Mixed Micellar Medium Research Articles

Critical Analysis of Surfactant-Dye Interaction: A Review

The interaction between surfactants and dyes is fundamental in achieving the desired coloration and properties in various applications, shaping the functionality and effectiveness of dye-related processes across multiple industries. Further research and advancements in this field will continue contributing to innovative solutions and improved sustainability. While mixed surfactants offer these advantages, the choice between using a single surfactant or a mixture depends on the specific application, the desired properties, cost considerations, and compatibility with other formulation components. It's important to carefully evaluate the application requirements and conduct appropriate testing to determine the most effective approach. In this work, the physical-chemical characteristics and solubilization of reactive dyes in single and mixed micellar media are elaborated. Compared to the single-micellar medium, the mixed-micellar medium showed improved reactive dye trapping, which was attributed to the presence of both cationic and nonionic surfactants, namely cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and triton X-100. In this interactional study, two reactive dyes were used: Reactive Black 5 (RB) and Reactive Yellow 145 (RY). It is noteworthy to examine the modeling and micellization of mixed surfactant systems in an aqueous medium including dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The anionic-rich and cationic-rich interactions between methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solutions were clearly shown in the diagram.

Unveiling the Role of Nonionic Surfactants in Enhancing Cefotaxime Drug Solubility: A UV-Visible Spectroscopic Investigation in Single and Mixed Micellar Formulations.

This study reports the interfacial phenomenon of cefotaxime in combination with nonionic surfactants, Triton X-100 (TX-100) and Tween-80 (TW-80), and their mixed micellar formulations. Cefotaxime was enclosed in a micellar system to improve its solubility and effectiveness. TX-100 and TW-80 were used in an amphiphilic self-assembly process to create the micellar formulation. The effect of the addition of TX-100, a nonionic surfactant, on the ability of TW-80 to solubilize the drug was examined. The values of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were determined via UV-Visible spectroscopy. Gibbs free energies (ΔGp and ΔGb), the partition coefficient (Kx), and the binding constant (Kb) were also computed. In a single micellar system, the partition coefficient (Kx) was found to be 33.78 × 106 and 2.78 × 106 in the presence of TX-100 and TW-80, respectively. In a mixed micellar system, the value of the partition coefficient for the CEF/TW-80 system is maximum (5.48 × 106) in the presence of 0.0019 mM of TX-100, which shows that TX-100 significantly enhances the solubilizing power of micelles. It has been demonstrated that these surfactants are effective in enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of therapeutic compounds. This study elaborates on the physicochemical characteristics and solubilization of reactive drugs in single and mixed micellar media. This investigation, conducted in the presence of surfactants, shows a large contribution to the binding process via both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.

Solubilization of ornidazole in single and mixed polymeric micellar medium of Pluronic F-127 and L-35

Solubilization of ornidazole in single and mixed polymeric micellar medium of Pluronic F-127 and L-35

Application of anionic-nonionic mixed micellar system for solubilization of methylene blue dye

Present study highlights the interaction of methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, with anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and its mixed micelles with a nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114). The results obtained from UV–visible spectrophotometry were used to obtain the degree of solubilization in terms of binding constant (Kb) and partition coefficient (Kx) of dye in single and mixed micellar systems (MMS). Gibb’s free energies of partitioning and binding were also calculated for both systems. Specific conductance was measured to determine the CMC of single and mixed micellar media at five different temperatures, T = (293.15 – 333.15) K. Temperature-dependent thermodynamic parameters like Gibb’s free energy of micellization (ΔGomic), enthalpy of micellization (ΔHomic), and entropy of micellization (ΔSomic) were calculated using data of specific conductance measurements. Effect of concentration of TX-114 on Kx and Kb values of the MB in MMS is also investigated. Spectroscopic and conductometric results revealed that the anionic-nonionic mixed micellar system was better and more effective for the removal and solubilization of MB from aqueous system as compared to anionic micelles only. However, it has been observed that after a critical concentration an increase of non-ionic surfactant concentration has a reverse effect on solubilizing power of ionic-nonionic mixed micellar system. This indicates that the dye-surfactant interaction became weaker due to possible decrease in ionic character of mixed micelles when the high fraction of TX-114 was used.

Correction to: Enhanced solubilization of reactive dyes using mixed micellar media: insights from spectral and conductometric measurements

Correction to: Enhanced solubilization of reactive dyes using mixed micellar media: insights from spectral and conductometric measurements

Enhanced solubilization of reactive dyes using mixed micellar media: insights from spectral and conductometric measurements

Enhanced solubilization of reactive dyes using mixed micellar media: insights from spectral and conductometric measurements

Self-organised surfactant assemblies as nanostructured dye carriers: a mixed micellar comparative approach for enhanced dye solubilisation

ABSTRACT The reported work is focused on the solubility of Rhodamine B (cationic dye), as an important methodology to investigate the extent of incorporation or penetration of dye inside the micelles spectroscopically, so the solubilised dye can be filtered via Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration process to keep our environment safe from toxic effects of industrial effluent. Solutions were prepared by using micellar media of anionic surfactants i.e. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), Sodium Oleate (SO) as well as mixed micellar media of said anionics with non-ionic surfactant i.e. Triton X-100 (TX-100). The extent of solubilisation has been, quantitatively, calculated using data of differential spectroscopy, in terms of partition coefficient Kx and Gibbs energy of partition, ∆Gp. It has been observed that mixed micellar media has better solubilisation capacity than micellar solution of individual surfactants. A better micellar solubilisation and ultimately the high Gibbs energy of partition, ∆Gp with SO/TX-100 system i.e. −40.89 as compared to SDS/TX-100 system (−37.03) has been observed due to the presence of long carbon chain in SO.

Solubilization of direct black 2 in mixed micellar media: insights from spectroscopic and conductometric measurements

The core-shell architecture of surfactant micelles serves as a super solvent to remove inevitable organic pollutants from industrial wastewater. In the present study, the synergistic mechanism improving the aqueous solubility of Direct Black 2 dye by a single cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and its composite solutions with nonionic surfactants, Triton X-100 (TX-100) and Tween 20 (Tw-20), has been studied in detail. The spectral behavior of dye was monitored in the presence of a surfactant from its pre-to-post micellar concentration. It was found that solubilization was greatly enhanced in the cationic-nonionic mixed micelle systems. The value of the binding constant (Kb ) was 9.10 × 104 dm3/mol for CTAB, which was increased significantly increased to 58.45 × 104 dm3/mol for CTAB + Tw-20 and 86.82 × 104 dm3/mol for CTAB + TX-100. The value of the partition coefficient (Kx ) also increased in a similar manner. The observed order of the extent of dye solubilization in micellar system was: CTAB < CTAB + Tw-20 < CTAB + TX-100. The enhanced solubility of dye in mixed surfactant solutions was attributed to higher aggregation number, lower critical micelle concentration (CMC) and more hydrophobic interior of micelle. Moreover, the degree of ionization degree (β), the CMC and related thermodynamic parameters were calculated from conductometric measurements, the results of which showed that the solubilization process in all types of surfactant systems is spontaneous and thermodynamically feasible, which may contribute to the sustained release of active-ingredients through self-assemblies.

Rate enhancement of ‘in water’ organic transformation by anionic‐nonionic mixed micelle

AbstractMicellar medium has already promising uses in organic transformations. In the present experiment, mixture of anionic and neutral surfactants (SDS and TX‐100 respectively) has been discovered as a good reaction medium for the organic transformations. The kinetics of propanal oxidation by Cr(VI) has been studied in mixed micellar medium spectrophotometrically maintaining pseudo first order reaction condition at 30 °C. The kinetics of the same reactions promoted by three hetero‐aromatic bases (Phen, PA and Bpy) have already been studied in single as well as mixed micellar medium. The valid spectroscopic evidence of formation of the product and mixed micelle formation have been provided with necessary mechanistic pathways.

Anionic micelles and their ideal binary mixture: Worth media for sustainable oxidation of hydrophobic alcohol

It is an endeavour to oxidise a long chain hydrophobic alcohol in water with predominant assistance of micellar substances. In the experiment, kinetics of 1-octanol oxidation by Ce(IV) has been recorded spectrophotometrically in single micellar media (anionic as well as cationic) and anionic-anionic mixed micellar medium at 30 °C (±0.1 °C) maintaining a pseudo 1st order reaction condition. Effective catalytic effects of trivalent ruthenium and iridium metal salts in both single (anionic only) and mixed micellar media have also been observed. Spectral evidences of the product formation and experimental observations have been produced.

Comparative solubilization of reactive dyes in single and mixed surfactants

Physicochemical attributes and solubilization of reactive dyes in single and mixed micellar media are elaborated in this study. The enhanced entrapment of reactive dyes was observed in the mixed-micellar media of cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and nonionic surfactant, (Triton X-100) as compared to single-micellar media of CTAB. Two reactive dyes viz. Reactive Black 5 (RB) and Reactive Yellow 145 (RY) were used for this interactional study. The solubilization in terms of partition constant (Kc ), partition coefficient (Kx ), binding constant (Kb ), Gibbs free energies (ΔGp and ΔGb ) and the approximate location of dye molecules in the micelles, was assessed by UV–Vis spectroscopy. From the experimental findings, it was concluded that the mixing of CTAB with a nonionic surfactant is recommended to achieve a superior degree of entrapment of dye molecules as compared to the single surfactant. The RB, the magnitude of Kx was 520 × 105 in CTAB media, whereas this value lowered to 195 × 105 in the mixed-micellar system (MMS). A similar trend was observed in RY and the single and MMSs showed respective Kx values of 207 × 105 and 19.7 × 105. The higher negative magnitudes in the case of single surfactant indicated greater partitioning of dyes while the mixed system caused deep penetration of dyes. The lower values of Gibb’s free energies of partition and binding were indicative of greater penetration of dyes within the micelles.

Solubilization of cationic dye in single and mixed micellar media

The effect of mixed-micellization of anionic/non-ionic surfactants on the solubilization of a cationic dye (Methylene blue) is presented in this manuscript. Interactions of dye with the single anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and its mixture with the non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100), were investigated. The non-ionic surfactant was initially screened, and then its concentration was kept constant at its critical micellar concentration. The critical micellar concentration, entropy, enthalpy, and free energy of micelle formation (ΔGmic°) were determined by electrical conductivity measurements. The solubilization parameters in terms of the partition coefficient (Kx) and binding constant (Kbind) were assessed by UV–Visible spectroscopy. The role of non-ionic surfactants on the electrostatic interactions of cationic dye and surfactant was also elaborated. Mixed micellization significantly enhanced the solubility of dye molecules as shown by conductivity and absorbance analysis. The disruption of structured water in the vicinal environment of hydrophobic groups of surfactants was responsible for the increase in critical micelle concentration (CMC). The negative values of energies of binding, partitioning, and micellization indicated the spontaneity and feasibility of micellar systems. The experimental outcomes supported the superiority of anionic/non-ionic mixed micellar solubilization over a single anionic surfactant. Thus, the mixed micellar system (SDS + TX-100) assured a higher degree of solubilization than the corresponding single system (SDS).

Role of mixed micellar media to enhance solubilization of Allura Red: differential spectroscopic and conductometric study

The reported work is an attempt to explore the most appropriate micellar media for the solubilization of organic dye, Allura Red (AR). The micellar solution of anionic surfactant i.e. sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS and mixed micellar solutions of SDS and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB (cationic surfactant) have been employed for said purpose. The values of partition coefficient, K x and Gibbs free energy change of partition, ΔG p decide the suitable composition of surfactant solution with the highest solubilizing power. The said parameters have been determined from data of UV/Visible spectroscopy while thermodynamic parameters (ΔG m, ΔH m and ΔS m) have been calculated from specific conductivity data. The effect of the presence of various concentrations of CTAB i.e. 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mM has been observed to find the most suitable concentration of CTAB that produces a maximum increase in the solubilizing capacity of SDS solution.

Kinetics of Dissociation of bis(2,4,6-Tripyridyl-s-triazine)iron(II) and tris(2,2′-Bipyridyl)iron(II) in the presence of Triton X-100/Tween 80 Mixed Micellar Medium

Surface tension studies were carried on the binary surfactant mixtures over a wide range of Triton X-100 mole fractions and total surfactant concentrations to obtain critical micellar concentration values. These values were used to determine the composition of the mixed micelles and the average interaction parameter (β) which contains all the interactions of the mixed surfactants. The method is based on Rubingh′s theory using a Gauss-Newton iteration technique written in FORTRAN. The value of β was found to be -0.69 indicating synergistic behaviour i.e., combined positive catalytic effect of both the surfactants on rates of reactions. Hence, the kinetics of dissociation of bis(2,4,6-tripyridyl-striazine) iron(II) ([Fe(tptz)2]2+) and tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)iron(II) ([Fe(bipy)3]2+) were studied in the presence of Triton X-100/Tween 80 mixed micellar medium. The reactions have been carried out in the presence of mixed micelles of Triton X-100/Tween 80 at various mole fractions of Triton X-100 (αTX-100 = [Triton X-100]/([Triton X-100] + [Tween 80])) and at different total surfactant concentrations of Triton X-100 and Tween 80 (Ct = [Triton X-100] + [Tween 80]). The results show that as αTX-100 increases the rate increases for all values of Ct. Kinetic analysis has been carried out by using a simple pseudo phase model and binding constants were determined. These binding constants were found to be in agreement with the binding constants obtained spectrophotometrically.

Sensitive quantification of uranium using cloud point extraction coupled with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry

This article reports the utilization of cloud point extraction as a preconcentration strategy prior to U(VI) determination by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Complexes of U(VI) with Cyanex-301 were preconcentrated into mixed-micellar medium using Triton X-100 and Cetylpyridinium bromide at ambient temperature. Optimal values of parameters impacting the extraction efficiency were determined. The proposed technique has linearity range of 5–200 ng mL−1 with r = 0.99 and detection and quantification limits of 0.57 and 0.85 ng mL−1, respectively. The method has good selectivity for U(VI) over various cations and was successfully applied to U(VI) determination in water samples with satisfactory results.

Preconcentration/separation of lead at trace level from water samples by mixed micelle cloud point extraction

A mixed micelle-mediated cloud point extraction procedure was developed for lead. Triton-X114 and benzyldimethyl hexadecyl-ammonium chloride were used as mixed micellar medium. Lead(II) was reacted with 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol at pH 6.0 to form hydrophobic chelates. The parameters including pH, ligand volume, concentrations of surfactants and centrifugation time were optimized. The effect of some common ions was also tested. The limit of detection was 1.15μgL−1 with preconcentration factor of 50. The accuracy of method was evaluated by the analysis of certified reference materials. The method was successfully applied to determination of levels of lead in water samples.

Synchronous spectrofluorimetric determination of naphthalene in water samples using mixed micellar medium.

A mixed micellar medium of sodium dodecyl sulfate and Pluronic F-127 was used to enhance the fluorescence of naphthalene and to obtain lower LODs. The method was based upon measuring the first-derivative synchronous fluorescence spectrum of naphthalene by using a mixed micellar medium at a constant wavelength difference delta lambda = 60 nm, where a greater fluorescence enhancement was observed if compared to using a single surfactant separately. A linear fluorimetric calibration curve was obtained for naphthalene in a concentration range of 10-200 ng/mL. The LOD was 7.13 ng/mL, which is well below the health advisory limit for naphthalene in drinking water as suggested by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The method can be easily adopted for determination of naphthalene in aqueous media including tap water and river water. The recoveries obtained were 95.979-115.645%. The proposed method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and successfully applied to determine naphthalene in real life water samples from different sources.

Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of Fe(II) in the presence of Fe(III) by H-point standard addition method in mixed micellar medium

The H-point standard addition method was applied to kinetic data for simultaneous determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) or selective determination of Fe(II) in the presence of Fe(III). The method is based on the difference in the rate of complex formation between iron in two different oxidation states and methylthymol blue (MTB) at pH 3.5 in mixed cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Triton X-100 micellar medium. Fe(II) can be determined in the range 0.25–2.5 μg ml −1 with satisfactory accuracy and precision in the presence of excess Fe(III) and other metal ions that rapidly form complexes with MTB under working condition. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) or selective determination of Fe(II) in the presence of Fe(III) in spiked real environmental and synthetic samples with complex composition.

Spectrofluorimetric determination of tin in canned foods

A simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of tin as its complex with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphtol (PAN) in a mixed micellar medium was developed. The mixture of a non-ionic surfactant, Triton X-100 and an anionic surfactant, bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) was used as a suitable micellar medium for solubilizing of complex and ligand and also for enhancing the fluorescence intensity of complex. In the optimum experimental conditions the maximum excitation and emission wavelengths of Sn–PAN complex were 300 and 360 nm, respectively. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 0.01–0.8 μg ml −1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991. The detection limit was found to be 2 ng ml −1. The relative standard deviation of the method for the determination of 0.1 μg ml −1 tin was calculated to be 0.74%. The interferences caused by the presence of a number of common cations and anions were studied. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the determination of tin in various canned products.

Spectroscopic studies of interaction of Safranine T with nonionic micelles and mixed micelles

The visible spectra of Safranine T (ST) in micellar solution of Brij 58, Tween 20 and Tween 40 and mixed micellar solution of Brij 58/Tween 20 and Brij 58/Tween 40 indicate formation of 1:1 charge transfer (CT) complex between acceptor ST and donor nonionic micelles and mixed micelles. The experimental CT transition energies are well correlated (through Mulliken's equation) with the vertical ionization potential of the donors. The solvent parameters, i.e. the intramolecular charge transfer energy E T(30) have been determined from the Stokes spectral shift. Variations of ionization potential and micropolarity in the mixed micellar region have been investigated as a function of surfactant composition and the obtained results in mixed micellar medium has been compared to the normal micelles. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values determined at various surfactant compositions are lower than the ideal values indicating a synergistic interaction. The interaction parameter ( β) and micellar stability has been calculated using regular solution theory.