concentration (0.027-0.81 M) in the carrier phase, were investigated. From the experimental data, different diffusional parameters were estimated, concluding that the resistance due to the feed phase was not the rate-controlling step of the overall iron(III) transport process. It was possible to concentrate iron(III) in the strip phase using this smart PEHFSD technology.

Form of Bundengan Traditional Music Arrangement by Sanggar Akustika in Wonosobo

Bundengan is one of the traditional musical instruments in Indonesia that originates and developes in Wonosobo Regency, Central Java. The bundengan music group Akustika provides arrangements for bundengan music. This research aims to determine and provide a description of the form of bundengan music arrangement by the bundengan music group Akustika. The method used in this research was qualitative with a musicological approach. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation techniques. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research results show that the musical arrangement of Bundengan in Sanggar Akustika, Wonosobo Regency, combines traditional Bundengan musical instruments with instruments such as cak, guitar, keyboard, violin, bass, and drums. The performed music genres include modern pop, campursari, dangdut, nostalgic songs, and regional songs in Indonesia. The basic tones used are C major and G major, with mixed arrangement styles. During the performance, each musical instrument utilizes a limited repetitive playing pattern until the completion of the song. All the instruments in the Bundengan music complement each other and form dynamic and harmonious musical patterns.