Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design Research Articles

What Comes After the Algorithm? An Investigation of Journalists’ Post-editing of Automated News Text

ABSTRACT Journalists often perceive that automated journalism produces news texts that lack narrative and editorial quality. Therefore, they sometimes manually edit automated output before publication, creating so-called “post-edited” variants. Using an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design, this study aims to advance research on automated journalism by investigating the steps journalists say they take when post-editing and testing whether—and if so, how—these steps are reflected systematically on a larger scale in post-edited news texts. First, journalists’ statements about the post-editing process were gathered in semi-structured interviews. Then, qualitative content analysis of automated news stories and their post-edited offspring examined whether post-edited stories contain evidence of forms of editing not mentioned by the journalists. Second, the qualitative findings were investigated quantitatively using comparative content analysis (N = 282). The qualitative findings suggest that a range of editorial steps may be taken during post-editing. The quantitative analysis shows that some of these steps are reflected systematically in post-editing, resulting in significant differences between automated news stories and their post-edited offspring. However, findings also show differences between journalists’ reports and post-editing practice on a larger scale, including evidence that forms of editing were taking place that were not mentioned in the interviews.

Why becoming a positive deviant for malaria prevention and control: a sequential explanatory mixed methods study in Bugesera district, Rwanda

BackgroundMalaria continues to be a significant global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan African regions. Effective prevention and control strategies are crucial in mitigating its impact. Therefore, assessing the use of malaria preventive measures, treatment-seeking behaviours, and understanding the motivating factors behind positive behaviours/practices and barriers to using malaria preventive and control measures is essential for designing successful intervention programs.MethodsUsing a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 382 heads of households in the Mareba sector, Bugesera district, Rwanda. A qualitative study followed with 30 in-depth interviews among the top performers and other community members to explore the motivations and barriers to performing positive behaviours. Descriptive statistics for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data were used.ResultsThis study revealed that among those who own insecticide-treated nets, 234(89.3%) reported that they slept under the bed net the night preceding the survey; 256(67%) had fever cases in the last 24 months preceding the survey; and 214(87%) reported seeking care within 24 h. While almost all 243(98.8%) of participants who had fever case reported that they have taken all medicines as prescribed, however, a large number 263(68.8%) and 148(38.7%) still think that there are people in the community who do not take all malaria medications as prescribed and there are people who share malaria medications in the community, respectively. 82(65.1%) of those who never had a fever case believe that they have been using malaria preventive measures correctly and consistently. This study found that knowledge about malaria, family support, and community mobilization are the top motivating factors to practice positive behaviours while, lack of bet nets, poverty, and lack of time were reported as main barriers.ConclusionInterventions that target key motivating factors for adopting positive behaviours in malaria prevention and control should be prioritized. This, in turn, will reduce the disease burden on affected populations. Efforts to overcome barriers in malaria prevention and control should also be participatory. Community involvement should be at the centre of these interventions.

Digital simulations as a pedagogical tool: How ready are Fiji year‐11 science teachers?

AbstractBackgroundDigital simulations are emerging technologies in science education that allow students to visualise abstract concepts and enable science teachers to conduct laboratory work/experiments online.ObjectiveTo determine teacher readiness, the study focused on their cognitive skills and knowledge and perceptions of the use of digital simulations as a pedagogical tool incorporating an intervention in its research design.MethodsThe theoretical framework of this study combines the modified Technology Acceptance Model with the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning. Snowball sampling was used to recruit 10 chemistry teachers from secondary schools and a mixed methods sequential explanatory research design was adopted. The data was collected through survey, interview, pre‐test and post‐test results before and after the intervention (training).ResultsScience teachers perceive digital simulations as valuable and easy to use and are ready to use them in future lessons. An increase in cognitive knowledge and skills coupled with a positive mindset was noted after the training. The teachers indicated the need for training and support at all levels to successfully integrate digital simulations in their classrooms. Additionally, parents' engagement to enhance their awareness of such initiatives was deemed crucial for their support.ConclusionsThe study calls for a rethinking and a revision of science curriculum, policies and enhancement of infrastructure/general resources to support technology‐enabled learning, teaching and assessment practices in science classrooms; a continuous professional development program for teachers to keep up with the changing needs of 21st‐century education is imperative.

Addressing diversity, equity, and inclusion in library and information science curriculum: Looking back and to the future

This study emphasizes the importance of library and information science (LIS) educators drawing insights from practitioners’ lived experiences, particularly considering perspectives of former students’ experiences when navigating the Master of Library Science (MLS) curriculum. Acknowledging the constructivist underpinnings of learning, with a focus on Schema Theory, is imperative for LIS faculty to learn more about how students perceived their past curriculum. Challenges occur when students lack the necessary schemata to comprehend unfamiliar concepts, particularly in areas like diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). Given the lack of diversity amongst the faculty population in LIS, faculty must navigate this discrepancy, recognizing the potential mismatch between their own life experiences, those of their student body, and the diverse patrons of varying genders, races, sexualities, income levels, locations, and abilities that libraries and librarians aim to serve. To address this, educators should not only activate existing student schema but also guide them in constructing new schemas, especially when delving into unfamiliar DEI topics. This study employed an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, involving 190 participants who responded to a survey. Additionally, 26 participants completed interviews. Following Creswell and Plano Clark’s approach, this design allowed for a quantitative phase to gather data, followed by a qualitative phase to further contextualize the quantitative results. The findings offer valuable insights into DEI education and the challenges faced by LIS educators in promoting meaningful learning experiences to prepare students to work with all library patrons.

Robbing the cradle: Factors promoting lecturer-on-student transactional sex relationships at a South African university

While universities have been lauded as sanctuaries of peace where students and staff pursue educational goals, there has been a marked increase in the victimisation of students by staff members who have been known to hound students for sexual favours. This increase in unethical conduct continues regardless of "sound" policies regulating university student and staff relationships. Against this background, this study sought to explore the factors shaping the pervasive practice of transactional sex between staff and students at a university in rural South Africa. Underpinned by the sexual exchange theory, the study utilised an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design. The findings categorised into four key themes—academic reasons, impunity and power dynamics, financial constraints, and peer pressure and influence—highlight the entrenched nature of this practice within the university setting. The study recommended implementing and enforcing strict policies with clear consequences for perpetrators and establishing confidential reporting systems and dedicated support units for victims.

Navigating Spaces of Belonging: Undergraduate Nursing Students' Experiences in Online Learning Environments.

The aim of the study was to explore undergraduate nursing students' experiences of belonging while studying online during the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of online learning platforms increased drastically during the pandemic. Limited research exists on nursing students' experiences of belonging while studying online. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was used for this study. This article reports on phase two, the qualitative component, which employed interpretive description methodology to understand nursing students' experiences. Ten semistructured interviews were completed, and four themes were identified: factors contributing to students' sense of belonging online, navigating the online learning environment, creating safe online spaces during times of uncertainty, and students' vision of developing a sense of belonging online. Fostering nursing students' sense of belonging is critical to their retention, persistence, and overall academic success when learning online.

Understanding the behavioural determinants of active travel among older adults: A mixed methods study

IntroductionActive travel is an accessible form of physical activity, associated with physical and mental health benefits, particularly for older adults. This study aimed to identify the behavioural determinants that significantly impact older adults’ engagement in active travel as well as how and why these behavioural determinants occur. MethodsThis study employed an explanatory sequential mixed methods design informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). The study focused on older adults in Scarborough, Canada. In the quantitative phase, a TDF-informed survey was distributed among Scarborough older adults and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-squared tests, and generalized linear models. TDF determinants that significantly impacted older adult participants in active travel were identified. The qualitative phase followed up with select survey participants about their experiences with these TDF determinants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and data was analyzed using thematic codebook analysis. To integrate the quantitative and quantitative results, data were interpreted and integrated using a joint display matrix. ResultsThe survey results suggest that the TDF domains of motivation (i.e., feeling inspired to active travel) and skill (i.e., having the aptitude to active travel) were highly predictive of active travel behaviour among older adults in Scarborough, Canada. Beyond the TDF, the likelihood of active travel increased if participants reported being encouraged and satisfied with their health, fitness, exercise, and well-being in general. The interview results suggest that fostering motivation and skill require a network of interventions that address multiple TDF domains such as promoting action planning, creating commitment, building social connectedness, increasing awareness of active travel options, and building emotional and physical safety. By integrating the quantitative and qualitative results, three overarching themes were presented about older adults’ needs to engage in active travel: building reassurance (i.e., putting safety first); building meaningfulness (i.e., creating joy, fulfillment, and purpose); and building relatedness (i.e., creating awareness and connection). ConclusionsThis study suggests several important implications for future research and policy. The results of this study provide evidence to support investment in both built environment improvements (e.g., safer intersections, bike lanes, lower vehicle speed limits, public transit subsidies) as well as tailored activities to promote active travel (e.g., public awareness campaigns, skill development activities, organized walks). The mixed methods study design employed in this study in conjunction with a novel application of the TDF allowed for a more thorough understanding of behavioural determinants of active travel among older adults.

Stakeholders’ Perceptions on Influence of Energy Efficiency Practices Adopted on Economic Performance of Selected Small and Medium Sized Manufacturing Enterprises in Nakuru County, Kenya

The adoption of environmental policy among large manufacturing firms has been recognized for enhancing their economic performance. This is crucial for achieving Kenya's Vision 2030, the fourth medium term plan (2023-2027) and the Bottom-Up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA) for Inclusive Growth. Despite the slow pace, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are now adopting these policies to reduce their environmental footprint. However, there is limited documentation on how these practices affect their economic performance. Hence, this study aimed at examining stakeholders' perceptions on the influence of adopting energy efficiency practices on the economic performance of selected manufacturing SMEs in Nakuru County. The study was guided by the ecological modernization theory (Win-Win principle). An explanatory sequential mixed-method research design was employed, targeting SME proprietors in the manufacturing sector with a sample size of 76 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics (linear regression) was used to analyze quantitative data, while content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The study found out that SMEs largely adopted the use of energy-efficient bulbs and turned off lights when not in use. However, they used solar lighting as an energy efficiency practice to a lesser extent because they consider this practice expensive. The study also found that stakeholders perceived that energy efficiency practices adopted had a significant influence on the economic performance of selected manufacturing SMEs. This finding implied that energy efficiency practices adopted by manufacturing SMEs would have an influence on SMEs economic performance. This study recommends that the government, both national and county should sensitize the SMEs as well as allocate financial and technical resources to support SMEs implement and upscale their energy efficiency practices within their operations. The focus of energy efficiency practices should be on those that reduce production costs and enhance competitiveness such as those that improve SMEs customer base

Development and Validation of Ikhlaas Scale for Pakistani Muslim Adults.

Ikhlaas refers to the capacity of having sincere intentions in both acts of worship (ibadah) dedicated to God and our dealings with others, as we strive to seek God's pleasure. The present research was primarily conducted to develop a psychometrically sound measure of ikhlaas and establish its construct validity. Using an exploratory sequential mixed methods design, it comprised two studies. Study 1 was conducted in three phases. In Phase 1, an initial set of 17 items for the Ikhlaas Scale (IS) was developed through the thematic analysis of Quranic verses, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions. Phase 2 was related to the translation and cross-language validation of scales. Phase 3 involved administering this item pool to a sample of Pakistani Muslim adults (N = 300) and conducting an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) that revealed a two-factor structure (item loading 0.45-0.89) for the 12-item IS, accounting for 43.65% of the variance. The first factor measured ikhlaas in worship (7 items), while the second factor measured ikhlaas in dealings with others (5 items). Ikhlaas had a significant positive correlation with taqwa and significant negative correlations with materialism, providing evidence for the convergent validity of the IS. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) conducted on a sample of Muslim adults (N = 702) confirmed the 12-item, two-factor structure of the IS observed in the EFA. Ikhlas was positively related to religious commitment and religious emphasis. In the final measurement model, the average variance extracted (AVE) of all constructs (ikhlaas, religious emphasis, and religious commitment) was > 0.50, the values of maximum shared variance (MSV) were lower than those of AVE, and the diagonal values of the square root of the AVE were higher than the intercorrelations. The heterotrait-monotrait correlation ratio (HTMT) ranged from 0.51 to 0.61, which testified to the discriminant validity of IS. Overall, the IS is a robust measure of ikhlaas that needs to be further studied for developing its nomological network across global Muslim populations.

Anchoring decisions: the role of decoy pricing in consumer choices

PurposeHospitality firms aim to increase their profits by implementing a variety of marketing activities, including using decoy pricing to provide alternative choices for consumers. Decoys are relatively higher-priced offerings that signal lower value than the other offerings in the consideration set. The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of decoy pricing on consumer choices across various contexts in the foodservice and hotel industries.Design/methodology/approachAcross the pilot and four main studies, the current research employs a sequential exploratory mixed-method design to investigate the influence of decoy pricing in the foodservice and lodging industries. The qualitative part of this research was based on two focus groups, followed by a pilot study and four main study experiments.FindingsThe results show that decoy pricing escalates consumers’ choices of more expensive product bundles in both restaurant and hotel cancellation policy contexts. However, decoy pricing does not increase the selection of more expensive hotel product bundles.Originality/valueWhile decoy pricing has been utilized as an effective revenue maximization strategy for product placement in retail stores, less is known about how promotional advertisements with decoy offers influence hotel and restaurant customers to choose more costly options. Specifically, this is the first study that explores whether decoy pricing and product/service bundling can encourage customers to select more expensive offers in hotel and restaurant contexts, considering the types of hospitality bundles that may limit this effect.

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH CKD ON DIALYSIS IN KWAZULU NATAL PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one non-communicable disease mainly caused by comorbid of diabetes and hypertension, thus compromising quality of life for the patients. Few rigorous Quality of Life frameworks on chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been reported in low-middle income countries including South Africa. Therefore, the study aimed at developing a Conceptual Framework to improve the Quality of Life in Patients with CKD on Dialysis in KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa. A Mixed method sequential explanatory design which entails collection of quantitative data, followed by qualitative. A purposive sampling of 316 CKD patients for quantitative was initially selected. For qualitative, 17 healthcare professionals were theoretically sampled until data saturation. A structured questionnaire (WHO HRQOL–BREF) was utilized to collect numerical data for quantitative phase, while focus group discussions provided qualitative insights. The quantitative results indicated low quality of life (QoL) in several dimensions: economic (98%), psychological (95%), physical (70%), and social (55%). Grounded theory analysis of the qualitative data identified key predictors of QoL as the patients' geographic location, accessibility to haemodialysis centres, their ability to adapt and accept the condition, self-management practices, support from family members and caregivers including the presence of well-trained nursing staff.A comprehensive conceptual framework was developed through identifying contextual factors, interventions and outcomes that is expected to improve the QOL. The study recommends the immediate intervention of the policy makers and health care providers in drafting and implementing policies to improve the QOL in patients with CKD.

Towards understanding the effect of work on teacher’s mental health: a mixed method study

Working as a teacher significantly impacts mental health, both psychological well-being and psychological distress. This study examines the effect of working as a teacher on mental health. A mixed-method sequential explanatory design was chosen because it aims to test theories and provide detailed explanations for the results. Quantitative data were collected from 153 primary school teachers in East Java, and qualitative data were collected from 12 teachers who were purposively selected as interview subjects. The data were collected through interviews and four psychological scales (work commitment, engagement, job satisfaction, and mental health). Statistical inferential analysis and thematic analysis were used to analyse the data. The analyses showed that teachers’ jobs affected their mental health in terms of psychological well-being and psychological distress. Work commitment effected on mental health R=.653, R2=.426 p<.001; work engagements effected on mental health R=.479, R2=.230 p<.001; and job satisfaction effected on mental health R=.668, R2=.446 p<.001. The findings suggest that teachers’ mental health can be strengthened through their attitudes and behaviours towards work.

Are They Literate on ChatGPT? University Language Students’ Awareness, Benefits and Challenges in Higher Education Learning

This study explored university language students’ usage, awareness, readiness, and concerns, as well as the perceived benefits and challenges of utilizing ChatGPT in higher education learning. An explanatory sequential mixed-method design was used in this study, combining an online survey and semi-structured interview. The respondents consisted of 355 undergraduate and postgraduate students from various disciplines of five universities in Indonesia. The findings reveal that a majority of students had been using ChatGPT for their learning purposes, especially for writing assignments. The findings also highlight that those university language students had a high level of awareness, readiness, and concerns of using ChatGPT for their academic activities. Additionally, students acknowledged the potential benefits for writing support, personalized learning, increased productivity, brainstorming for generating ideas, and additional resources. However, challenges regarding inaccuracy, lack of critical thinking, plagiarism and AI detection, and technical problems. These findings provide a nuanced understanding of how university language students utilize and perceive ChatGPT for their learning purposes.

Destination avoidance and scale development: A mixed-methods approach

This research employs an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design in three successive studies to investigate why tourists avoid certain destinations. Initially, a qualitative approach (Study 1) using phenomenology was adopted through semistructured interviews. Preliminary results identify that the destination avoidance phenomenon is pertinent to seven themes: poor tourism product, poor image and safety, lack of authenticity and novelty, high cost, poor accessibility, poor host community, and adverse situations. Subsequently, a quantitative approach (Studies 2 and 3) using a survey method was employed to develop a destination avoidance scale, which quantifies findings from Study 1. After undergoing a rigorous scale development process, a 14-item multidimensional scale to measure destination avoidance is developed. The contribution of this research lies in clarifying rationales behind why tourists reject specific destinations, and in developing a multidimensional scale, thereby enriching the literature on destination avoidance. It also informs destination operators with potential strategies to effectively address issues of destination avoidance.

Understanding Cardiac Cachexia among Patients with Heart Failure Using a Mixed-Methods Sequential Explanatory Design

In heart failure, cardiac cachexia often presents in people as weight loss accompanied by muscle wastage, loss of appetite and reduced quality of life. Such people often have a poor prognosis. However, the impact of these symptoms on Thai patients’ quality of life is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to explore cardiac cachexia, its symptoms, and its effect on quality of life using a mixed-method sequential explanatory design. Data for this study were collected from a specific cardiac failure clinic in a large hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, from August 2022 to January 2023. Forty-two patients with heart failure were screened for cardiac cachexia using cachexia consensus criteria and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis. They also completed the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire, the Thirst Distress Scale for Heart Failure and the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire to assess appetite, thirst, and quality of life, respectively. Thirty-eight participants were included for statistical analysis and divided into two groups: those with confirmed or suspected cardiac cachexia (n = 7) and those without (n = 31). The former group reported low appetite scores; however, no significant differences were observed between the two groups’ appetite, thirst, or quality of life. After identifying patients with cardiac cachexia, six semi-structured interviews were conducted using an interview guide and analyzed through thematic analysis. The interviews revealed two common themes: Changes in diet and thirst and a Reduction in physical activity levels. Both themes complement the quantitative results. This study initiates a significant step in the understanding of cardiac cachexia in the Thai population with heart failure. Nurses can play a crucial role in identifying and managing patients with or at risk of cardiac cachexia.

Addressing mental illness stigma in German higher education: study protocol for a mixed-methods evaluation of a psychosocial setting-based intervention

IntroductionMental illness stigma is associated with a range of negative consequences, such as reduced help-seeking for mental health problems. Since stigma affects individual, social, and structural aspects, multilevel interventions such...

Private clinical psychologists’ role in evaluation and treatment of childhood sexual abuse: A mixed methods study

BackgroundPsychologists play a significant role in addressing sexual violence against children and adolescents (SVCA) in Brazil. Most literature focuses on the role of public service psychologists in the intervention, resulting in the need to explore the role private clinical psychologists’ (PCP) play in SVCA treatment. ObjectiveThe study aims to: 1) investigate a possible relationship between sociodemographic factors, professional profiles, beliefs about SVCA, and PCPs’ decision to report the abuse, and 2) understand the role PCPs play in evaluating, reporting, and treating cases of SVCA. Participants and settingThe study sampled Brazilian PCPs. The quantitative phase consisted of 409 psychologists, and the qualitative phase consisted of 8 psychologists. MethodsThe study used a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design to achieve its goals. The quantitative phase consisted of the Sociodemographic and Professional Questionnaire, Scenario 7, and the Sexual Abuse Belief Scale (SABS) measures. The qualitative phase consisted of individual semi-structured interviews. ResultsThe descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression model illustrated factors increasing the likelihood of reporting SVCA by PCPs, including a history of treating confirmed sexual violence cases, taking a course on sexual violence, receiving SVCA information during undergraduate studies, having a master and doctoral degree, and having a single relationship status. The thematic analysis resulted in four themes: The definition of sexual violence, the selectivity of the cases, educational under-preparation, and the need to build a performance network. ConclusionPCPs require professional development to treatment SVCA, and schools of Psychology need to improve their curriculum regarding SVCA education.

Rethinking the implications of sprawl for sustainable urban development: Insights from the Ejisu Municipality of Ghana between 2003 and 2023

Urban sprawl has been the focus of substantial academic discussion due to its intricate nature. The dominant narrative of this phenomenon, particularly in the global south, points to its adverse implications on cities, despite its positive outcomes. This study contributes to this discourse by examining the positive implications of sprawl — essentially spatial expansion and urban growth — from the perspectives of households and local planning officials within the Ejisu Municipality of Ghana. Employing an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, satellite images were used to assess the nature and spatial extent of Ejisu Municipality between 2003 and 2023. Additionally, 500 households and four relevant agencies were interviewed to discuss the positive implications of sprawl on the area's development and suggest measures to promote sustainable urban sprawl and development. The results showed significant horizontal expansion in the built-up areas over the period - from 34.51 km2 (16.6%) in 2003 to 44.92 km2 (21.61%) in 2013 and 76.46 km2 (36.78%) in 2023 with a projected increase to 100.80 km2 in 2033. Macroeconomic factors, demography, housing preferences, transportation, and regulatory frameworks were reported to influence the nature and extent of sprawl. Sprawl was reported to have resulted in economic diversification and viability, improved quality of life, improved access to public services, affordable housing, and expanded road networks, among others. The study proposes implementing sustainable measures for urban sprawl, and effective land-use planning, coupled with the enforcement of well-designed regulatory frameworks.

Enhancing aviation English competency: A simulation-based approach for aspiring pilots

Aviation English (AE) represents a noteworthy area of investigation within the realm of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), aimed at fostering English language competency among aspiring pilots. In this study, a simulation-based aviation English course was designed and implemented for improved learning gains. The present study took place at a tertiary educational institution, focusing on the analysis of AE vocabulary development, the readback performance of student pilots, and the examination of participants' perceptions of simulation-based training. Employing a mixed-methods sequential explanatory research design, data were gathered from 21 ab-initio pilots enrolled in the Pilotage Training program. The quantitative results showed that participants significantly improved their readback performance and AE vocabulary knowledge over the course of a semester. With regard to the qualitative results, student pilots overall perceived the simulation-based training as an innovative and effective method. The present study, therefore, constitutes a notable advancement in the AE research domain by documenting, for the first time, the application of simulation-based training in the aviation context. Moreover, the study offers insights into the implications for ESP practitioners and stakeholders in the aviation sector, along with recommendations for future research, which are delineated in the study's conclusion.

Construction and validation of a Computerized Formative Assessment Literacy (CFAL) questionnaire for language teachers: an exploratory sequential mixed-methods investigation

The contributions of Computerized Formative Assessment (CFA) to teachers’ instructional practices and students’ learning outcomes necessitate the development of valid and reliable instruments for measuring teachers’ literacy. To address this necessity, this study adopted an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design via drawing on a dual deductive–inductive approach to develop and validate a Computerized Formative Assessment Literacy (CFAL) questionnaire for language teachers. The participants comprised 489 Iranian male and female English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers teaching from elementary to advanced levels at different language institutes in eight big cities across the country. The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed that CFAL consisted of six factors including practical, theoretical, socio-affective, critical, identity-related, and developmental. The results of Cronbach’s alpha demonstrated that the questionnaire and its six components had satisfactory levels of reliability. The findings are discussed and implications for developing professional programs aiming at determining and promoting teachers’ CFAL are presented.