Mixed Order Research Articles

The kinetics of three coupled irreversible elementary reactions: two parallel mixed second order reactions followed by a first order reaction

The kinetics of three coupled irreversible elementary reactions: two parallel mixed second order reactions followed by a first order reaction

Impact of Health Investment on Economic Development in Nigeria

This study examined the impact of health investment on economic development in Nigeria. Using secondary data sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletins and World Bank development indicators, World Bank Database for the period of 1981- 2020. It applied Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) tests for unit root which indicated that all the variables were stationary at first difference except gross fixed capital formation at level. The mixed order of the unit root tests necessitated the adoption of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds Cointegration technique. The study submitted that a strong evidence of cointegration among the variables exist. It prove that health investment variables (recurrent and capital health investment, public education expenditure, gross fixed capital formation and labour participation rate) have positive impacts on economic development in Nigeria except foreign exchange rate which reveals negative impact. The result of Pairwise Granger causality test indicated that there were uni-directional and bidirectional causality among health investment variables and economic development in Nigeria. Therefore, it concluded that health investment variables have positive and significant impacts on economic development in Nigeria except exchange rate. Moreover, this study recommended that health policy should be made by government to increase the budgetary allocation to health sector particularly on recurrent and capital public health investment, improve quality of education through statutory allocation to education sector, provide exchange rate policy that will encourage investment in human capital by individuals and private sector. Finally, the government should expand institutional capacity to produce qualified manpower, improve personnel salaries, wages and working conditions in health and education sectors

Mixed fractional order p-Laplacian boundary value problem with a two-dimensional Kernel at resonance on an unbounded domain

In this paper, by using the Ge and Ren extension of coincidence degree theory, we established the existence of a solution for a resonant mixed fractional order p-Laplacian boundary value problem (BVP) on the half-line. In the process, we solved the corresponding homogeneous fractional order BVP for conditions critical for resonance and showed that the operator A(x,λ)(t) constructed from the abstract equation Mx(t)=Nx(t) is relatively compact. The results are demonstrated with an example.

Impact of Financial Deepening on Domestic Investment in Nigeria

This study investigated the impact of financial deepening on domestic investment in Nigeria. The time scope of the study covered the period 2005-2022. The response variable was domestic investment (DI) while the treatment variables were financial deepening indicators (broad money supply, private sector credits, and stock market capitalization. The specific objectives were to investigate the impact of credits to private sector on domestic investment in Nigeria; determine the impact of broad money supply on domestic investment in Nigeria; examine the impact of stock market capitalization on domestic investment in Nigeria; and ascertain the impact of monetary policy interest rate on domestic investment in Nigeria. The study adopted ex post facto research and employed the ARDL technique to analyze the data. Diagnostics and stability tests were applied (unit root, CUSUM and CUSUM of squares). the findings of the study indicated the series to be stationary but of mixed order 1(0) and 1(1); while the cointegration test showed evidence of long-run relationship. The long-run coefficients (of the ARDL) estimation indicated broad money supply has significant positive impact on domestic investment; private sector credit has significant positive impact on domestic investment; and the stock market capitalization has significant positive impact on domestic investment. However, the interest rate indicated to be negative on domestic investment. The policy implication of these findings impinges on government and authorities in the financial sector to develop a roadmap to further deepen the financial space to drive growth in domestic investment. Based on the findings, the study recommended that the financial authority should strategize to satisfy the demand for business investment funds by expanding the broad money supply and the private sector credits. Also, the monetary policy interest rate should be reviewed down in order to reverse its negative effect on investments.

Effect of Private Foreign Capital on Economic Growth in Nigeria: 1999-2021

To facilitate economic growth, there must be an adequate level of savings and investments, and one avenue to improve the level of savings and investments is to attract private foreign capital. Therefore, this study assessed the effect of private foreign capital on economic growth in Nigeria from 1999-2021. The study proposed a model of economic growth using private foreign capital variables such as foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign portfolio investment (FPI), and remittances as predictors. The data were subjected to unit root tests and were found to be stationary in mixed order- at levels and first difference justifying the choice of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach for data analyses. The result of the ARDL test revealed that FDI is significant and positively influences economic growth (? = 2.84, p<0.05). Likewise, remittances are significant but have a negative contribution to economic growth (? = -0.71, p<0.05). FPI was found to not affect economic growth in Nigeria (? = 0.02, ns) in the long-run. Also, the estimated coefficients of the short-run relationship for the model revealed that FDI and remittances are significant in impacting economic growth with FDI contributing positively (? = 2.70, p<0.05) and remittances contributing negatively (? = -0.68, p<0.05). FPI still failed to influence economic growth in Nigeria (? = -0.33, ns). Therefore, the study concludes that foreign direct investment and remittances are significant predictors of economic growth. The study recommended that a stable and predictable policy environment needs to be in place to build foreign investors’ confidence.

Вариации жесткости для упорядоченных теорий

One of the important characteristics of structures is degrees of semantic and syntactic rigidity, as well as indices of rigidity, showing how much the given structure differs from semantically rigid structures, i.e., structures with one-element automorphism groups, as well as syntactically rigid structures, i.e., structures covered by definable closure of the empty set. Issues of describing the degrees and indices of rigidity represents interest both in a general context and in relation to ordering theories and their models. In the given paper, we study possibilities for semantic and syntactic rigidity for ordered theories, i.e., the rigidity with respect to automorphism group and with respect to definable closure. We describe values for indices and degrees of semantic and syntactic rigidity for well-ordered sets, for discrete, dense, and mixed orders and for countable models of $\aleph_0$-categorical weakly o-minimal theories. All possibilities for degrees of rigidity for countable linear orderings are described.

Nanosecond Laser Flash Photolysis Study of the Photochemistry of 2‑Alkoxy Thioxanthones

Laser flash photolysis studies (l = 355 nm) on the characterization and reactivity for the triplet excited state of 2-methoxythioxanthone, 2-benzyloxythioxanthone, and 2-(n-propoxy) thioxanthone revealed that the transients generated in their excitation, in acetonitrile, have absorption bands with maxima at 310 and 620 nm. These transients decayed by a mixed 1st and 2nd order kinetics, with a lifetime of 5.3 ms for 2-methoxythioxanthone and benzyloxythioxanthone and 3.9 ms for 2-(n-propoxy) thioxanthone. In methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol, a new absorption at 430-460 nm was observed, which was attributed to their corresponding ketyl radical (the second-order quenching rate constant (kq) is ca. 105 L mol-1 s-1). The energy transfer rate constants for trans-stilbene, 1-methylnaphthalene, and 1,3-cyclohexadiene were diffusion-controlled, indicating a triplet energy for these alkoxy thioxanthones higher than 61 kcal mol-1. The quenching rate constant observed for 1,4-cyclohexadiene (ca.109 L mol-1 s-1) suggests that the lowest energy triplet excited state for these thioxanthones must have nπ* character. For phenols and indole (kq ca. 109 L mol-1 s-1), the reaction mechanism must involve the initial formation of a triplet exciplex, followed by a coupled electron/proton transfer. For triethylamine and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (kq ca. 109 L mol-1 s-1) it was observed the formation of the radical anion of the alkoxy thioxanthones formed from electron transfer (l = 410 nm).

Exploring Carbon Equilibrium in Integrated Electricity-Hydrogen System

Global carbon emissions from electricity and hydrogen production have grown rapidly in recent years. Some existing literature has proposed the method of reducing carbon emissions by power-to-hydrogen (P2H) technology. However, due to the fossil-based energy structure of electricity system, excessive electricity to hydrogen may lead to an increase in carbon emissions. To reduce carbon emissions effectively, a low carbon-driven optimal capacity configuration method for P2Hs is proposed in this paper to explore carbon equilibrium in integrated electricity-hydrogen system. A joint economic dispatch model for integrated electricity-hydrogen system is formulated. The electricity system model is a security-constrained economic dispatch model with P2H constraints. The hydrogen system model is a hydrogen supply chain model with pipeline pack constraints and Weymouth equation, whose sources are fossil fuel reforming and electrolytic hydrogen. We propose a second-order cone programming (SOCP)-based solution to transform the hydrogen system model into a mixed integer second order cone programming (MISCOP), which can be readily solved by commercial solvers. To preserve the internal information of each system, a decentralized algorithm based on optimality condition decomposition (OCD) is developed. Case study based on modified IEEE 30-bus and Belgium 20-node integrated energy system demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Deficit financing and Macroeconomic Performance: the Nigeria experience

Due to the mixed order of integration, the study uses the ARDL model to examine the relationship between deficit financing and the performance of the macroeconomy proxy by GDP in Nigeria over a thirty-year period, from 1990 to 2019. In the model, the inflation rate, the government's fiscal deficit, and the domestic money supply served as stand-ins for deficit financing. And the outcome demonstrates that while the model satisfied the sufficient condition of stability, it failed the necessary condition due to an explosive divergence indicator. Additionally, the variables have a long-term relationship, and based on estimates from the long-run equation, all of the variables have a significant impact on the economy, with the domestic money supply having a positive effect and inflation and the government fiscal deficit having a negative impact.

An empirical analysis of the dynamics of tax revenue determinants in kenya: A longitudinal approach

The volatility of tax income poses a significant challenge for Sub-Saharan African countries, contributing to erratic public spending and hindering sustainable economic progress. Recent global economic crises have underscored the urgency for these nations to bolster local revenue sources and overcome structural barriers to economic development. This paper examines the factors influencing tax revenue in Kenya over 39 years, from 1984 to 2022. Utilizing data from various sources, including the World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI), the Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA), the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the study employs an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to distinguish long-run relationships from short-run dynamics due to the mixed order of integration among variables. The empirical model includes real GDP, agricultural gross value added, general government expenditure, inflation, consumer price, official development assistance, and industrial gross value added as key determinants. The ARDL bounds test confirms a long-term equilibrium. The connection between the variables and the error correction model indicates a relatively quick adjustment process, with around 25% of disequilibrium corrected within a single period. Results from the long-run ARDL estimation suggest that agricultural value added significantly increases tax revenue. In contrast, variables such as GDP and government expenditure do not show a significant long-term effect. In the short run, the lagged tax-to-GDP ratio and GDP significantly impact tax revenue. These findings underscore the importance of agricultural productivity and provide valuable insights for policymakers seeking to enhance tax revenue in Kenya.

Foreign Direct Investment Inflow and Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria

The study investigated the effect of Foreign Direct Investment inflow on Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria covering the period of 1981- 2023. The continued deterioration of budgetary allocation to agricultural sector, decline in agricultural output and the perception that if properly taken into consideration, the sector could bounce back to its position motivated the urge to investigate the alternative ways of revamping the sector through FDI. It is against this background that this study examines quantitatively the effect of foreign direct investment inflow to agriculture on agricultural sector productivity in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to ascertain the extent to which foreign direct investment inflows to Agriculture influences agricultural productivity in Nigeria, to determine the effect of exchange rate on Agricultural productivity, and to ascertain the relationship between trade openness and Agricultural productivity in Nigeria. Time series data were obtained from the CBN statistical bulletins. The data were found to be integrated of mixed order necessitating the ARDL Bounds test approach to cointegration which showed that there is long run relationship amongst the variables. Estimates from the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model revealed that Foreign Direct Investment to Agriculture (AFDI) and Trade Openness (TOP) significantly influenced AGRIGDP while Exchange Rate (EXCHR) seems not to have effect on the growth of the Nigeria’s Agricultural productivity during the period of study. Similarly, Foreign Direct Investment to Agriculture (AFDI), Exchange Rate (EXCHR), and Trade Openness (TOP) have a significant joint effect on Agricultural productivity in Nigeria which is being supported by the test of goodness of fit that the explanatory variables explained up to 99% of the total variations in the model. Based on the findings of the research, the study recommended that there is need to formulate policies that will attract more Foreign Investors towards the Agricultural Sector which will further increase the rate of Agricultural Productivity of the Nigerian economy.

The Buchanan-Wagner hypothesis: Revisiting the theory with new empirics for a spendthrift democracy

This study revisits the Buchanan-Wagner hypothesis in reference to the deficit-spending dynamics of Turkey in the period 1924 to 2008, during which the government was expanding along with the developing national economy and democracy. The empirical analysis of the hypothesis is based on the autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration, which is not only quite new in the literature on the Buchanan-Wagner hypothesis but also superior to other single-equation cointegration approaches. The prevailing empirics for the Buchanan-Wagner hypothesis reveal deficiencies in several respects, as they ignore the mixed orders of integration in regressors, the endogeneity of regressors, and the encompassing dynamic structure in the short and long runs. Within this context, the findings of this study imply the validity of the hypothesis for Turkey, providing empirical evidence on the premise that budget deficits financed by nontax sources are the main driving force behind the continuously increasing public spending in Turkey. This evidence is argued to be a reflection of the fact that the perceived tax price of public goods and services decreases with debtfinanced budget deficits over time.

Asymmetric Effect of External Debt on Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi): Empirical Study from Nigeria

The paper examines the effect of external debt on FDI inflow in Nigeria between 1983 and 2021. Stationarity tests such Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), Phillips Perron (PP) as well as Guris (GUR) non-linearity unit root tests were employed to check the properties of the series. Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model was adapted to explore the relationship between the variables after confirming the mixed order of integration across the three testes. The Bound Test reveals the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables. According to the NARDL results; in the short-run a unit positive change in external debt would lead to decrease in FDI inflow by (1.165) while a unit negative change in external would lead to increase in FDI inflow by (1.360) and both are significance at 5% level of significance in short-run. The long-run results indicates that, the positive and negative change in external debt exhibit positive effect on net FDI inflow but only negative change is statistically significance at 5% level of significance. It is recommended that government should take steps in redemption of existing external debt and refrain from taking on any unnecessary new debt as these actions will not help the country's short run net FDI inflow and consequently, its overall economic growth.

Identifying patient preferences for diabetes care: A protocol for implementing a discrete choice experiment in Samoa.

In Samoa, adult Type 2 diabetes prevalence has increased within the past 30 years. Patient preferences for care are factors known to influence treatment adherence and are associated with reduced disease progression and severity. However, patient preferences for diabetes care, generally, are understudied, and other patient-centered factors such as willingness-to-pay (WTP) for diabetes treatment have never been explored in this setting. Discrete Choice Experiments (DCE) are useful tools to elicit preferences and WTP for healthcare. DCEs present patients with hypothetical scenarios composed of a series of multi-alternative choice profiles made up of attributes and levels. Patients choose a profile based on which attributes and levels may be preferable for them, thereby quantifying and identifying locally relevant patient-centered preferences. This paper presents the protocol for the design, piloting, and implementation of a DCE identifying patient preferences for diabetes care, in Samoa. Using an exploratory sequential mixed methods design, formative data from a literature review and semi-structured interviews with n = 20 Samoan adults living with Type 2 diabetes was used to design a Best-Best DCE instrument. Experimental design procedures were used to reduce the number of choice-sets and balance the instrument. Following pilot testing, the DCE is being administered to n = 450 Samoan adults living with diabetes, along with associated questionnaires, and anthropometrics. Subsequently, we will also be assessing longitudinally how preferences for care change over time. Data will be analyzed using progressive mixed Rank Order Logit models. The results will identify which diabetes care attributes are important to patients (p < 0.05), examine associations between participant characteristics and preference, illuminate the trade-offs participants are willing to make, and the probability of uptake, and WTP for specific attributes and levels. The results from this study will provide integral data useful for designing and adapting efficacious diabetes intervention and treatment approaches in this setting.

A DYNAMIC HETEROGENEOUS NEXUS BETWEEN PADDY AND POVERTY: EVIDENCE FROM DUMITRESCU-HURLIN CAUSALITY AND PMG-ARDL

Agriculture is supposed to have a pivotal role in assisting poverty alleviation in Indonesia. Hence, this paper empirically examines the causal link between paddy productivity and poverty rates in Sumatra, retrieving balanced panel data from ten provinces for the period 2010-2022. Dumitrescu-Hurlin (DH) causality and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) methods are applied in order to reveal the causal direction and the elasticity under heterogeneous panel models. This paper integrates slope homogeneity, panel unit root, and panel cointegration tests. The results reveal that poverty rates and paddy productivity, are integrated in mixed order, and , and they are cointegrated. The DH causality test denotes a unidirectional causality from paddy productivity toward poverty rates which implies the absence of a feedback effect. Following the PMG model, there is a positive impact of paddy productivity on poverty rates in the short run (∆β= 0.29); however, this linkage switches to become negative in the long run (β= -0.48). A 1% improvement in paddy productivity will be followed by a 0.48% reduction in poverty rates. Thus, augmenting paddy productivity has a favorable role in declining poverty rates. The estimated parameters of long-run PMG are robust, i.e., consistent with alternative methods of cointegrated regressions.

Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria

The study is designed to examine the relationship between agricultural productivity and poverty alleviation in Nigeria from 1981 to 2020. To achieve this objective, secondary data were collected on the relevant variables namely per capita income, which was used as a proxy for poverty, agricultural output, agricultural loans to individuals, and the real gross domestic product. The data used were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and the World Bank database. The study adopted the Philips Perron test in testing for stationarity and the variables had a mixed order of integration. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) was adopted in carrying out the analyses after cointegration was established using the ARDL bounds test. The result of the study showed that an increase in agricultural output improved per capita income, which reduced the level of poverty. The model was also found to have no autocorrelation implying that the findings of the study are suitable for predictions and forecast. The study concluded that poverty can be alleviated through the improvement of the agricultural sector. The study also recommended among other things that the government should embark on policies that can strengthen the agricultural sector in Nigeria.

Exploring the Complementary and Nonlinear Effects of Financial Development and ICT on Inclusive Growth in South Asia

The current research aims to examine the dynamics among financial development, renewable energy consumption, information and communication technology (ICT) and inclusive growth by focusing on the interaction of finance and ICT in South Asia from 1995 to 2019. The objectives of the study are obtained by using new and broad measures for inclusive growth and financial development. The panel co-integration tests confirm the long-run association between the selected variables. The existence of cross-sectional dependence and mixed order of integration of analyzed variables require the application of panel linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL). The findings of both techniques disclose that financial development and ICT individually are significant and vital contributors to inclusive growth in the long run. While their collaboration does not supplement inclusive growth during the same period which is an interesting and unique finding. The short-run outcomes also endorse this outcome. However, the individual impact of financial development remains insignificant while ICT enhances inclusive growth significantly in the short run. The panel nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) results have more explanatory powers than panel ARDL and endorse the assumptions of significant complementarity and nonlinearity between financial development-ICT and inclusive growth. Therefore, it is suggested to increase the access and efficiency of financial intermediaries to accelerate the participation of the masses in the economic growth process and its benefits. In addition, more investment in ICT infrastructure and education is needed so that the ICT sector can complement the financial sector efficiently to boost inclusive growth in South Asia.

Nigeria’s Inflation in the Era of Liquefied Natural Gas Exports: Insights from 2000-2021 ARDL Cointegration Analysis

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) exports on inflation in Nigeria over the period 2000–2021. Utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound co-integration approach, the study investigated both long-term and short-term relationships between LNG exports, natural gas prices, crude oil prices, and inflation in Nigeria. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test indicated a mixed order of integration for the variables, suggesting the appropriateness of the ARDL cointegration method. The empirical results revealed the presence of a long-term relationship among these factors. In the long term, LNG exports, natural gas prices, and crude oil prices exhibited varying effects on inflation. While natural gas prices and crude oil prices had a statistically significant adverse impact on inflation at a 5% significance level, LNG exports did not show statistical significance. In the short term, LNG exports displayed both a negative and statistically insignificant influence, whereas crude oil prices had a positive and statistically significant effect. Natural gas prices, on the other hand, did not impact inflation significantly in the short term. The Granger causality tests revealed that there is no causal relationship between LNG exports and inflation in Nigeria. Although the influence of LNG exports on inflation lacks statistical significance, it is recommended that the government continue its commitment to the LNG sector, focusing on infrastructure and technology investments to enhance competitiveness and efficiency. Expanding into new markets and diversifying the LNG portfolio will ensure a steady revenue stream while prioritising economic diversification beyond the oil and gas sector

Drivers of Sustainable Green Finance: Country’s Level Risk and Trade Perspective for OECD Countries

In contemporary times, developed economies are adopting environmentally friendly initiatives such as green finance and energy efficiency. However, the factors affecting energy efficiency are widely explored, and green finance remains overlooked in the empirical literature. The present research examines the drivers of sustainable green finance in OECD economies during 2004–2021. The study uses several panel diagnostic tests and validates the mixed integration order of the variables. Still, the long-run equilibrium relationship is valid between financial inclusion, energy efficiency, human capital, foreign trade, composite risk, and green finance. Using panel autoregressive distributed lag model, the study found that financial inclusion, energy efficiency, foreign trade, and composite risk significantly improve green finance in the long run. However, only energy efficiency is effective in the short run. On the other hand, human capital exhibits a significant adverse influence on green finance. The long-run results are robust due to the significant estimates offered by panel dynamic ordinary least square. Besides, there exist one-way and two-way causal associations between variables. The study recommends improving the financial sector performance to enhance financial inclusivity, increase investment in the energy efficiency sector, and encourage trade in environmentally friendly initiatives.

The effect of bank credits on agricultural output in Nigeria: 1981–2019

The agriculture sector of the Nigerian economy has suffered a severe setback, particularly after the advent of oil in mass production. The government shifted attention completely to the oil sector at the detriment of the agriculture sector, resulting in a practice of mono-economy. However, in recent times, the government has seen the need to diversify the economy to reduce its overdependence on the oil sector. Thus, both the bank and the government have been channeling resources to the sector to boast its productive capacity. Thus, this study seeks to investigate the impact of bank credit on the agriculture sector from 1981 to 2019. The data was subjected to a preliminary test—a unit root test—to ascertain the order of integration and subsequently the method of estimation. The unit root outcome shows a mixed order, which informed the adoption of the dynamic ARDL method. The finding from the estimation proved that the impact of bank credit on agriculture productivity in the long run is positive but weak. This suggests that bank credit to agriculture could not explain the variation in the performance of sectoral output. In contrast, the impact of government expenditure on the agriculture sector is strong and positive. This validates the significant contribution of government involvement to the revival of the sector. Thus, a recommendation is made of the need for banks to increase their credit and loan advances to the agriculture sector by lowering the interest charged on loans to the sector. Secondly, banks should give close monitoring to the funds loaned out to the agriculture sector to ensure the funds are truly channeled to the sector and not diverted. Moreso, the government can still do more for the sector to fully revive. More productivity-enhancing strategies, such as subsidizing modern farm equipment, seeds, and so on, can still be put in place by the government to help the sector regain its lost glory.