Mixed Period Research Articles

Patient reporting for anterior tooth alignment during ugly Duckling stage - A mishap

Ugly duckling stage is a self-correcting anomaly seen during the mixed dentition period. It is characterised by the spacing between the upper incisors and proclination of teeth. It is seen that during this stage, parents take their child to the dentist to correct the malaligned teeth due to unawareness. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of pediatric dental patients reporting for tooth alignment during the ugly duckling stage. This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients who reported to saveetha dental college during June 2019- March 2020. Case records of about 10,000 patients were reviewed and 3363 patients were recruited under 8 to 13 years of age. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 20.0. About 50.8% of patients who belonged to the age of 10 years reported for tooth alignment during an ugly duckling stage. Results were statistically significant for the association between age and chief complaint of anterior tooth alignment (p<0.05). Thus, the role of the dentists lies in making the parents aware that the ugly duckling stage is a self-correcting phenomenon and no orthodontic correction is required during this stage.

Histological study on development of the digestive system of longfin batfish (Platax teira)

The ontogeny of the digestive tract in Platax teira was studied by means of optical microscopy from hatching to 30 days post-hatching. Collect fertilized eggs from P. teira broodstock, fertilize the eggs to hatch in hatching net bags, and rear the larvae in higher-place ponds. Observe the morphology and structure of the digestive tract of larvae 1-30 days post-hatching using tissue slicing technique. The results showed that the oral cavity of the larvae was closed and had not yet begun to differentiate at 1day post-hatching. Its digestive tract was close to the abdominal wall, and the yolk sac was completely dyed dark red. At 4 days post-hatching, the oropharyngeal cavity, esophagus, and stomach of the larvae had been communicated, and their oral cavity opened and food intake begins, entering the mixed period of endogenous nutrition and exogenous nutrition. Thereafter, the yolk sac gradually decreased to disappear, the esophagus, stomach, and intestines continued to differentiate, and their functions gradually improved. During 25-30 days post-hatching, the structure of the digestive tract of the larvae didn’t change much. Due to the increase in the size of the larvae, most changes in the digestive system are related to the complexity of the tissues and the size of the organs. Specifically, the number of mucosal folds and cells in the esophagus and intestine increases, and the gastric glands and pits in the stomach increase. The number of mucous membrane folds, mucosal epithelial cells and gastric glands in the digestive tract increase with the growth of the larvae, indicating that the development of the digestive system of P. teira is consistent with the growth of larvae, morphological development, feeding, metabolism and other functions consistently, its developmental stage is also adapted to the stages of the early development stage of P. teira.

Development of a dual specific growth rate-based fed-batch process for production of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in Pichia pastoris.

A number of limitations exist for production of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in Pichia pastoris. In this study, two different specific growth rates (0.015h-1, 0.01h-1) were used sequentially in the mixed substrate feeding period during methanol induction phase to enhance the G-CSF titer in the culture broth. Necessary parameters required for implementing the feeding strategy, such as specific product yield on biomass (YP/X) and maintenance coefficient (m) on glycerol, methanol, and sorbitol were estimated using continuous culture technique. Using this strategy, for the same volumetric productivity, about 20% increase in protein titer was achieved over that obtained from the run carried out at a single pre-set value of 0.015h-1 alone. Thus, implementation of higher specific growth rate (0.015h-1) set during initial stages of the methanolinductionphase followed by a lower specific growth rate (0.01h-1) helped in achieving increased protein titers.

Comparison of radiograph panoramic quality between conventional and indirect digital methods on mixed teeth period

Introduction: Panoramic radiograph is an image used by the dentist to maintain diagnosis in dentistry, for example, to evaluate teeth condition in mixed dentition period. There are two panoramic radiography techniques, which are conventional and digital (direct and indirect) method. This study was aimed to analyse the differences of panoramic radiograph image quality between the conventional and digital indirect method on mixed dentition radiograph. Methods: Thirty samples of conventional and indirect digital panoramic radiograph were randomly taken from the database according to inclusion criteria. The image quality of conventional radiograph was manually assessed by using illuminator box, while indirect digital radiographs was assessed directly using DBS Win 5.7.0 software (Durr Dental, Germany). The radiographs were divided into six zones: teeth area, nasal and sinus, mandible, TMJ, ramus-spine, and hyoid bone. The image quality assessment was performed in each area based on three criteria: anatomical coverage, density and contrast, and anatomical structure. Results: The Cronbach's Alpha Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) inter and intraobserver agreement test of conventional and digital indirect methods on the aspect of anatomical, density and contrast coverage, and anatomic structure showed an excellent agreement. The independent sample t-test result showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between the conventional and indirect digital method in density and contrast as well as anatomical structure aspects, but not significantly different (p > 0.05) in the anatomical coverage aspect. Conclusion: Indirect digital panoramic radiograph shows better image quality as compared to conventional radiograph, especially in the anatomical structure aspect, density and contrast. There is no difference in the anatomical coverage aspect between conventional and indirect digital panoramic radiograph.

A Multidisciplinary Experimental Study on the Effects of Breeders Diet on Newborn Seahorses (Hippocampus guttulatus)

The global trade in seahorses is increasing and new rearing techniques are currently available for a few species. One of the main bottlenecks in seahorse production is reproductive success, which is dependent upon the administration of high quality diets to breeders. However, little is known about the most adequate diets, on how they should be administered and on how they might affect newborn performance. In this study, three homogeneous groups of adult seahorses Hippocampus guttulatus were maintained in captivity. Each group was fed on one of the following diets since the onset of the breeding period: unenriched adult Artemia (Diet A), unenriched adult Artemia and mysidaceans (Diet AM) and mysidaceans (Diet M). As a positive control, a wild pregnant male was used. The mixed diet AM provided the highest overall breeding success and reasonable fatty acid profiles, and better resembled newborn from a wild male. The use of mysidaceans solely (Diet M) provided the worse results in spite of the high DHA content. Significant differences were observed in newborn characteristics and fatty acid profiles among dietary groups and along the breeding season, especially in total n-3 HUFA and DHA. Monospecific diets including Artemia or mysidaceans very likely suffered nutritional deficiencies, which were reflected in morphological alterations of the muscle tissue (diet A) or abnormal early mortalities in newborn (diet M). Three progressive stages were identified along the whole breeding period: initial mixed capital-income period (100 – 120 days since the onset of the breeding period), followed by an inflexion period (short transitional stage - income sources), and finally a long period characterized by the use of income sources and the progressive exhaustion of body reserves. Special attention should be deserved to the progressive changes in fatty acid profiles along the breeding season, resulting in a decrease in newborn performance. Considering the time required for a diet to be reflected in newborn, we recommend Hippocampus guttulatus breeders to be fed on a high quality diet for at least three months prior the breeding period.

CEPHALOMETRIC NORMS FOR GUJARATI CHILDREN - A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Introduction: Orthodontists have relied on cephalometric radiographs for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning since the advent of cephalometric radiography. The variations in different ethnic groups within the same country creates a need for cephalometric norms for each of such ethnic groups. McNamara’s analysis is the most commonly used and most suitable for diagnosis and treatment planning. Aim: The study aims to formulate cephalometric norms for Gujarati boys and girls using McNamara’s analysis. Materials & Method: The sample of children for the study was selected from the government funded primary schools of Gujarat. The sample size consisted of 250 school going Gujarati children (125 boys and 125 girls) with age ranging from 9 to 12 years. Materials & Method: A digital lateral cephalograph was taken under standard conditions for all children and manual tracings were done for identifying all cephalometric landmarks. The analysis was done using McNamara’s analysis and statistical analysis was done Statistical Analysis: Gender differences were calculated using student’s t test. The software was utilized to calculate the mean value, standard deviation, range, maximum and minimum values for all parameters of McNamara’s analysis for Gujarati boys as well as girls. The inter examiner variability was tested using Karl Pearson correlation test. Results: The mean and standard deviation with minimum values, maximum values and range for each of 11 parameters were calculated for all male and female subjects. The gender differences were also calculated for all subjects. Conclusion: This study introduces cephalometric norms for the mixed dentition period using McNamara Analysis for Gujarati children residing in Ahmedabad – Gandhinagar districts of Gujarat which can be utilized for orthodontic treatment in the future.

Succession Characteristics of Algae Functional Groups and Water Quality Assessment in a Drinking Water Reservoir

To understand the temporal and spatial succession characteristics of algae functional communities and water quality changes in a drinking water reservoir, the Lijiahe Reservoir was selected to monitor variations in water quality and algae from September 2018 to June 2019. The algae community was classified into functional groups following the method proposed by Reynolds and Padisák. The relationship between algal functional community and water quality was discussed, and the water quality was assessed using the water quality index (WQI) method. The results showed that 56 species of algae were obtained, belonging to 4 families and 28 genera, which were divided into 15 functional groups. The dominant algae functional communities were B, D, G, J, L0, Mp, P, W1, and X1. The algae structure of Lijiahe Reservoir showed obvious seasonal characteristics. The algal density in the mixed period was significantly lower than that in the stratification period. The main functional algae in the mixed period were Chlorella and Cyclotella, but Navicula and Synedra were the dominant functional algae in the stratification period. Redundancy analysis showed that the water temperature, mixing depth, and relative water column stability index were the main factors driving algae succession. WQI analysis indicated that the water quality of Lijiahe Reservoir was "good", and the water quality during the mixed period was slightly better than that in the stratification period. This study demonstrates that water-lifting aerators can change the succession characteristics of algae functional groups, and effectively contribute to improvement in water quality in a drinking water reservoir.

Establishing Steiner Cephalometric Norms for Egyptian Children –A retrospective study

Objectives: The facial characteristics of Egyptian children were examined using Steiner analysis. Material and Methods: Sixty children were included in the study (40 girls and 20 boys). The selection criteria were: all in mixed dentition stage (mean age: 9.27 ± 1.57 years), acceptable profile, absence of craniofacial deformities, normal overjet and overbite and no crossbite. This retrospective study was chosen to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure. All children had previously undergone cephalometric analysis for follow up and supervision at 6 month intervals. Sixteen cephalometric measurements according to Steiner analysis were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results: The most pronounced changes between girls and boys were Sn-GoGn which was steeper in girls and SL (the length of the anterior cranial base) which was larger in boys than girls. Conclusion: No significant difference was found between boys and girls except for the above measurements, the measurements values of this research can be used as cephalometric standards for Egyptian children in the mixed dentition period.

Do enamel and dentine caries at 5 years of age predict caries development in newly erupted teeth? A prospective longitudinal study

Objective: To explore caries development in children from 5 to 12 years of age, and to study whether enamel caries and dentine caries at 5 years of age could predict caries prevalence at 12 years of age, controlled for child characteristics.Methods: The study included 3282 children examined at 5 and 12 years of age. Data were collected by clinical examination and questionnaire. Enamel and dentine caries were registered at surface level. Data were tested by t-test and analysed by bi- and multivariate logistic regression. The study was ethically approved.Results: In 5-year-olds, 15% of the children had dentine caries experience and 21% had enamel caries. In 12-year-olds, 32% had dentine caries experience and 47% had enamel caries. Children with dentine caries experience at 5 years of age had at 12 years of age developed more surfaces with enamel caries (mean 2.8, SD 4.2) and dentine caries experience (mean 1.8, SD 2.5) than other children (p < .05). Dentine caries experience at 12 years of age was associated with having only enamel caries (OR 1.6, CI 1.2–2.0) and dentine caries experience (OR 3.2, CI 2.6–3.9) at 5 years of age. Family status and parental education were related to caries development.Conclusion: Children with caries in primary teeth continued to be caries risk children during the mixed dentition period. In addition to dentine caries experience, enamel caries in primary teeth was a predictor for caries development in young permanent teeth and may be used to improve the caries risk assessment.

Modulation of Robot Orientation Via Leg-Obstacle Contact Positions

We study a quadrupedal robot traversing a structured (i.e., periodically spaced) obstacle field driven by an open-loop quasi-static trotting walk. Despite complex, repeated collisions and slippage between robot legs and obstacles, the robot's horizontal plane body orientation (yaw) trajectory can converge in the absence of any body level feedback to stable steady state patterns. We classify these patterns into a series of “types” ranging from stable locked equilibria, to stable periodic oscillations, to unstable or mixed period oscillations. We observe that the stable equilibria can bifurcate to stable periodic oscillations and then to mixed period oscillations as the obstacle spacing is gradually increased. Using a 3D-reconstruction method, we experimentally characterize the robot leg-obstacle contact configurations at each step to show that the different steady patterns in robot orientation trajectories result from a self-stabilizing periodic pattern of leg-obstacle contact positions. We present a highly-simplified coupled oscillator model that predicts robot orientation pattern as a function of the leg-obstacle contact mechanism. We demonstrate that the model successfully captures the robot steady state for different obstacle spacing and robot initial conditions. We suggest in simulation that using the simplified coupled oscillator model we can create novel control strategies that allow multi-legged robots to exploit obstacle disturbances to negotiate randomly cluttered environments.

Impact of water column stability dynamics on the succession of plankton food web types in the offshore area of the Adriatic Sea

Vertical mixing and stratification are among the most important physical processes controlling nutrient dynamics, the dominant category of primary producers and consequently the dominant types of food web, and are therefore important for the assessment of the marine ecosystem's response to global climate change. This study showed consistent short-term cyclic successions of the plankton food web types, governed by the dynamics of water column stability changes, occurring in generally oligotrophic, phosphate deficient surface waters of the open middle Adriatic Sea. The biogeochemical nitrogen cycle appeared as a key driving force responsible for the food web structure changes. The ‘herbivorous food web’ dominated during the nitrate-rich mixed water column period (winter) and gradually changed to ‘multivorous food web’ where large phytoplankton still constitute a significant fraction of phytoplankton. This intermediate type of food web lasted for a short time and quickly changed to the typical ‘microbial food web’, which then dominated during the stratified water column period (summer) and was characterised by a large proportion of picoplankton size-fraction organisms in total plankton biomass and production. Furthermore, at the very end of summer, the high bacterial carbon flux through the ‘microbial loop’ was established. The succession of food web types affects the mechanisms of bacterial control in a way that ‘bottom up’ control dominated during the mixed water column period and ‘top-down’ control prevailed during the stratified period. Since the ongoing global warming is expected to change water column stability dynamics and thereby significantly affect the supply of nutrients in surface waters, this study helps to understand the possible direction of changes in the plankton food webs of the Adriatic Sea, and consequent changes in marine nitrogen and carbon biogeochemical cycles.

Seasonal variability of stable isotope values and niche size in tropical calanoid copepods and zooplankton size fractions

The seasonal variability of stable isotope values (δ15N and δ13C), ∆15N values, and niche width of calanoid copepod species, three zooplankton size fractions and seston were assessed from samples obtained monthly between January and December 2012 at a coastal sampling site in the Eastern Tropical Pacific off Mexico (19°09′03″ N, 104°44′50″ W). Twenty calanoid copepod species were analyzed, 15 of which were sampled in both the cool, productive ‘mixed’ period and the warm, oligotrophic ‘stratified’ period. While copepod δ15N and ∆15N values were higher during the mixed period, seston δ15N values did not differ between periods. The δ13C values indicated a seasonal difference between a priori-defined groups of oceanic and coastal copepod species. The seasonal variations of both the isotopic niche (Bayesian ellipses) values and Layman metrics in tropical copepods and zooplankton fractions suggested an opportunistic feeding strategy responding to the local coupled physical–biological seasonal processes. During the productive mixed period, the trophic web was more robust and stable, and a wider niche was observed. Contrary to commonly reported responses to environmental conditions, we found a more complex mesozooplankton food web during the productive period and a shorter web during the oligotrophic period, highlighting the importance of researching trophic dynamics in coastal tropical ecosystems.

Evaluating the effect of probiotics on salivary microflora: A clinical controlled trail

Objective: Probiotics are dietary supplements of live microorganisms thought to be healthy for the host organism. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of probiotic administered in the form of multi-strain suspension on the salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli in children of mixed dentition period. Materials and Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo study was done. Saliva samples were collected at baseline and after 15 days of the study, microbial cultures were done to count the number of colony forming unit. This data was tabulated and analyzed. Result: There was a significant reduction in Streptococcus mutans count in the study group after 15 days as compared to its initial count and placebo group. But no significant difference was observed in Lactobacilli count between the two groups. Probiotics reduced the salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans in children of mixed dentition period. Conclusion: The application of probiotics may in the near future, provide the end of new cavities. Keywords: Probiotics, Randomized, Salivary, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli.

Современные аспекты междисциплинарного лечения детей с расщелиной губы и нёба

According to the World Health Organization incidence of cleft lip and palate ranges from 0.6-1.6 cases per 1000 newborns per year. Thus, bilateral full cleft lip and palate occurs less frequently around 15–25%. Purpose: to analyze treatment methods for children with bilateral cleft lip and palate during the period of a removable bite. A review of 51 literature sources from 1951 to 2019 was carried out. Occlusion development features in bilateral cleft lip and palate patients during mixed dentition period were analysed. Main anatomical features of the maxillofacial region in children with bilateral cleft lip and palate during mixed dentition period is narrowing of the upper and lower dental arches as well as presence soft tissues scars of the upper lip. The main methods of treatment for such children is surgical reconstructive operations, including the elimination of the anatomical defect of the hard palate using mucoperiosteal flaps from the lateral parts of the hard palate combined with orthodontic treatment methods. Thus, an integral method of treating children with bilateral cleft lip and palate during mixed dentition period is a comprehensive approach, including surgical reconstructive operations, as well as orthodontic treatment, the main purpose of which is to expand and extend dental arch, which results in normal occlusion therefore eliminating myofunctional disorders. Key words: cleft lip, cleft palate, mixed dentition, occlusion features, orthodontic treatment

Retrospective Study of Pediatric Oral Lesions in Rural Areas in District Etawah, Uttar Pradesh.

Aim and objectivesThe aim of the study was retrospective comparative evaluation of past 3 years’ pediatric oral lesions diagnosed from the Department of Dentistry, UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah, and classification and identification of pediatric oral lesions on the basis of demographic features and histopathological features.Materials and methodsThe present retrospective comparative evaluation was done with the help of the last 3 years’ histopathological reports obtained from the Department of Dentistry, U.P. University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah. Pediatric patients of age 0–17 years divided in three groups included in the study.ResultsIn our department, out of total 450 histopathological reports, 56 reports were of pediatric cases in which males were 38 and females were 18. Pediatric patients were further divided into three categories: primary dentition period (0–5 years), mixed dentition period (6–12 years), and permanent dentition period (13–17 years).ConclusionThis retrospective study is an effort for classifying and identifying pediatric oral lesions on the basis of demographic features and histopathological features. The majority of the oral lesions detected were benign in nature.How to cite this articleMishra R, Singh AK. Retrospective Study of Pediatric Oral Lesions in Rural Areas in District Etawah, Uttar Pradesh. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(5):468–470.

Association of Posterior Maxillary Bone Height and Dental Implant Placement: An Institutional Study.

This study evaluates the success of dental implants placed in the maxillary posterior region and whether an association exists regarding length and implant success. Dental implants are a surgical component that interfaces with jaw bone to support dental prostheses. In 1978, Brandmarks presented a two-stage threaded titanium root-form implant that has become the best-maintained dental implant. Differences in anatomy make treatment for posterior quadrants more challenging than that for anterior quadrants. The need for dental implants includes partial/complete edentulousness, tooth loss during a mixed dentition period, and immediate replacement due to trauma. This retrospective study was conducted as an institutional setting, and all patients undergoing implant surgery in the maxillary posterior region were considered. We performed Excel tabulation and data analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM, Armonk, NY). Results show that posterior maxilla bone height was greater in females than males. Patients aged 41-50 yr with bone height of 12-14 mm occurred most often. For implant placement, females showed significant bone height in the posterior maxillary region, and age did not play a significant part in posterior bone height.

Treatment of Anterior Dental Crossbite with Different Methods in the Early Mixed Dentition Period: Report of Two Cases

Treatment of Anterior Dental Crossbite with Different Methods in the Early Mixed Dentition Period: Report of Two Cases

Dynamics of structure and severity of dentoalveolar anomalies on the background of early orthodontic treatment during occlusion

Background. According to the statistics, the incidence of dentoalveolar anomalies, as well as the frequency of orthodontic visits, is constantly growing.&#x0D; Objective. To analyze the efficiency of orthodontic treatment in children during the period of mixed dentition.&#x0D; Methods. We have performed a study on the incidence and severity of dentoalveolar anomalies of the dental status in 7-9-year-old patients vs. 15-17-year-old adolescents after the completion of occlusion. The adolescents were divided into two groups those who underwent orthodontic treatment during the mixed dentition period and those who did not. The evaluation of the childrens dental status was performed using a specialized WHO Map (2013), supplemented by the Dental Maxillofacial Anomalies section. We determined the following indices: DMF (Decayed-Missing-Filled Index), DMF-df, OHI-S, CPI, PAR, DAI, as well as the Littles irregularity index. The need in the different types of dental and orthodontic treatment was estimated, including that per one examined person in a group.&#x0D; Results. In the group of 7-9-year-old we have revealed a high incidence of premature teeth loss (17.0% of patients), dentoalveolar anomalies (73.9%) and their combinations (60.8%).&#x0D; Discussion. Orthodontic treatment during the period of mixed dentition reduces the incidence of the teeth positioning anomalies (crowding and tooth displacement) and dental arch ratio anomalies (completely eliminating the cross-bite). At the same time, early orthodontic treatment does not have a significant influence on the tooth rotation, interdental spaces, deep, open, distal, mesial occlusions and the displacement of dental arches. The severity of dentoalveolar anomalies is reduced in this case.&#x0D; Conclusion. Orthodontic treatment of children during the period of mixed dentition is indicated in the presence of teeth crowding and displacement, as well as in the presence of a cross-bite; concerning other types of dentoalveolar anomalies, early orthodontic treatment is justified only when the patients psychological and functional indices are reduced.

Maxillary incisor impaction: A case report

Missing/Impacted anterior teeth can have very adverse impact on dental and facial esthetics which might cause an effect on self-esteem & general social interaction, hence it is important to detect and manage the problem as early as possible. Although impaction of permanent tooth usually take time to get diagnosed during the mixed dentition period. An impacted central incisor is usually diagnosed accurately when there is a delay in the eruption of juxtaposed tooth. This case report is on Impacted Incisor which was brought into its proper position after surgical exposure and orthodontic traction, after which it showed good stability results. Keywords: Impacted Incisor, Surgical Exposure, Orthodontic Traction.

Prevalence of malocclusion among school Children of Kathmandu, Nepal

Introduction: this study was carried to understand Prevalence of malocclusion among the school children of Kathmandu, Sorakhutte residing near school during mixed dentition period. A sample of 600 children ; 365 male, 235 female in age group of 6-13yrs was selected randomly from different school of Kathmandu city. The aim of our study is to find out prevalence of malocclusion among the mixed detention children of Kathmandu.&#x0D; Materials &amp; Method: Data was collected using direct observation of the subjects, Descriptive cross-sectional study method was used in this research. Occlusal assessment were done according to angle’s classification and dewey’s modification type of class I, class III malocclusion.&#x0D; Result: Subjects with normal occlusion was found to be 59.3% and with malocclusion was found to 40.7%. Among them class I malocclusion was majority of (57%) of study population, crowded incisors and significant difference was observed between male and female in the study.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study helps to access the prevalence malocclusion and need of orthodontic treatment for the mixed dentition period children.