Mixed-initiative Dialogue Research Articles

A structured planning and debugging environment for elementary programming

How could an appropriately structured environment facilitate the acquisition of programming skills? Significant theoretical strides are needed before human-quality performance can be expected from a computer-based programming tutor. As an intermediate step, a system has been implemented which serves primarily as an editing language and diligent clerk. However, it differs from conventional programming environments in two crucial ways: (1) it interacts with the student using a vocabulary of concepts about planning and debugging, derived from an explicit model of the design process; and (2) it actively prompts the student with a menu of design alternatives, within the overall framework of a mixed-initiative dialogue. The current system is not a tutor; but the process of implementing and testing it has been instrumental in refining our model of the design process, thereby bringing us a step closer to realizing a computer-based programming tutor.

AI in CAI: An Artificial-Intelligence Approach to Computer-Assisted Instruction

The main purpose of the research reported here is to show that a new and more powerful type of computer-assisted instruction (CAI), based on extensive application of artificial-intelligence (AI) techniques, is feasible, and to demonstrate some of its major capabilities. A set of computer programs was written and given the name SCHOLAR. Due to its complexity, only the conception and educational aspects of this system (including an actual on-line protocol) are presented in this paper. In what may be called conventional ad hoc-frame-oriented (AFO) CAI, the data base consists of many "frames" of specific pieces of text, questions, and anticipated answers entered in advance by the teacher. By contrast, an information-structure-oriented (ISO) CAI system is based on the utilization of an information network of facts, concepts, and procedures; it can generate text, questions, and corresponding answers. Because an ISO CAI system can also utilize its information network to answer questions formulated by the student, a mixed-initiative dialogue between student and computer is possible with questions and answers from both sides.