Mixed Garden Research Articles

LANDSCAPE CHANGES BASED ON HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE WAE RIUAPA WATERSHED WEST SERAM REGENCY, MALUKU, INDONESIA

Changes in the Wae Riuapa River Basin landscape in West Seram Regency, Maluku, reflect complex ecological and social dynamics. The Wae Riuapa watershed is an integral part of the hydrological cycle in the region, influencing water availability, water quality, and geomorphological processes. This research aims to model changes in the landscape of the Wae Riuappa watershed regarding hydrological characteristics. The research method uses ArcGIS 10.3 for spatial analysis of 2010 and 2020 Landsat images and hydrooffice 12.0 software, BFLOW 3.0 module, a hydrological model for graphical separation of daily discharge. The results of modeling landscape changes in the Wae Riuappa watershed on hydrological characteristics obtained a regression model that depicts landscape changes as having a significant simultaneous and partial influence on discharge conditions in the Wae Riuappa watershed during the research period. The spatial pattern of area distribution for the nine land cover types in the study period was relatively similar. Widespread forest land cover still dominates the landscape of the Wae Riuapa watershed. However, the pattern of widespread distribution of changes is starting to decrease in primary and secondary forest land cover. Meanwhile, the distribution pattern of changes in agricultural land and mixed gardens and settlements has increased slowly and significantly. The results of a multi-temporal analysis of the hydrological characteristics of the Wae Riuapa watershed show that the daily discharge trend experiences multi-temporal fluctuations.

Comparative analysis of soil organic carbon and soil properties in landscapes of Kerala: insights from the Western Ghats of India.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is known to vary among different ecosystems and soilscapes, yet the degree of variation remains uncertain. Comparing SOC levels in undisturbed ecosystems like forests with those in gradually altered ecosystems can provide valuable insights into the impact of land use on carbon dynamics. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different land uses on soil fertility parameters in the tropical region of Kerala, focusing on forests as well as cultivated agricultural landscape such as coconut, pepper, tapioca, acacia plantations, and mixed home garden cropping systems. Significant variations were observed among different crops and land use systems in terms of soil fertility. Forests exhibited the highest SOC content at 3.78 g kg-1,while acacia plantations showed the lowest at 0.76 g kg-1. Additionally, various soil properties such as different carbon fractions (e.g., humic acid, fulvic acid), total nitrogen, carbon, available nutrients, physical properties, aggregate size fractions, microbial biomass carbon, and spectral signatures differed significantly across the different land uses. These findings suggest a decline in soil fertility in altered ecosystems compared to adjacent forest soils, highlighting the vital role of forests in conserving natural resources and maintaining soil health. In addition, among the different landscapes studied, mixed cropping systems of home gardens sustained soil fertility better than monocropping systems. The observed variations in soil physicochemical properties among different land use types indicate a threat to sustainable crop production. Effective management practices aimed at improving soil fertility and sustaining crop production in these altered ecosystems are essential. This study highlights the importance of adopting appropriate management strategies to conserve soil health and ensure sustainable crop production in tropical landscapes like Kerala. The holistic approach adopted in this study, encompassing a wide range of soil fertility parameters across various land uses, along with its implications for sustainable land management, adds significant novelty and relevance to the existing literature on soil dynamics in tropical regions like Kerala.

MENENTUKAN NILAI ERODIBILITAS TANAH (K) PADA JENIS TANAH DI SUB DAS JENELATA

The purpose of this study is to determine the value of soil erosion for each type of cultivation in several land units (K) in Jenelata Subdistrict, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The Jenelata watershed is part of the Jeneberang watershed, located at 05º15'40'' - 05º25'50'' S and 119º34'45'' - 119º49'48'' E, with an area of approximately 23,733 hectares. The Jenelata watershed lies between 25 and 1375 meters above sea level. Most of the residents in the Jenelata watershed earn their livelihoods from farming and gardening. The types of land use in the Jenelata watershed include rice fields, mixed gardens, production forests, and grasslands. In the Jenelata watershed, the dominant trees are mahogany, white teak, and bamboo, while the dominant food crops/plantations are rice, corn, cassava, and cocoa. The results of the study show that cultivation activities have a significant impact on soil erosion, and the values of soil erosion were obtained from field data

Assessment of macrozoobenthic community dynamics in the Ijuk River: Implications for freshwater ecosystem health and conservation management

Background: Nestled within the Isau-Isau Wildlife Reserve, the Ijuk River stretches approximately 3 kilometers, serving as a vital conservation area. Its upstream region plays multiple ecological roles, including watershed management, hydrological regulation, microclimate control, soil fertility maintenance, microbial habitat provision, air quality regulation, and carbon sequestration. However, escalating human activities, particularly changes in land use, pose significant threats to its ecological balance. The particular concern is the conversion of forested areas into agricultural lands, primarily for coffee cultivation and mixed gardens, encroaching dangerously close to the riverbanks. This encroachment necessitates a critical reevaluation of the river's water quality, given its crucial role in supporting biodiversity and ecological equilibrium. Benthic insects dwelling in the riverbed serve as invaluable bioindicators, offering insights into the overall health of aquatic ecosystems. Methods: Conducted between January and July 2022 in the Isau-Isau Wildlife Refuge, Lawang Agung Village, Mulak Ulu District, Lahat Regency, the study aimed to assess the macrozoobenthic community structure across three river segments: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Employing field sampling, observational surveys, taxonomic identification, and data analysis, the research aimed to unravel the river's ecological dynamics. Findings: Through meticulous examination of benthic insect communities, the study revealed relatively favorable water quality in the Ijuk River. However, discernible declines in various ecological parameters, as evidenced by evaluation results, highlight the urgency of conservation efforts and proactive management strategies to mitigate further degradation and preserve the river's ecological integrity. Conclusion: Such endeavors are crucial for safeguarding the biodiversity and sustainability of this vital freshwater ecosystem. Novelty/Originality of this Study: The study uniquely assesses the macrozoobenthic community dynamics in the Ijuk River, revealing significant changes over two decades that highlight the river's ecological health and underscore the urgent need for conservation efforts. It offers a comprehensive, updated evaluation of the macrozoobenthic community structure, providing critical insights into the impacts of land use changes and human activities on freshwater ecosystems.

Reforestation Impact: Contrasting Carbon Stock and Biodiversity of Clove in Monoculture and Mixed Gardens Over 25 Years

Tropical forests, vital for absorbing CO2 and maintaining ecosystem balance, are threatened by deforestation and unsustainable agricultural practices. Mixed garden or clove agroforestry systems, which combine clove cultivation with other crops, offer a sustainable alternative to traditional monoculture practices. This study aims to assess the biomass potential, carbon storage, and biodiversity in clove monoculture and mixed garden systems. The research was conducted in February 2024 at smallholder clove plantations and secondary forests in Pesaren, Sukorejo, Kendal, Central Java. The study involved primary data collection on clove monoculture and mixed garden systems using standardized plot sampling techniques. Biomass, carbon storage and carbon sequestration was calculated through field measurements utilizing allometric equations, while biodiversity was assessed using the Shannon-Wiener index based on species richness and evenness within the sampled plots. The mixed garden system closely approximates secondary forests in terms of biomass, carbon storage, CO2 sequestration, biodiversity, and species evenness, with respective values of 100.36 tons/ha, 47.17 tons/ha, 173.11 tons/ha, 2.837, and 0.91. In contrast, the clove monoculture system recorded the lowest values across all parameters: 67.03 tons/ha for biomass, 31.50 tons/ha for carbon storage, and 115.61 tons/ha for CO2 sequestration, with a dominance of one species and a Shannon-Wiener index and evenness value of 0. These results highlight the superior ecological benefits of mixed garden systems over monoculture clove plantations.

DAM DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD SECURITY OF DIRECTLY AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS: A CASE STUDY IN JATIGEDE DAM, SUMEDANG, WEST JAVA

The Jatigede Dam construction project has caused many residents in the inundation area of the Jatigede reservoir to move to new areas. The affected households by the Jatigede Dam in new places must adapt to obtain sources of income for food and other necessities. This research aims to elucidate the agroecosystem production, off-farm jobs, and food adequacy and food security of the affected people of Jatigede Dam in Jatimekar Hamlet, Jemah Village. The research method used was a combination of qualitative and quantitative. The results revealed that the affected households of the Jatigede Dam Development Project who live in Jatimekar Hamlet, Jemaah Village, have less agricultural land ownership such as rice fields, mixed gardens and home gardens than before the Jatigede Dam existed. Consequently, some of the affected households of Jatigede Dam, they are also involved in various off-farm jobs. Based on food security, it shows that the affected people of Jatigede Dam in Jatimekar Hamlet, Jemah Village are in a vulnerable condition, due to low family income, and farming also faces various problems, such as water scarcity in the dry season and agricultural inputs, such as inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and plant seeds have high price.

Identifikasi Tutupan Lahan Menggunakan Support Vector Machine di Kawasan Perkotaan Cekungan Bandung

The current mapping challenge is to obtain land cover information with a very high level of accuracy. This information can be useful for regional development, especially in the Bandung Basin Urban Area (KPCB). One of the problems in KPCB is spatial planning issues regarding land cover development. One approach to obtaining land cover information is by utilizing remote sensing technology using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method. The research method employed in this study is remote sensing, with a unit of analysis based on Regency/City administrative boundaries. The data used in this research consists of Landsat imagery recorded in 2023. The aim of this research is to classify land cover and assess accuracy using the SVM method in KPCB. The SVM results provide information on six land covers: water bodies, secondary forests and mixed gardens, wet agricultural land, dry agricultural land, plantations, built-up land, and primary forests. The accuracy test yielded an overall accuracy of 90% and a kappa value of 0.88. The obtained accuracy in land cover classification is very high, indicating that the data used can be employed for further analysis. For instance, spatial analysis reveals that built-up land development in KPCB tends towards the south, highlighting the phenomenon of urban sprawl. Thus, the utilization of remote sensing technology for land cover information can offer valuable policy insights for addressing spatial planning and development in KPCB.

Partisipasi Masyarakat Kampung Arar dalam Pengadaan Tanah untuk Pembangunan Bagi Kepentingan Umum di KEK Sorong Provinsi Papua Barat Daya

Land acquisition for the construction of the Sorong SEZ will be carried out in 2023. In the development plan, the land area required for the Sorong SEZ development plan reaches 523.7 ha, which is the property of the Kami clan. The object of land acquisition for this development consists of community land in Arar village with mixed garden land conditions. This community service activity aims to increase awareness and participation of the Arar Village community in the land acquisition process for public interest development in the Sorong Special Economic Zone (KEK), Southwest Papua. This community activity was held on February 1, 2024, at the Arar Village Meeting Hall and the Sorong KEK location. This community service activity is carried out with several activities, namely: (1) preparation for the activity location and preparation of presentation materials to be delivered; (2) licensing administration and outreach to the Arar Village Government, Babinsa, and the community; (3) carrying out outreach activities at the Arar Village Meeting Hall regarding the importance of community participation in land acquisition for public purposes in the Sorong SEZ; and (4) implementation of activities and inspection of affected locations, significantly growing plants and buildings at the Sorong KEK location. The implementation of land acquisition for the construction of the Sorong SEZ went smoothly, driven by the active participation of the people of Kampung Arar. Therefore, the recommendations for this activity are: (a) Land acquisition activities are very complex activities, requiring good synergy between the government and the community; and (b) In implementing land acquisition activities, the approach taken to the community is not only carried out formally but can also be carried out informally so that the community can fully participate in development in the community area.

Aboveground Spatiotemporal Carbon Storage Model in the Changing Landscape of Jatigede, West Java, Indonesia

Land use and land cover (LULC) change is the variable with the maximum influence on carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems, due to a fundamental alteration of the ecosystem, structure, function, and variability over time. Understanding the dynamics of aboveground carbon stocks in underway constructions and urban expansions is crucial to provide a basis for land use management and planning. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of aboveground carbon storage and assess how the LULC change is affected by human intervention, as well as how aboveground carbon stocks respond to these changes in the tropical highland landscape of Jatigede. In this study, changes in aboveground carbon stocks were investigated between 2014 and 2021 by using the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) model. The results revealed that the total aboveground carbon stock decreased between 2014 and 2021. Forests showed the greatest decline in the aboveground carbon stock in terms of space. The primary cause of the reduction in the aboveground carbon stock was the conversion of vegetated land to agricultural and urban land cover. The aboveground carbon stock change was also caused by the continuing construction, which resulted in the extension of construction zones. However, an increase in the aboveground carbon stock was mostly observed in mixed gardens that were close to forest areas. The preservation of mixed gardens as a tree-based agroforestry system can be suggested for enhancing the aboveground carbon stock, as mixed gardens play a significant role in carbon storage in the midst of the increasingly massive deforestation due to the expansion of urban areas.

The traditional ecological knowledge of the local people of Cijambu Village, Sumedang, Indonesia, on the diversity, utilization, management, and conservation of bamboo

Abstract. Ihsan M, Irawan B, Iskandar J. 2024. The traditional ecological knowledge of the local people of Cijambu Village, Sumedang, Indonesia, on the diversity, utilization, management, and conservation of bamboo. Biodiversitas 25: 1754-1770. Bamboos have been known to play an important role in the socio-economic, cultural, and ecological benefits of rural people in West Java. However, many bamboo gardens have been converted to other land-use types, including commercial vegetable gardens. The study aimed to record local people's Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in Cijambu, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia, regarding the diversity, utilization, management, and conservation of ethnobotany and bamboo. The mixed method, combining approaches with an ethnobotanical perspective, was employed in this study through semi-structured and structured interviews with informants. The study results showed a diversity of bamboo landraces with six types of bamboo identified by the community: Awi Tali (Gigantochloa apus), Awi Gombong/Awi Surat (Gigantochloa verticillata), Awi Temen (Gigantochloa atter), Awi Bitung (Dendrocalamus asper), Haur Héjo (Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris), and Haur Konéng (Bambusa vulgaris var. striata). Bamboo has 41 uses: 3 ecological uses, 32 economic uses, and 6 socio-cultural uses. Bamboo management involves maintaining and transforming bamboo gardens into mixed gardens, combining vegetables and coffee plants to increase income. Community conservation efforts involve selective logging to ensure the sustainability and regeneration of bamboo. The conservation process is influenced by cultural beliefs and myths, such as refraining from cutting or taking bamboo on Fridays. Bamboo people believe in Tolak Bala, which uses Haur Konéng bamboo.

Pola Lanskap Permukiman Tradisional Masyarakat Adat Kampung Tegaldeeng, Desa Medalsari, Kabupaten Karawang

Tegaldeeng is one of the kampongs in the village of Medalsari, Karawang Regency, which has been influenced by the regency developments, so that it has an impact on the culture and the landscape. The landscape of Tegaldeeng kampong has very high potential in terms of natural and cultural resources. Efforts to prevent the degradation of the culture and the potential of the traditional landscape need to be studied in the kampong landscape pattern. This study aims to identify and analyze the character of the landscape and the elements that make up the settlement landscape, and to compose the landscape pattern of Tegaldeeng kampong based on local culture. This research was conducted using descriptive method through literature study, interview, and field observation. The settlement character of Tegaldeeng kampong landscape is relatively flat in the settlement area, and slightly undulating outside the area. The dominant land cover is rice fields and mixed gardens. The character is formed by supporting elements in the form of natural and artificial elements. Natural elements function more as a 'borrowing landscape' for the settlement landscape, except for the river that crosses the western village border. The man-made elements include rice fields, mixed gardens, settlements, and main road. The landscape of Tegaldeeng kampong settlement forms a cluster patterns, and able to accommodates all cultural activities of the local community.

The impact of different management on pine-based agroforestry system and litter accumulation on the population and activity of cellulolytic bacteria

Abstract. Arfarita N, Nuraini Y, Rinady MVP, Noerhayati E, Prayogo C. 2024. The impact of different management on pine-based agroforestry system and litter accumulation on the population and activity of cellulolytic bacteria. Biodiversitas 25: 924-936. Agroforestry leads to the accumulation of organic matter, and the environmental conditions, litter quality, and decomposing organisms influence the rate at which litter decomposes. Litter decomposition in agroforestry systems is slow due to the high lignin and phenolic substances content, low light intensity, and high humidity under the canopy's shading condition. Therefore, a study was carried out to address this issue to isolate cellulolytic bacteria capable of breaking down plant litter using a qualitative cellulase activity testing method. The complete randomized block design and Tukey's test were used to determine the treatment's significance. Six agroforestry systems were examined: pine-coffee, pine-banana, pine-cardamom, pine-cardamom, mixed garden, and citrus. The PK (Pine-Coffee) plot had the highest canopy cover, litter density, and cellulolytic bacteria. The study identified three cellulolytic bacteria isolates (PK1, PK13, and PK10) from the 50 isolated bacteria of PK plot, producing the largest clear zones on CMC media. These identified isolates belonging to the Bacillus genus were Gram-positive bacteria with rod-shaped cells. The different types of litter in agroforestry systems affect the content of lignin, polyphenols, cellulose, and C/N ratios, which can influence the abundance of cellulolytic bacteria and their potential cellulase activity.

Study of surface flow discharge in the bompon sub watershed, Magelang District

Background: The Bompon sub-watershed can be divided into 3 parts, namely upstream, middle and downstream and has a catchment area in residential areas and mixed gardens. The five river areas in the Bompon Sub-watershed have different levels of water discharge. This is influenced by the area size, rainfall, land cover, slope, shape of the watershed area, and density of rivers in the watershed area. This research was conducted in Margoyoso Village, with the aim of knowing the amount of river water discharge in the upstream, middle and downstream Bompon Sub-watershed, residential catchment areas and mixed gardens. Methods: In this research, water flow discharge was calculated using the Area-velocity Method using floats. This study uses a quantitative approach. The object of this research is the amount of flow discharge in the five river sections, while the subject of this research is the observation water points in the five river sections in the Bompon Sub-watershed. Findings: The results of this research show that the largest discharge magnitude is in the downstream section. Meanwhile, the smallest discharge amount is in the middle section, because the river order in the downstream section is a meeting between several river orders in the upstream and middle sections. Conclusion: Then for measuring surface flow discharge in the water catchment area, it shows that the amount of discharge in residential areas does not contain flowing water. This is caused by land use factors around the weir which are dominated by residential areas, where there are buildings which make it difficult for water to enter the ground. Meanwhile, in mixed plantation areas there is a fairly large amount of discharge, because the water supply comes from subsurface flows or seepage.

Identifying biochar production variables to maximise exchangeable cations and increase nutrient availability in soils

Biochar is a product of the thermal treatment of sustainably sourced organics or waste biomass, which enhances nutrient availability and exchangeable cations after soil application. Biochar feedstock is one of the primary factors influencing the availability of exchangeable cations in biochar and soil-biochar mix. However, this influence is not satisfactorily understood due to contrasting data among literature for the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the lack of standard analysis methods for CEC of biochar and soil-biochar mixtures. Therefore, this research was conducted to assess cation exchange in contrasting soil-biochar mixes, where CEC is measured as (1) the sum of base cations (Na+, K+, Mg 2+, and Ca2+) displaced by ammonium acetate (CEC-BC) and (2) NH4+ displaced by potassium chloride (CEC-NH4+). For the first time, we have evaluated CEC-BC and CEC-NH4+ in 21 different biochar samples using a modified method. We then used 12 representative biochars with 3 soil types (2% w/w biochar) and provided insights on relative changes in CEC-BC and individual base cations. Some previous studies have indicated a relationship between CEC and surface area and a degree of additivity in the resulting CEC of soil-biochar mixes. However, our study demonstrates an absence of these correlations and a lack of additivity in the representative biochar products. We found that biochar prepared from mixed garden wastes can increase K+ or Ca2+ in loamy or sandy soils and mitigate potential soil sodicity problems in loamy soils. However, a clayey soil may or may not need biochar for the specific purpose of increasing exchangeable cations. Our results revealed that biochar prepared from hardwood or mixed garden waste can retain NH4+ and deliver it to soil acting as a sink and source for soil nutrients.

Estimation of carbon stock in mixed garden tree stands in Jatigede Subdistrict, Sumedang Regency using NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most significant greenhouse gas causing global warming. Mixed gardens are one type of artificial vegetation in Indonesia that helps to mitigate global warming. The construction of Jatigede Reservoir leads to a reduction in agricultural area and plant cover, affecting tree stands' ability to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. Remote sensing, GIS, and NDVI analysis were used in research to estimate stored carbon stocks in Jatigede District, Sumedang Regency. These methods can improve the accuracy and efficiency of carbon stock estimates by providing preliminary data on the role that tree stands possess in absorbing carbon in the atmosphere. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the potential for carbon storage in mixed plantation tree stands as well as the amount of carbon stored in each village within Sumedang Regency's Jatigede District. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a geographic information system, and non-destructive sampling were the quantitative methods used in the research. The research's findings indicated that the estimated carbon stock in Jatigede District, Sumedang Regency, are 55,680.17135 tons/ha. Of the 12 villages in Jatigede District, Karedok Village has the largest carbon stock, at 13,368.05 tons/ha, while Sukakersa Village has the smallest, at 156.90 tons/ha.

Analysis of the dynamics of changes in landscape ecological structure using geographic information system (GIS) technology in Badung regency, Bali

The development of land use in Badung Regency in the period 2013-2021 has an impact on changes in the ecological structure of the landscape. Changes in the ecological structure of the landscape occur in the three parameters, namely patch, matrix and corridor, which are indicated by changes in the area and function of the three parameters. The addition of matrix area in the settlement land use class and golf course patches causes changes in the area of the matrix of mixed gardens, rice fields and mangroves as well as corridors of non-volcanic coastal sand that dominantly have ecological functions. The objectives to be achieved in this study are to analyze the dynamics of changes in the ecological structure of the landscape caused by land use development in Badung Regency. The dynamics of changes in the ecological structure of the landscape due to large-scale changes is a driving factor in the deviation of spatial utilization and a decrease in the quality of the environment in Badung Regency. The research concluded that landscape ecology analysis is an important aspect in the development of regional zones in Badung Regency that takes into account the principles of sustainable development. This research found a new formulation in the analysis of ecological zone development that integrates the landscape ecology approach with the spatial approach and regional approach. The ecological zones of Badung Regency are grouped into 4 (four), namely: very high ecological zone, high ecological zone, medium ecological zone and low ecological zone.

Habitat suitability of Proboscis Monkey Nasalis larvatus Wurmb. in Muara Kaman Sedulang Nature Reserve, East Kalimantan

Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb.) is an endemic primate species to Borneo’s island. Muara Kaman Sedulang Nature Reserve is one of protected area for this species in the island, but it’s riverine habitat is largely lost by forest fires and conversion for aquaculture, agriculture and settlements. A conservation action in the area needs spatial information regarding the habitat suitability of proboscis monkey. This study aimed to project a spatial model for habitat suitability of proboscis monkey in the reserve through species distribution modelling (SDM) using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt), based on the species’ occurrence records and environmental predictors. The results showed that suitable habitat for proboscis monkey was 3,410.27 ha (5.22% of the nature reserve total area). Model performance evaluation shows an accuracy of the Area Under Curve (AUC) value of 0.940, which is a very good category. Jackknife-test results showed the presence of secondary swamp forest (40.8%), distance from water bodies (25.9%), land cover (12.4%), secondary forest (6.3%) and mixed gardens (5.1%) are five variables that significantly contribute to the distribution of proboscis monkeys in the reserve. This study provides suggestions for conservation of proboscis monkey in remaining suitable habitat, which include local people involvement, monitoring and habitat restoration.

Stand Structure and Composition and Model for Estimating Stand Volume Potential at the Citragaluh Sustainable Community Forest Management Unit, Subang Regency, West Java

In general, community forest management is still limited to the management of individual farmers so that it affects diversity, especially in the form of stands. This study aimed to explore the stand structure and composition characteristics and develop a model for estimating the potential stand volume at the Citragaluh community forest management unit with 55 observation plots based on a combination of slope and density classes. The data taken includes slope; plant species; plant coordinates; planting pattern and spacing; tree diameter, tree height, and canopy density. The results of plot observations showed that the cropping pattern of Citragaluh Community Forest Management Unit (CFMU) consisted of monoculture (10.9%), mixed stands (20%), agroforestry (29%), dry fields (27.27%), wet fields (9%), bamboo stands (1.8%) and built-up area (1.8%). The trees species found were Jeungjing, Mahogany, Teak, Tisuk, Sobsi, Akasia, and Puspa. Based on the results of stratification, diameter distribution, and stand volume, mixed gardens were the best cropping pattern. This research proves the role of community forest as a transition between plantation forest and natural forest based on the stand form and composition. The stand volume potential estimator model chosen was linear with the equation Y = 0.074X1 + 2.924 X2 - 1.679 where X1 = slope and X2 = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The values of R2 models are 51.3%. The average potential for the Citragaluh is 119,835 m3/ha, which tends to be higher than other community forest studies.

THE SOIL CARBON STOCK IN THE TOURISM AREA OF GILI TRAWANGAN

This study aims to determine the distribution of carbon stocks in various land uses and total carbon stocks in the tourism area of ​​Gili Trawangan. This research was conducted in the Gili Trawangan area, Physics and Soil Conservation Laboratory, and Soil Chemistry and Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram, in June-October 2022. The method used in this study was a descriptive method with a survey technique. The descriptive method can start with data collection, analysis and interpretation. Carbon in the soil in this study was obtained from the results of C-organic laboratory analysis (Walcky and Black) supported by measurements of soil unit weight (BV), soil porosity and soil texture. Meanwhile, aboveground carbon stocks were obtained through direct sampling in the field by measuring tree biomass. The results showed that the total carbon stocks in various land uses have different carbon stocks. The mixed garden had the highest carbon stock of 840.27 ton.ha-1, forest land of 83.76 ton.ha-1, and shrubs of 15.76 ton.ha-1, and the lowest carbon stock was a settlement of 3.01 ton. ha-1. Overall, carbon stocks in the tourist area of ​​Gili Trawangan are 942.8 ton.ha-1.

Herbaceous Diversity in the <i>Gumuk</i> Ecosystem in Ledokombo District-Jember Regency with Varied Land Use Type

Gumuk is a unique landscape in Jember Regency resulting from the eruption of Mount Raung that can provide ecosystem services through its ecological functions. Increased mining activity in Gumuk and land-use changes can lead to a decline in biodiversity and affect ecosystem services. This study aims to determine the diversity of herbaceous in the Gumuk ecosystem. Conducted in January - March 2021 in Ledokombo District, Jember Regency. The spatial distribution of Gumuk was carried out using GIS. Herbaceous sampling was carried out using 2x2 plots on three types of Gumuk utilisation, namely mixed gardens, sand mining, and stone mining. The results showed that there were 136 Gumuk in Ledokombo District. One hundred twenty herbaceous species (49 families) were found in all types of Gumuk. Mixed gardens have the highest species diversity (109 species, 49 families) compared to other types. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. has high dominance in all types. Species dominance showed a moderate category for all types of Gumuk (D = 0.07). Community complexity in all types was in the high class (D' = 0.90) and species diversity was in the high class (H’ = 3.25). Evenness index € was different in the three types of Gumuk; in mixed gardens, the evenness of species was lower (0.23) than the other two types.