Mixed Nutrient Research Articles

Hepatalin: the missing link in prediabetes, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

Hepatalin is a hormone secreted by the liver in response to pulses of insulin after a mixed nutrient meal, but only if the liver receives two permissive synergistic feeding signals from the stomach. Hepatalin stimulates glucose uptake and storage as glycogen in skeletal muscle, heart, and kidney but not liver, intestines, or adipocytes. Insulin acts primarily on liver and fat. Reduced hepatalin action results in postprandial hyperglycemia, compensatory elevation of insulin secretion, and a resultant shift in partitioning of nutrient energy storage from glycogen in muscle, to fat. Chronic hepatalin suppression leads to a predictable chronology of dysfunctions, first diagnosable as Absence of Meal-induced Insulin Sensitization (AMIS) which progresses to prediabetes, adiposity, and type 2 diabetes. The focus on nutrient partitioning and the role of hepatalin allows AMIS to be diagnosed, prevented, and treated, including through the use of lifestyle interventions.

Diabetes mellitus, obesity, and the placenta: defender or offender

The maternal hormonal and metabolic milieu adapt in normal pregnancy to provide the developing fetus with an optimal nutrient supply that is delivered via the placenta. This optimal nutrient supply, however, is disturbed in all types of diabetes and obesity, resulting in greater mixed nutrient supply to the fetus. Our research suggests that the placenta is limited in preventing excess glucose transfer to the fetus. In fact, once the fetus becomes hyperinsulinaemic in the early phases of macrosomia, it can accelerate glucose transfer across the placenta through a glucose steal phenomenon.

Innovative Technology of Making Candy (Paste Food) for Bees

Paste food is usually used in beekeeping in winter and has certain advantages over the liquid form: mixed nutrients and biologically active substances retain their beneficial properties (Gilliam a. Argauer, 1975) for a long time without disturbing the uniformity of the mixture. It is digested by hibernating bees satisfyingly. In addition, the traditional method of making candy by Scholtz (Root et al., 1964) is quite time-consuming and difficult, requires expensive and energy-intensive equipment, which makes the feed relatively expensive, and in case of weakness of the bee colony, its digestion is delayed and the feed dries up, accompanied by losses. Carbohydrates in such products mainly consist of sucrose, which does not indicate its physiological perfection.

Assessment of salinity tolerance on chili pepper genotypes

Population diversity is necessary in selecting salinity tolerant plants. The objective of the study was to evaluate the tolerance of chili pepper (Capsicum sp.) to salinity stress. The evaluation was carried out artificially in a greenhouse. Twenty-four accessions of chili were grown on hydroponic media with stress treatment of 3000 ppm and 6000 ppm NaCl. As a comparison, the control was planted without NaCl. Nutrients were given from the AB mix nutrient solution containing macro and micronutrients. The study used a completely randomized design with 3 replications. To evaluate the ability of the genotype to adapt to NaCl stress, the difference between control and observations at 6000 ppm NaCl stress was calculated. The results showed that the growth of chili pepper genotypes under NaCl stress varied widely. There was an interaction between the genotype and the stress level of NaCl on leaf greenness and the number of stomata. In general, the stress of 3000 ppm NaCl significantly reduced chili performance starting from 6 weeks after transplanting. The stress of 6000 ppm NaCl caused some sensitive plants to die at 8 weeks after transplanting. The tolerant genotypes at 6000 ppm NaCl stress were A10, A21, and A33.

The Effectiveness of Using Types of Containers and Consentration AB Mix on the Growth and Production of White Packcoy (Brassica rapa L.) Var. Dakota Uses Wick System Hydroponics

The research was conducted in Branggah Village, Lumbang District, Probolinggo Regency, from March to June 2020. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of using containers and AB mix nutrient concentrations on the growth and production of white pakcoy plants (Brassica Rapa L) using a hydroponic wick system. . The design used was factorial randomized block design (RBD), which consisted of two factors: 1. The wick system hydroponic container material consists of a plastic tub; Styrofoam, Stainless steel 2. Concentration of AB Mix Nutrients consists of 4 (four) levels, namely 1100 ppm; 1300 ppm; 1500 ppm; 1700 ppm with 3 repetitions. Parameters observed: Plant height, number of leaves, plant diameter, plant wet weight, root length, plant dry weight. The results showed that the single treatment of the wick system hydroponic container and the concentration of AB mix showed a significant effect on the observations of plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, root length, wet and dry weight of plants of all ages of observation. The interaction between container type and nutrient concentration had no effect on all observed parameters except leaf area.

Innovative technology of making candy (paste food) for bees

Paste food is usually used in beekeeping in winter and has certain advantages over the liquid form: mixed nutrients and biologically active substances retain their beneficial properties for a long time without disturbing the uniformity of the mixture. It is digested by hibernating bees satisfyingly. In addition, the traditional method of making candy by Scholtz is quite time-consuming and difficult, requires expensive and energy-intensive equipment, which makes the feed relatively expensive, and in case of weakness of the bee colony, its digestion is delayed and the feed dries up, accompanied by losses. Carbohydrates in such products mainly consist of sucrose, which does not indicate its physiological perfection.

Roles of mixed nutrient intakes on metabolic syndrome among korean adults 19-80 years old: molecular mechanisms involved.

We aim to identify the association between nutrient intake mixtures (22 micro-macro nutrients) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) or its components, including molecular mechanisms involved, among 16,807 Korean adults aged 19-80. The associations of mixed nutrient intakes on MetS or its components were identified using linear regression models, WQS regression, qgcomp, and BKMR regression. Genes, transcription factors, miRNA, biological processes, and pathways were assessed using GeneMania, CHEA3, MIENTURNET, and ToppFun functions. We found that the overall effect of mixed nutrient intakes was also related to MetS and its components. In silico analysis, we found that a mixture of nutrients interacted with the IL6 gene and was linked with MetS. Physical interactions were the key interactions (77%) involved in the mutual genes and MetS targeted by a mixture of nutrients. IL6 related pathways, "positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process", "regulation of glucagon secretion", "LDL pathway during atherogenesis", and "IL-10 anti-inflammatory signaling pathway" were identified as key molecular mechanisms that may be targeted by mixed nutrients implicated in MetS. The key miRNAs and transcription factors involved in the process of MetS targeted by a mixture of nutrients were also described. The cutoff levels for nutrient intake levels associated with MetS and its components were also described. Our findings will pave the way for further research to evaluate the interactions between a mixture of nutrients and non-communicable diseases. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-01158-1.

Soil applied silicon and manganese combined with foliar application of 5-aminolevulinic acid mediate photosynthetic recovery in Cd-stressed Salvia miltiorrhiza by regulating Cd-transporter genes.

Salvia miltiorrhiza is an important medicinal plant that experiences significant growth and biomass losses when cultivated on cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils. High Cd accumulation in plant tissues also increases the risk of metal entry into the food chain. In this study, we proposed that Cd accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza can be restricted through plant growth regulators and nutrient management. Therefore, S. miltiorrhiza seedlings were transplanted into mixed nutrient soil for two weeks, then treated with 30 mg kg-1 CdCl2, 200 mg kg-1 Na2SiO3·9H2O, and 100 mg kg-1 MnSO4, and simultaneously sprayed with 10 mg L-1 ALA on the leaves one week later. This study showed that elevated Cd accumulation significantly reduced plant growth and biomass. This growth inhibition damaged photosynthetic machinery and impaired carbon assimilation. In contrast, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) significantly promoted the biomass of S. miltiorrhiza, and the dry weight of plants treated with ALA combined with manganese (Mn)/silicon (Si) increased by 42% and 55% as compared with Cd+Mn and Cd+Si treatments. Exogenously applied ALA and Si/Mn significantly activated antioxidant enzymes and promoted the growth recovery of S. miltiorrhiza. Further, exogenous ALA also reduced the Cd concentration in S. miltiorrhiza, especially when combined with Si. Compared with the Cd+Si treatment, the Cd+Si+ALA treatment reduced the Cd concentration in roots and leaves by 59% and 60%, respectively. Gene expression analysis suggested that ALA and Si significantly up-regulated genes associated with Cd transport. Other genes related to heavy metal tolerance mechanisms are also regulated to cope with heavy metal stress. These results indicated that the combined action of ALA and Si/Mn could reduce Cd-toxicity by increasing chlorophyll content and changing oxidative stress and can also affect Cd accumulation by regulating gene expression.

The Effect of Concentration and Organic Fertilizer on Pakcoy Plant Growth and Yield with Wick Hydroponic System

This study aims to determine the growth and yield of Pakcoy plants with nutrient concentasry and liquid organic fertilizer in the Wicksist hydroponics system. The study was carried out on February 14, 2022 – April 14, 2022 at Green House Umsida using a randomized design method of groups with a single factor, namely a combination of ab mix nutrient concentration and liquid organic fertilizer consisting of 4 levels: AB Mix Nutrient Concentration 2000 ppm + Without POC, AB Nutrition Mix Concentration 1500 ppm + POC 500 ppm, Ab Mix Nutrient Concentration 1000 ppm + POC 1000 ppm, Ab Mix Nutrient Concentration 500 ppm + POC 1500 ppm. Observation of plant height, weevil diameter, leaf julah, wet weight and dry weight. The results of this study showed that the combination of AB MIX nutrients with liquid organic fertilizer from leri water fermented by lactobacilus bacteria affected the growth and production of mustard crops. On the K3 treatment (Ab Mix Nutrient Concentration 1000 ppm + POC 1000 ppm) had a significant influence on all observations. Providing a balanced concentration of nutrients with liquid organic fertilizers reduces the use of chemical fertilizers

An Exploratory Critical Review on TNF-α as a Potential Inflammatory Biomarker Responsive to Dietary Intervention with Bioactive Foods and Derived Products.

This review collects and critically examines data on the levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in lean, overweight and obese subjects, and the effects of intervention with different foods and food products containing bioactive constituents in overweight/obese individuals. We additionally explore the influence of different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on TNF-α levels and compare the response to food products with that to some anti-obesity drugs. Our aim was to provide an overview of the variability, consistency, and magnitude of the reported effects of dietary factors on TNF-α, and to envisage the reliability of measuring changes in the levels of this cytokine as a biomarker responsive to food intervention in association with the reduction in body weight. Regarding the circulating levels of TNF-α, we report: (i) a large intra-group variability, with most coefficients of variation (CV%) values being ≥30% and, in many cases, >100%; (ii) a large between-studies variability, with baseline TNF-α values ranging from <1.0 up to several hundred pg/mL; (iii) highly variable effects of the different dietary approaches with both statistically significant and not significant decreases or increases of the protein, and the absolute effect size varying from <0.1 pg/mL up to ≈50 pg/mL. Within this scenario of variability, it was not possible to discern clear differentiating limits in TNF-α between lean, overweight, and obese individuals or a distinct downregulatory effect on this cytokine by any of the different dietary approaches reviewed, i.e., polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), Vitamin-D (VitD), mixed (micro)nutrients, (poly)phenols or other phytochemicals. Further, there was not a clear relationship between the TNF-α responses and body weight changes. We found similarities between dietary and pharmacological treatments in terms of variability and limited evidence of the TNF-α response. Different factors that contribute to this variability are discussed and some specific recommendations are proposed to reinforce the need to improve future studies looking at this cytokine as a potential biomarker of response to dietary approaches.

Postprandial and Fasting Metabolic Signatures: Insights From the ZOE PREDICT 1 Study

ObjectivesPostprandial metabolomic signatures, although not well characterized, may provide greater insight into individuals’ responses to food and subsequent cardiometabolic disease risk compared to fasting and routine clinical measures. Using the PREDICT 1 cohort, we assessed postprandial changes and inter-individual variability in metabolites sequenced by NMR. MethodsThe ZOE PREDICT 1 study (n = 1,002 healthy UK adults; NCT03479866) measured 250 metabolite parameters (Nightingale Health NMR panel, related to lipids, amino acids, glycolysis, ketones, and glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA)) by venous cannulation at fasting and postprandially after a mixed nutrient sequential test meal (4 and 6 h after meal 1, 3.7 MJ; meal 2 given at 4 h, 2.2 MJ). Postprandial changes in metabolites and their inter-individual variability (median absolute difference from the median (MADM)/median (%)) were evaluated. Associations (Spearman’s correlations) and differences in variances (Fligner-Killeen test) were assessed between fasting and postprandial (6 h) measures. ResultsA significant 6 h postprandial change from fasting was seen in 85% of metabolites; of which, 47% increased, and 53% decreased (Kruskal-Wallis p < 0.05 for all). Ketone bodies and very-large lipoprotein particles showed the greatest changes. Fasting and postprandial measures had large, yet similar, inter-individual variability (MADM/median; 15% at 0, 4 and 6 h (mean for all)) and were strongly correlated (r > 0.8; 71% of measures), although ketone bodies, glucose, branched chain amino acids and LDL diameter were only weakly correlated (r < 0.5). Inter-individual patterns of response differed postprandially compared to fasting (Fligner-Killeen test of variance, p < 0.05). ConclusionsIn this large and generally healthy cohort, we demonstrate significant changes in circulating metabolites between the fasting and postprandial phase, as expected, within lipoprotein size and composition remodelling, glycolysis, essential amino acid and ketone body pathways. The large inter-individual variability in postprandial metabolite levels, suggests dietary challenges offer an opportunity for stratifying metabolic responses. Funding SourcesZOE Ltd.

The Effect of GLP-1 and GIP on the Microvascular Blood Flow after Consuming a Mixed Nutrient Meal: A Research Protocol

Introduction: Nutrient and gas exchange via microvascular blood flow is a key process of circulatory function. There is a significant decrease in the microvascular blood flow to skeletal muscle after orally ingesting glucose. Incretins like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), are released in response to glucose in the gut, stimulating insulin release. Incretins roles in promoting glucose uptake is thought to impact vascular blood flow. Our protocol plans to investigate if incretins and the subsequent insulin release contribute to the decrease in microvascular blood flow. Methods: 20 healthy young adults will consume a high glucose mixed nutrient meal. Using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) and a blood glucose meter, microvascular blood flow and blood glucose will be measured. Blood GLP-1 and GIP will be measured using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay, while an electrochemiluminescence technique using an autoanalyzer will measure insulin. Measurements will be recorded at 0, 1, and 2 hours post-prandial. In a randomized order, the protocol will be repeated with infusion of GIP and GLP-1 inhibitors, GIP(3-30)NH2 and exendin(9-39)NH2 or saline. Results: With normal incretin secretion, we anticipate a significant decrease in microvascular blood flow, along with an increase in blood insulin, GIP/GLP-1 levels. We postulate that supressing incretins will increase the microvascular blood flow along with decreased plasma insulin and no change in GLP-1/GIP levels. Discussion: Through our methods, we propose a study design which evaluates the relationship of incretins and insulin on post-prandial microvascular blood flow. Our expected results aim to provide data that can be applied to the progressive treatment of type II diabetes with incretins like GLP-1. Understanding the impact of incretin treatment on the microvascular blood flow could be beneficial to the discovery of an adverse effect or how glucose uptake in peripheral tissues is altered. These are vital aspects of developing a clinical treatment to diabetes and our results will provide a basis to work off. Conclusion: The goal of this protocol was to investigate and provide insight to fully understand incretins and their effects. It will propel research on the biochemical pathways involving incretin and microvascular blood flow, which then helps progress treatment of complications like diabetes.

NFT Hydroponic Control Using Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System

The Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) method is one of the most popular hydroponic cultivation methods. This method has advantages such as easier maintenance, faster and optimal plant growth, better use of fertilizers, and less deposition. The disadvantages of NFT include the consumption of electrical power and the faster spread of disease. Therefore, NFT requires a good nutrient control and monitoring system to save electricity and achieve optimal growth and resistance to pests and diseases. In this study, a nutrient control was designed with indicators of pH and TDS levels and equipped with an Internet of Things (IoT) based monitoring system. The control system used is the Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System. The output of the system is the active time of the pH Up, pH Down, and AB Mix nutrient pumps, which aim to normalize the pH and TDS of nutrient liquids. The experimental results show that one to three control steps are needed to normalize pH. One control step has a response time of 60 seconds, and it can prevent pH Up and pH Down oscillations. As for TDS control, the prediction of AB mix pump active time works accurately, and TDS levels can be normalized in one control step. Overall, based on surface control, simulations, and real experimental data, it is indicated that the control system operates very well and can normalize pH and TDS to the desired normal standard.

Oral and intravenous glucose administration elicit opposing microvascular blood flow responses in skeletal muscle of healthy people: role of incretins

Insulin infusion increases skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow (MBF) in healthy people but is impaired during insulin resistance. However, we have shown that eliciting insulin secretion via oral glucose loading in healthy people impairs muscle MBF, whilst others have demonstrated intravenous glucose infusion stimulates MBF. We aimed to show that the route of glucose administration (oral versus intravenous) influences muscle MBF, and explore potential gut‐derived hormones that may explain these divergent responses. Ten healthy individuals underwent a 120 min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 75 g glucose) and on a subsequent occasion an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT, bypassing the gut) matched for similar blood glucose excursions. Femoral artery and thigh muscle microvascular (contrast‐enhanced ultrasound) haemodynamics were measured at baseline and during the OGTT/IVGTT. Plasma insulin, C‐peptide, glucagon, non‐esterified fatty acids and a range of gut‐derived hormones and incretins (gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1(GLP‐1)) were measured at baseline and throughout the OGTT/IVGTT. The IVGTT increased whereas the OGTT impaired MBF (1.3‐fold versus 0.5‐fold from baseline, respectively, P = 0.0006). The impairment in MBF during the OGTT occurred despite producing 2.8‐fold higher plasma insulin concentrations (P = 0.0001). The change in MBF from baseline (ΔMBF) negatively correlated with ΔGIP concentrations (r = −0.665, P < 0.0001). The natural log ratio of incretins GLP‐1:GIP was positively associated with ΔMBF (r = 0.658, P < 0.0001), suggesting they have opposing actions on the microvasculature. Postprandial hyperglycaemia per se does not acutely determine opposing microvascular responses between OGTT and IVGTT. Incretins may play a role in modulating skeletal muscle MBF in humans.Key points Insulin or mixed nutrient meals stimulate skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow (MBF) to aid in the delivery of nutrients; however, this vascular effect is lost during insulin resistance.Food/drinks containing large glucose loads impair MBF in healthy people; however, this impairment is not observed when glucose is infused intravenously (bypassing the gut).We investigated skeletal muscle MBF responses to a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and intravenous glucose infusion and aimed to identify potential gut hormones responsible for glucose‐mediated changes in MBF.Despite similar blood glucose concentrations, orally ingested glucose impaired, whereas intravenously infused glucose augmented, skeletal muscle MBF. The incretin gastric inhibitory polypeptide was negatively associated with MBF, suggestive of an incretin‐mediated MBF response to oral glucose ingestion.This work provides new insight into why diets high in glucose may be detrimental to vascular health and provides new avenues for novel treatment strategies targeting microvascular dysfunction.

A Systematic Review of Oral Nutritional Supplement and Wound Healing.

To explore the current literature for effects of oral nutritional supplement on wound healing rates in humans. A systematic review of the literature was performed using the Medline and PubMed database following PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed database was searched using terms relating to oral nutritional supplement and wound healing from 1837 to March 2020. Study inclusion criteria were: (i) design: randomized controlled trials, clinical studies, observational studies, clinical trials; (ii) population: adults; and (iii) intervention: oral nutritional supplement. The search yielded 2433 studies, 313 of which were clinical trials or clinical studies. After abstract review, 28 studies qualified to be included in the review evaluating the following supplementation categories on wound healing: protein and amino acids (10), mineral, vitamin and antioxidants (9), probiotics (1), and mixed nutrients (8). Arginine and omega-3 supplement were shown to improve wound healing in head and neck cancer patients with surgical wounds by decreasing incidence of postoperative complications and reducing length of hospital stay. Mineral, vitamins, and antioxidants enriched supplements were more beneficial in increasing wound healing than non-enriched protein supplement for diabetic foot and pressure ulcers. Supplementation of a variety of nutrients had variable effects on improving wound healing in different types of wounds. However, further research on the impact of nutritional supplements on surgical wound healing is necessary. The impact of multiple nutrient formulations may also need to be further evaluated for efficacy.

THE EFFECT OF AB MIX NUTRIENT SOLUTION ON THE HEIGHT, NUMBER OF LEAVES AND FRESH WEIGHT OF LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa L.) IN HYDROPHONICS CULTIVATION SYSTEM

This study focuses on the effects of AB mix nutrient solution to the height, number of leaves, and fresh weight of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in hydroponics cultivation system. The growth of lettuce was assessed by comparing the plants’ height, number of leaves, and fresh weight of the different levels of AB mix nutrient concentrations (0, 650, 1300, 1950, 2600 ppm) with 2 replications in each treatment. HydroPlus hydroponic nutrients by Green Garages an AB mix nutrient solution were used in this study. The duration of the research investigation started from September 2022 until November 2022. Data obtained from observations were analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at the accuracy level of 1% and 5%. Data revealed that during the first and second weeks after planting, the AB mix nutrient solution showed positive results on the plant’s height in all of the treatments. Moreover, plants began to wilt in the AB mix treatment at 1950 ppm and in the treatment at 2600 ppm during the third and fourth weeks after planting, resulting in significant negative results. The tallest plant’s height was obtained in the fourth week after planting with an AB mix of 650 ppm treatment, and the shortest plant’s height occurred with an AB mix of 2600 ppm treatment. Although in the AB mix 650 ppm treatment there were plants that were shorter than others, the average height in this treatment was higher compared to other treatments. Data analysis showed that AB mix nutrients have a very significant effect on lettuce’s (Lactucasativa L.) number of leaves in the first to the fourth week after planting. The highest number of leaves was obtained from an AB mix concentration of 650 ppm, and the lowest number of leaves was obtained from an AB mix treatment of 2600 ppm. The research investigation revealed that the AB mix nutrient has a very significant effect on the lettuce’s fresh weight 30 days after planting. The highest fresh weight was obtained from an AB mix concentration of 650 ppm, and the lowest fresh weight was recorded from an AB mix concentration of 2600 ppm. Based on the results of this study, having too much or too little of the AB mix nutrient solution has a bad effect on the fresh weight of lettuce.

Study of nitrogen removal efficiency of the filled bed reactors using alkali-treated corncobs-sulfur (mixotrophic) for treating the effluent from simulated urban wastewater plants

China's urban wastewater treatment plants' nitrogen discharge standards have become more stringent in recent years.In this experiment, the filled bed denitrification system with corncob-sulfur as fillers were constructed for the secondary effluent of the wastewater. The optimum operating conditions of the denitrification reactor with different fillers as electron donors were investigated by varying the operating parameters.According to the experiment, the alkali pretreated corncobs could maintain long-term denitrification effect. The optimum HRT for the mixotrophic denitrification reactor with alkali-treated corncob-sulfur as filler was 1.5 h, with a minimum effluent NO3–-N concentration of 0.31 mg/L and a removal rate of 98.62%, and effluent nitrite nitrogen, NH4+-N, and sulfate accumulation of 0.03 mg/L, 0.71 mg/L and 72.4 mg/L. The reactor with mixed nutrient type had the most abundant species community structure by high-throughput sequencing analysis.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM BRINE COOLING PADA SHOWCASE DAN KABIN HIDROPONIK UNTUK TANAMAN KANGKUNG (IPOMOEA AQUATICA)

Limited area and pollution in the city and also weather problem can become an obstacle to planting kale (Ipomoea Aquatica). Post harvest storage of kale also usually does not conditioned which quickly wilted and not fresh. To create an optimum environment, it was necessary to control environment factors such as air temperature, humidity, light intensity, growing media temperature and humidity, and the availability of nutrients [2]. Tofu and wood waste as a hydroponic nutrients [1] not all area were available so in this research AB Mix nutrient was used. In this research, refrigerated showcase by brine cooling was used [3][4]. Hydroponic planting system method used in this research was Deep Flow Technique which the kale (Ipomoea Aquatica) was planted in a water layer 4-6 cm deep in conditioned showcase of 20-30 0C and 60% humidity. Brine cooling was used to condition the showcase from seed to post harvest and was observed its growth. Post harvest conditioned storage was also complete the showcase more durable.&#x0D; By brine cooling system to cool brine in the range of 70C to 170, the product storage cabin was maintained at 8,70C to 10,50C and the showcase cabin was maintained at 20,40C to 23,60C. The brine cooling system has COPactual of 3,98 and COPcarnot of 6,65 with system efficiency of 59,8%.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Hydroponic, Ipomoea Aquatica, showcase, brine cooling, Deep Flow Technique.

RESPONS PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN SELEDRI (APIUM GRAVEOLENS L.) TERHADAP MEDIA TANAM DAN KONSENTRASI LARUTAN NUTRISI YANG BERBEDA PADA WICK SYSTEM

This research aims to find out 1) the interaction between the medium of planting and the concentration of nutrient solutions to the growth and yield of celery plants hydroponically. 2) types of planting media that can give different influences on the growth and yield of celery plants, and 3) concentration of nutrient solution that provides the best growth and yield of celery plants in different planting media.The research was conducted from December 2019 to February 2020 at the Integrated Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of Mulawarman University, Samarinda. The research used factorial exsperiment 3×4 on Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD), replicated three times with each treatment consisting of three plants. The first factor is the planting medium consisting of rockwool, charcoal husk, and combination of charcoal husk + tea amps. The second factor is the concentration of AB Mix nutrient solution consists of 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm. The data was analyzed with test F and continued Least Significant Difference (LSD) test with a level of 5%. The results showed that there is an interaction between planting media and concentration of nutrient solution in the growth and yield of celery plants. The interaction between the combination of charcoal planting media + tea pulp and concentration of 1,500 ppm is not real with the interaction of rockwool planting media and concentration of 1,500 ppm. From various types of planting media used, charcoal husk planting media provides the best influence on the growth and yield of celery plants. Based on polynomial orthogonal test the concentration of nutrient solution with an optimum point of 1,460.84 ppm affects the growth and yield of celery plants with a maximum dry weight of 2.14 g.

The takeover of Thalassia testudinum by Anadyomene sp. at Biscayne Bay, USA, cannot be simply explained by competition for nitrogen and phosphorous

Apart from direct light effects, we tested whether the takeover of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum by the seaweed Anadyomene sp. in high nutrient areas of Biscayne Bay, Florida, USA, is related to a faster nutrient surge uptake capacity of the seaweed and/or a negative effect on the seagrass uptake rates. Anadyomene sp. and T. testudinum showed a similar ammonium surge uptake capacity, but the seagrass performed better than the seaweed in mixed incubations at high ammonium concentrations. T. testudinum was faster than Anadyomene sp. at taking up pulses of phosphate, but the uptake rates of the seagrass were significantly decreased in the presence of the seaweed. The takeover of T. testudinum by Anadyomene sp. at Biscayne Bay is likely dominated by light and cannot be simply explained by their single or mixed nutrient surge uptake rates, but the phosphate availability and the seagrass uptake inhibition by the seaweed may also play a key role in the process.