Mixed Racial Group Research Articles

Diversity perceptions and neighborhood preferences for visual representations of mixed racial groups

Although the term “diversity” is ubiquitous in modern day society, the meaning of the term is not well understood, and it is unclear when people perceive groups to be more or less diverse. Across five experiments, we examined perceptions of racial diversity and preferences for living in diverse contexts related to visual representations of groups. While recent theorizing suggests that a greater number of low-status racial minorities may contribute to perceiving more diversity and determine living preferences, our findings indicate the importance of the race of the perceiver in these processes. Although White and Black participants rated majority Black compared to majority Asian groups as more diverse, followed by majority White targets (cf. Experiment 4), Asian participants did not differ in their diversity ratings across the different racial compositions. Notably, White and Asian participants rated majority White and majority Asian compared to majority Black neighborhoods as more desirable. Black participants, in contrast, consistently rated majority Black compared to majority White and majority Asian neighborhoods as more desirable and did not distinguish between the latter two contexts. Together these findings provide new evidence about how people define diversity and the importance of target-level factors, perceiver-level factors, and the interplay between these factors on perceptions of racial diversity and inclusivity.

Association of the PROGINS PgR polymorphism with susceptibility to female reproductive cancer: A meta-analysis of 30 studies.

The progesterone response of the nuclear progesterone receptor plays an important role in the female reproductive system. Changes in the function of the progesterone receptor gene may increase the risk of reproductive cancer. The present study performed a meta-analysis to examine whether the progesterone receptor gene PROGINS polymorphism was a susceptibility factor for female reproductive cancer. We searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and EMBASE databases for literature on PROGINS polymorphisms and female reproductive cancer published before September 2020. We evaluated the risk using odds ratios [ORs] and 95% confidence intervals via fixed effects models and random-effects models, which were calculated for all five genetic models. We grouped the analyses by race, cancer, and HWE. Thirty studies comprised of 25405 controls and 19253 female reproductive cancer cases were included in this meta-analysis. We observed that the Alu insertion polymorphism and the V660L polymorphism were significantly associated with female reproductive cancer in the allele and dominant genetic models. The allele genetic model and (Alu-insertion polymorphism: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.02-1.45; V660L polymorphism: OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00-1.13) dominant genetic model (Alu-insertion polymorphism: OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.03-1.58; V660L polymorphism: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.011.19) demonstrated a significantly increased risk of female reproductive cancer. A subgroup analysis according to ethnicity found that the Alu insertion was associated with female reproductive cancer incidence in white (Allele model: OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.00-1.45; Heterozygous model: OR = 3.44, 95% CI = 1.30-9.09) and Asian (Dominant model: OR = 3.12, 95% CI = 1.25-7.79) populations, but the association disappeared for African and mixed racial groups. However, the V660L polymorphism was significantly associated with female reproductive cancer in the African (Allele model: OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.14-5.56; Heterozygous model: OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.26-6.35) and mixed racial groups (Dominant model: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.01-1.62). Subgroup analysis by cancer showed that the PROGINS polymorphism increased the risk of cancer in the allele model, dominant mode and heterozygous model, but the confidence interval for this result spanned 1 and was not statistically significant. This sensitivity was verified in studies with HWE greater than 0.5. Our meta-analysis showed that the progesterone receptor gene Alu insertion and the V660L polymorphism contained in the PROGINS polymorphism were susceptibility factors for female reproductive cancer.

Los Angeles Homelessness and the Access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

Abstract. Homelessness is a problem increasingly visible in many urban and rural communities that have rendered these marginalized people invisible. In Los Angeles County, approximately 53,000 people experience homelessness in a single-night, 4,294 of which reside in downtown’s “Skid Row” (LASHA, 2018). In the past months, cases of hepatitis A and murine typhus outbreaks have been reported in Skid Row. These infectious diseases are associated with poor living environments and inadequate access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services (WaSH). Therefore, this study addresses homelessness using water insecurity as a lens to look beyond the provisioning of housing (a long-term goal). More specifically, it examines the consequences of water insecurity in the health and lives of people experiencing homelessness using 134 in-depth interviews and surveys collected in July–August 2018. The data we collected were abstracted and analysed in R studio to test for associations between differences in poor access to WaSH and demographic factors, and then visualized in ArcGIS Pro using Hot Spot analysis. The study findings highlight that 56% of all study participants reported difficulty accessing basic WaSH services. Of this total, 65% of women participants reported statistically significant differences in access to showers compared to men (p < 0.05). Additionally, racial differences were reported in the sample, with Hispanic/Latinx and mixed-racial groups having more difficulty in accessing laundry services, drinking water, and showers. Furthermore, temporal differences existed in access to WaSH services, with people resorting to use public spaces (sidewalks, alleyways, and buckets inside their tents) more often at night than morning-time, due to a lack of public facilities remaining open and available throughout the day. Since the data collection took place in the summer time, 43% of participants reported experiencing dehydration, but also diarrhoea (24.39%), and skin infections (20.33%), all which are attributed to their reduced access to WaSH services. Overall, the information gathered from this study provides a deeper understanding of the existing inequities in access to services. It also demonstrates that there is a need for better public policies to address homelessness with more equitable solutions including gender, race, age, and immigration status. In conclusion, increasing access to WaSH resources can be a form of an immediate intervention provided to the homeless in order to 1) restore their human dignity, 2) improve their living environments, which would then lead to 3) the reduction of future health outbreaks and cost of medical emergency services.

The Alu-insertion progesterone receptor gene polymorphism is not associated with breast cancer: a meta-analysis

BackgroundThe role of progesterone receptor (PGR) gene polymorphisms in breast cancer is still controversial. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to determine whether the Alu insertion is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and, further, whether the Alu insertion contributes to the development of breast cancer.MethodsUsing database searches, we selected 10 controlled case studies that met a rigorous set of inclusion criteria; these studies included 2106 cases and 1660 controls. We generated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals in order to determine the strength of the relationship between the Alu insertion and breast cancer incidence. We also performed additional subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses to further clarify the relationship.ResultsUsing a random effects model, we concluded that the Alu insertion was not associated with the risk of breast cancer under the dominant genetic model; the pooled OR was 1.025 (95% CI = 0.526–1.994, p = 0.943). When a subgroup analysis was performed according to ethnicity, we found that the Alu insertion was associated with breast cancer incidence in Indians and Indo-European mixed racial groups, but the association disappeared for patients of Caucasian or Latino decent.ConclusionsOur meta-analysis showed that the Alu-insertion progesterone receptor gene polymorphism was not associated with breast cancer. These results provide further information regarding the association between the Alu insertion in the PGR gene and the incidence of breast cancer.

Dyslipidemia according to gender and race: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

There is little information regarding lipid profiles of racially mixed populations. Differently from other Latin American countries, the proportion of African ancestry is much higher in Brazil. Verify whether there are differences in the lipid profile between black and white subjects and if people with mixed ancestry have a pattern more closely resembling whites or blacks. A total of 15,105 civil servants aged 35-74years from the ELSA-Brasil study had their fasting lipid profile determined. Race/skin color was self-reported as white, mixed, black, Asian, or indigenous. Dyslipidemia subtypes were classified as high triglycerides (TG) (≥150mg/dL), low HDL-C (<40 [men] and <50 [women] mg/dL), and high LDL-C (≥130mg/dL or ever taking lipid-lowering agents). The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for dyslipidemia were calculated for each racial group using white participants as the reference group by logistic regression. Elevated concentrations in LDL-C and TG and low-HDL-C had a lower prevalence in the black group compared with whites after multivariate adjustment including adiposity and socioeconomic status. For women and men, respectively, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for high LDL-C are 0.94 (0.89-0.99) and 0.93 (0.87-0.99); for high TG, 0.63 (0.54-0.74) and 0.92 (0.84-1.00); and for low HDL-C, 0.77 (0.66-0.91) and 0.78 (0.64-0.94). The mixed race group presented a pattern of dyslipidemia closer to white than to black subjects. Blacks in comparison with whites had lipid concentrations that are associated with a lower risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The mixed racial group had lipid concentrations closer to the white grouping.

Mandatory Identification Bar Checks: How Bouncers Are Doing Their Job

The behavior of bouncers at on site establishments that served alcohol was observed. Our aim was to better understand how bouncers went about their job when the bar had a mandatory policy to check identification of all customers. Utilizing an ethnographic decision model, we found that bouncers were significantly more likely to card customers that were more casually dressed than others, those who were in their 30s, and those in mixed racial groups. We posit that bouncers who failed to ask for identification did so because they appeared to know customers, they appeared to be of age, or they took a break and no one was checking for identification at the door. We found that bouncers presented a commanding presence by their dress and demeanor. Bouncers, we posit, function in three primary roles: customer relations, state law management, and establishment rule enforcer.

The Impact of Informal Caregiving on Occupational Therapy: Practice Review and Analysis

Informal caregiving is becoming a recognized area of practice that requires provision of services by occupational therapists. This article reports the results of a literature review with the aim of (1) identifying significant themes that directly relate to the core philosophy of occupational therapy; (2) evaluating the role of occupational therapy in informal caregiving and (3) providing information on similar themes described by other disciplines. Themes that emerged from the review included meaning and motivation, caregiver occupations, gender roles, routines and habits, environmental modification and the adaptative process. Little research was reported in terms of longitudinal studies and mixed racial groups.

Long-term outcome of neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced breast carcinoma: effective clinical downstaging allows breast preservation and predicts outstanding local control and survival.

To review the long-term follow-up data from the authors' institutional experience of 62 patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) treated with a uniform multimodality regimen. The authors determined the rate of breast preservation, the disease-free and overall survival, and the factors associated with locoregional and distant recurrent disease. It remains a challenge to achieve local and distant control of LABC. Over the last decade, preoperative or neoadjuvant chemotherapy has emerged as the standard of care for these patients. Successful tumor downstaging has been associated with increased rates of breast-conserving therapy (BCT), but the overall effect on long-term survival remains to be seen. This study examines a cohort of 62 patients with LABC treated at the authors' institution from 1992 to 1998. The uniform treatment regimen consisted of neoadjuvant doxorubicin (Adriamycin), followed by operation (BCT if sufficient clinical downstaging), followed by non-cross-resistant cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil, followed by radiation therapy. Treatment was both dose-intensive and time-intensive, with a total treatment time of 32 to 35 weeks. In this patient population, the median age was 44 years, with approximately two thirds white patients and one third African American. Eighty-two percent of patients were clinical stage III at presentation, 13 patients had T4d inflammatory cancers, and 3 patients were stage IV at diagnosis. Eighty-four percent of patients demonstrated a significant clinical response to doxorubicin. Twenty-eight patients had sufficient clinical downstaging to attempt BCT, and 22 (45%) of 49 noninflammatory patients underwent successful BCT. Pathologic complete response was seen in 15% of patients. Median follow-up for the cohort was 70 months. The local recurrence rate was 14%, including two ipsilateral breast tumor recurrences (10%) in the BCT patients. Seven (12%) patients developed a new primary cancer in the contralateral breast. Distant metastases occurred in 18 (31%) patients, and the 5-year overall survival rate for the cohort was 76%. Furthermore, in the patients who underwent an attempt at BCT, the survival rate was 96% at 5 years. Dose-intensive and time-intensive multimodality neoadjuvant therapy was successfully administered to a mixed racial group over shortened times. Patients who had sufficient clinical downstaging to allow BCT have the best long-term outcome. Patients who required mastectomy are at a higher risk of relapse, as well as the development of new contralateral cancers, yet have 5-year survival rates of over 50%.

Aspectos ultra-sonográficos e prevalência da tireoidite pós-parto em gestantes sem disfunção tireóidea atendidas em hospital público de São Paulo

Avaliamos prospectivamente a função, as imagens ultra-sonográficas e a auto-imunidade tireóidea em grupo racial heterogêneo de 800 mulheres grávidas, primíparas ou multíparas (1 a 7 gestações prévias) atendidas em hospital universitário de São Paulo durante o pré-natal. Quarenta e seis pacientes foram excluídas do estudo por apresentarem diagnóstico confirmado de doença tireóidea anterior; das 754 restantes, 386 abandonaram o seguimento antes ou após o parto. Assim, a coorte avaliada no puerpério constituiu-se de 368 puérperas, examinadas aos 3, 6, 12 meses e no 2º ano pós-parto. Embora 29 pacientes tenham tido aumento transitório daqueles anticorpos antitireóideos, caracterizando reação de auto-imunidade, estes progressivamente declinaram ou tornaram-se negativos durante o puerpério. Entretanto, nenhuma destas evoluiu com disfunção tireóidea durante o acompanhamento. Quarenta e nove pacientes (13,3%) desenvolveram progressivamente alterações funcionais da tireóide (principalmente hipotireoidismo), provavelmente devido à TPP. Além disso, a continuação do seguimento mostrou que em 18 a 24 meses, 42 mostraram níveis séricos de anti-TPO mais elevados, em comparação aos valores do primeiro ano. Os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da TPP, presentes durante a gravidez, foram: (1) níveis relativamente baixos de anti-TPO, entre 60 e 100U/mL [risco relativo ou odds ratio de 3,1] e (2) alterações estruturais ultra-sonográficas da tireóide no primeiro trimestre [odds ratio de 6,4]. Concluímos que a prevalência de TPP em hospital público de São Paulo foi de 13,3%, considerando as 368 pacientes seguidas. Em 29 puérperas foi diagnosticada forma transitória de reação tireóidea auto-imune, caracterizada por elevação dos níveis séricos de anti-TPO, que posteriormente regrediram.

Influence of Race of Cadaveric Kidney Donor and Recipient on Graft Survival: A Multifactorial Analysis

Actuarial survival analysis of 889 cadaver transplant patients between 1972 and 1981 in Michigan reveals functional graft (P = .0003) and patient (P = .004) survivals are improved when donors and recipients are of the same race (black or white). The Cox regression model for multifactorial analysis confirms the significantly lower graft survival for the mixed racial combination group with a relative risk of 1.27 (P less than .05). By this analysis, other significant factors adversely affecting the graft survival rates include diabetes as a cause of end-stage renal disease, earlier date of transplantation, shorter duration of prior dialysis, and a significant center effect. Patient survival has a significantly greater relative risk for the black to white racial combination, diabetes, earlier calendar year of transplantation, and age of patient. While the mixed racial group was slightly older (delta = 2 years), had more hypertension, less glomerulonephritis, and more HLA mismatches, our analysis by the Cox regression model suggests that these factors played only minor roles (P greater than .05) regarding graft survival rates. Therefore, our data suggest that independent of several other factors, cadaver kidneys have a better functional outcome when they are transplanted into recipients of the same race.

Use of Pictures of Multiethnic Interaction to Change Attitudes of White Elementary School Students toward Blacks

Several pictures portraying varied mixed racial groups of children in either a middle-class suburban setting or a lower-class intercity setting were used as part of a 1-mo. long curriculum unit. White second grade students ( N = 128) in a midwestern metropolitan area were Ss. Results indicate that the attitudes toward blacks of Ss were not affected by the curriculum unit.

Health Classes for Migrant Workersʼ Families

suggested to a stranger that this was the residence of Papago Indians. Although one of the two nurses approaching the shacks had never before seen Arrowhead Camp, she knew that it housed migrant workers from the Papago Reservation who had been coming here-Central Arizona-for 10 years to work at harvest time. This nurse worked for the migrant health service of the Arizona State Department of Health. The other nurse had some acquaintance with Arrowhead Camp, as a Pinal County nurse. They had an appointment this day to meet with a Mothers' Club of Papago Indians to teach their first class in health. The Papagos were not the only ethnic group among the migrant workers. Many of the migrant families who come to Pinal County in Central Arizona to harvest crops are of Spanish speaking origin, mostly Mexican. The migrant population of the county also includes blacks, whites, and a sprinkling of mixed racial groups. The health needs of the migrant workers and their families are great. For the most part, these people are medically indigent(1). Their meager and irregular income does not allow them a margin for medical care and preventive health services. As a result of poverty, there are many illnesses in families, such as infant diarrhea, tuberculosis, malnutrition, and skin diseases. There are out-

Nocturnal orgasm in women: its relation to psychiatric illness, dreams, and development and sexual factors.

A previous investigation concerning the recall of some of the phenomena of sleep revealed that nocturnal orgasm was reported by 47% of women with the diagnosis of a neurosis, as opposed to only 8% of control women. 1 Although we have found no similar reports comparing nocturnal orgasm in psychiatric patients and in controls, the phenomenon of nocturnal orgasm has been referred to in the literature. Kinsey 2 reported an incidence of 37% in a mixed racial group, and Weissenberg 3 noted that 12% of 324 female Russian students experienced orgasms during dreams. The striking difference between neurotic women and controls noted above prompted a replication of the previous study with an attempt to find additional data relating nocturnal orgasm to dreams and to other sexual factors. It is these findings which are reported in this paper. Subjects and Methods A structured interview was held with 100

The Accuracy of Negro and White Children's Predictions of Teachers' Attitudes Toward Negro Students

In the main, the writer is concerned with the differences between the judgments of Negro and white pupils of their teachers' attitudes toward Negro pupils; general differences shown between the Negro and white pupils; and differences between Negro and white pupils in the same socio-economic class. Throughout this study, the writer has focused his attention on three related situations: (1) how the Negro pupils are perceived by their peers, (2) by their teachers and (3) by themselves. The investigator's concern is the study of the Negro and white pupils and their teachers in the integrated schools of Flint, Michigan. The broader implications of this problem, however, and the methods employed are applicable wherever there are problems arising from the integration of minority groups within a school situation. The writer conceived the present problem while working as a visiting teacher in schools composed of mixedracial groups in Flint, Michigan. In most of the immediate school problems referred to the writer, the crux of the case was a conflict in teacher-pupil relationships. Yet, in most of the cases, there were at least a few teachers to whom the pupils responded in a wholesome manner. The factor which focused the writer's attention upon the Negro in teacher-pupil relationships was the power of control of the teacher and the implications which it seemed to hold for the Negro. In the case of the white pupil, this factor was taken as part of the routine of a rigid teacher, but in the case of the Negro this control was more likely perceived as an attempt to subordinate him on a racial basis.

A survey of the Rh problem in mixed racial group

<h2>Summary</h2> Three thousand eleven pregnancieswere followed from presentation to post-partum period, for determination of the incidences of Rh negativity and of hemolytic disease of the newborn. Rh testing and adequate diagnostic measures applied to the offspring of these mothers were employed. In this group, a mixed white, Negro, and Puerto Rican group, accurate figures on the incidence of Rh negativity were obtained. Only nine cases of hemolytic disease were detected, of which two were stillbirths. The latter were the only deaths.