Mixed-breed Research Articles

Evaluation of cat tumors in Samsun between 2004-2022

This study investigated the incidence of various tumors detected in 169 cat tissue and organ samples brought to the Samsun Ondokuz Mayis University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Pathology between 2004–2022. Of the 169 specimens, five were acquired from necropsy and 164 were biopsy samples. Various tumors were evaluated retrospectively according to localization, sex, breed, and tumor origin. Tumors were common in mixed breeds (n = 96, 56.8%). Age of tumor incidence was examined; cats between 6 and 9 years of age most frequently had tumors (n = 45, 26.6%) in both sexes. In terms of tumor origin, 79 (47.0%) were mesenchymal, 83 (49.4%) were epithelial, and seven (4.2%) were of mixed components, i.e., mesenchymal and epithelial. In total, 147 (87%) tumors were classified as malignant and 22 (13%) tumors were classified as benign. Regardless of sex, the most commonly observed tumors were skin and subcutis tumors (n = 56, 32.1%). In conclusion, tumor incidence in Samsun was determined by retrospectively evaluating tumors in cats according to location, breed, sex, age range, and origin and comparing these with the literature.

Back passage of haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) vaccine seed C82 in cattle calf

Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is caused by Pasteurella multocida serotypes B: 2, a Gram-negative coccobacilli bacterium. It causes fatal septicaemia with high mortality in cattle and buffaloes. Disease control and prevention are by effective HS vaccination in animals. A study was conducted on one mixed breed cattle calf for back passage of haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) seed strain C82. Prior to bacterial inoculation in the calf, Mouse Protection Test (MPT) was conducted to ensure the calf is free from any HS antibody. The calf was injected subcutaneously with 0.5 ml dilutions of 10-3 of the bacteria incubated overnight (approximately 106 CFU/ml). After ±30 hours inoculation, post-mortem was conducted on the calf showing sign of HS. Heart blood and organ samples were collected and cultured on blood agar to determine bacteria purity. Blood and organ samples were also sent to the bacteriology laboratory in VRI for confirmatory tests. The death of the calf is confirmed by re-isolation of Pasteurella multocida Type B. Heart blood collected was processed, freeze-dried and keep as vaccine seed for further usage in vaccine production. Revival of vaccine seed is needed to ensure its pathogenicity and functionality for production purposes.

Endometrial mRNA expression of key inflammatory genes and progesterone receptor in uterine tissue of bitches with endometritis

Our study aimed to evaluate the gene transcription of Cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1), cytokines (Interleukin 6 [IL6], Interleukin 8 [IL8], and Leukemia Inhibitory Factor [LIF]), and Progesterone Receptor (PR) in clinically healthy bitches with a normal endometrium and with endometritis, without the presence of cystic endometrial hyperplasia. Forty-eight mixed breed bitches in dioestrus were used. Uterine biopsies were collected for diagnosis of a normal endometrium (n=15), and endometritis (n=30). Three samples were excluded from the study (two bitches with cystic endometrial hyperplasia and one bitch with atrophy). Samples were collected by cytobrush to quantify mRNA by qPCR. Data were analyzed using a generalized mixed model. COX1, IL6, and IL8 mRNA expression in bitches with endometritis was significantly higher than in a normal endometrium (P=0.0002, P=0.002, and P=0.003, respectively). In contrast, LIF and PR mRNA expression in bitches with endometritis was significantly lower than with a normal endometrium (P=0.006 and P=0.001, respectively). IL6 (AUC 0.67) was the most favorable biomolecular marker for predicting endometritis in bitches. There was an evident change in the mRNA expression of COX1, cytokines, and PR in clinically healthy bitches with a normal endometrium and endometritis without cystic endometrial hyperplasia. These results suggest that biomolecular markers such as COX1, IL6, IL8, LIF, and PR could help diagnose endometritis in a bitch.

The efficacy of injecting a distillate of the pitcher plant (Sarraceniaceae) adjacent to the palmar digital nerves of horses to ameliorate lameness caused by digital pain

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of instilling extract of the pitcher plant around the palmar digital nerves of horses to ameliorate digit pain causing lameness. Five mixed breed horses were recruited. Horses were determined to be lame because of pain in the distal portion of one or both thoracic limbs by a positive response to a basisesamoid nerve block using 2%^mepivacaine hydrochloride. Gait was evaluated pre- and post-nerve block at 30 min, 3, 7,14 and 21 days. At the 3-week evaluation, the basisesamoid nerve block was repeated using the extract, and the gait was evaluated at similar times. Lameness was evaluated objectively using a wireless, inertial, sensor-based, motion analysis system. The basisesamoid nerve block significantly ameliorated lameness at 30 min when gait was evaluated, but it had no significant effect on lameness after this time. The product containing extract of the pitcher plant had no significant effect on lameness when administered as a basisesamoid nerve block at any time. Extract of the pitcher plant administered adjacent to the medial and lateral palmar digital nerves (i.e., a basisesamoid nerve block) had no efficacy in ameliorating lameness in the distal portion of one or both thoracic limbs. Extract of the pitcher plant likely has no value for treating horses for chronic pain when administered as a regional nerve block.

Clinical outcome of idiopathic juvenile ventricular arrhythmias in 25 dogs

Introduction/ObjectivesJuvenile ventricular arrhythmias in the absence of structural heart disease have been characterized in a small number of canine breeds with limited long-term follow up. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical outcome of dogs with JVA presenting to a university teaching hospital. Animals, materials, methodsTwenty five dogs, less than two years old with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias were retrospectively identified via a medical record search. Young dogs with ventricular arrhythmias were excluded if they had structural heart disease, systemic illness, or an abnormal troponin (if performed). Electrocardiographic and Holter monitor data was evaluated for arrhythmia frequency and complexity at the time of diagnosis and over time. Long-term follow up was achieved through client and primary veterinarian contact. ResultsBreeds included German Shepherd (eight), Boxer (four), Great Dane (three), mixed breed (two) and one each of the following: Anatolian Shepherd, French Bulldog, golden retriever, Great Pyrenees, Labrador retriever, Shiloh Shepherd, miniature Poodle and Siberian Husky. The average age at diagnosis was 7.9 months (range, 2–22 months). The overall median survival was 10.96 years (range, 1.75–15.66 years). There was an average reduction in the number of ventricular beats by 86.7 % per year (P value −0.0257) based on Holter data. ConclusionIn most cases, idiopathic juvenile ventricular arrhythmias had a favorable long-term prognosis with reduced ectopy over time in this case series. Juvenile ventricular arrhythmias remains a diagnosis of exclusion but can be considered in a broader range of dog breeds than previously described.

Bloqueio epidural para herniorrafia perineal bilateral em cão

In this case report, we describe the technique of epidural block with bupivacaine associated with morphine using the lumbosacral approach to correct a bilateral perineal hernia in a canine patient, 8 years old, mixed breed, not castrated. The combination of general inhalation anesthesia and epidural block was used for multimodal analgesia, reducing the doses of medication necessary to maintain the patient in the anesthetic state, thus minimizing the associated risks. The patient was carefully monitored throughout the procedure, and recovered calmly with no pain in the surgical wound.

Radioiodine therapy with individualized dose protocol in a feline patient with hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is the most prevalent endocrinopathy in felines, especially in elderly cats. It consists of a multisystemic condition resulting from increased production of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland. The etiology of the disease is due, in most cases, to adenomatous hyperplasia or glandular adenoma that leads to increased hormone production. The pathogenesis and risk factors of the disease are not yet well defined. Factors such as the consumption of endocrine disruptors have already been associated with the disease. The most common clinical manifestations are polyphagia associated with weight loss, vomiting and diarrhea, polyuria, polydipsia, hyperactivity and palpable nodules in the thyroid’s topography. Diagnosis is made based on anamnesis, clinical signs, results of laboratory and imaging tests, and measurement of thyroid and pituitary hormones. There are several therapeutic protocols such as the use of oral drugs, surgery, iodine-restricted diets and radioiodine therapy. This report aimed to describe the case of a feline, female, mixed breed, 11 years old, with a history of slight weight loss and sporadic episodes of emesis. Based on history and anamnesis, physical evaluation and findings from laboratory and imaging tests, including thyroid scintigraphy, the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was made. The treatment carried out was the application of radioactive iodine with an individual dose based on the protocol proposed by Peterson and Rishniw (2021). Three months after the procedure, the values found for the hormonal tests (total T4 and TSH) were within the reference range and, currently, the patient is in a state of euthyroidism.

PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT (VITIS VINIFERA) AGAINST CISPLATIN-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE IN RABBITS. (HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY)

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of various cancer types. It can be considered a double-edged sword. It is a potent anticancer agent at the same time has toxic effect on various tissues as it causes hepatotoxicity. It was determined to cause liver toxicity and to weaken the antioxidant defense systems in liver. A decrease in antioxidant enzymes resulted from cisplatin induced tissue toxicity. Moreover, the development of therapies to prevent the appearance of cisplatin- induced tissue toxicities has focused on administration of antioxidants along with cisplatin treatment. The grape seeds exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties against oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of grape seed extract on the liver damage in cisplatin treated rabbits. Twenty seven healthy rabbits of local mixed breed were selected, divided into three equal groups, the first group (CON group) served as control and received a single intraperitoneal injection of normal saline solution once per week for 6 weeks; the second group (CIS group) were treated with therapeutic dose of cisplatin intraperitoneally once per week for six weeks; the third group (CIS+GSE group) served as protective group and was concomitantly treated with grape seeds extract by oral gavages and cisplatin injection intraperitoneally once per week for six successive weeks. Administration of grape seeds extract by oral gavages starting from the first day of the experiment for 6 consecutive days before and 6 consecutive days after the cisplatin injection and continued daily for 6 weeks. The histopathological findings present in current study showed that cisplatin toxicity produced significant structural changes in the liver of CIS group, cisplatin treated group, in the form of prominent disorganized architecture and loss of liver lobulation, distortion of the arrangement of parenchyma of the liver, loss of radial arrangement of sinusoids from the central vein of the liver, Dilatation and congestion of central veins, sinusoids and portal traids, degenerative changes in hepatocytes and pyknotic nuclei indicating necrosis. Marked vacuolar degeneration mainly hydropic ballooning degeneration and hyper activation of Kupffer cells and inflammatory cellular infiltrations were also observed. This finding reflected the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin in hepatic tissue. While, in the sections from the liver of animals received therapeutic dose of cisplatin and treated by grape seed extract, group (CIS+GSE) clearly showed that there was a significant alleviated hepatotoxicity, since histopathological changes were markedly less pronounced compared to animals treated with cisplatin alone. Therefore, and based on our findings, the grape seed extract contributes significantly to the improvement of histological alterations in rabbit liver caused by cisplatin.

The anthelmintic efficacy of the drug Expresstabs in helminthiasis of dogs

The purpose of the research is to study the effectiveness of the drug ExpressTabs tested on dogs infected with helminths. The drug contains spinosad, praziquantel and moxidectin as active ingredients. Animals of mixed breeds of both sexes aged from 7 months to 2 years were selected for the experiments. Experimental and control groups of dogs with toxocariasis, toxascariasis and dipylidiasis were formed. ExpressTabs was administered to dogs individually, once, orally in a mixture with food or immediately after feeding (on the root of the tongue or with a treat) in a minimum dose of 30 mg of spinosad, 0.2 mg of moxidectin and 5 mg of praziquantel per 1 kg of animal weight. Animals in the control groups were not given tablets. A control examination in the case of dipylidiasis was carried out on the second day then if the animal continued to remain in the hospital once a week. For toxocariasis and toxascariasis fecal examination was carried out on day 7 then on days 14, 21 and 28. The drug ExpressTabs showed high (100%) effectiveness in the treatment of dogs with toxocariasis, toxaccariasis and dipylidiasis. In one animal re-infection with toxocariasis was observed because helminth eggs were again detected on day 28 in the control study. Taking into account the development cycle of parasites it is obvious that re-infection occurred no later than a week after the experimental deworming with ExpressTabs. At recommended doses the drug did not cause unwanted side effects.

USE OF AZOLLA PINATA IN THE RATIONING OF POULET DE FASO BROILERS IN BURKINA FASO: INFLUENCE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS, CUT PARTS AND ORGANS

The aim of the study was to evaluate the growth performance of chicken broilers Poulet du Faso fed rations incorporating Azzola pinata. Three growth-finishing diets were formulated and tested, including 02 experimental diets incorporating 5% (ED5) and 10% (ED10) azzola meal and a standard control without azzola (SCD). One hundred and five (105) chicks divided into batches of 35 chicks per diet were used for the experiment, which lasted 54 days (8 weeks). The results show that the growth rate of the chicks was significantly faster for ED5 and ED10 diets (p<0.05), comparable for all diets for the last 2 weeks, and overall average daily gain (p˃0.05). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) of ED5 and ED10 were homogeneous(p˃0.05) and significantly higher than that of the SCD ration(p<0.05) No significant difference in CI and FCPkgLW was noted between the 3 diets(p˃0.05).No significant differences in hot (RDTcc) and chilled (RDTcr) carcass yields and abdominal fat content (AFC) were observed between diets ED5, ED10 and SCD(p˃0.05). Among the organs and parts of the cut, only the average weight of the Thigh+Tail of diets SCD and ED5 were homogeneous(p˃0.05) and significantly higher than that of ED10(p<0.05). Incorporating Azolla meal into the diet had no adverse effect on chicken carcass characteristics. Azolla meal can be recommended for use as a source of vegetable protein in chicken rations, particularly for purebred mixed breeds.

Cryptosporidium infections in asymptomatic calves up to 4 months in Poland: a cross-sectional population study

Cattle cryptosporidiosis is noted worldwide with varied frequency of infection prevalence depending on geographical, environmental and husbandry factors. In this study, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infections in cattle was determined on the basis of molecular results obtained by testing 1601 faecal samples collected from calves up to 4 months of age housed in all Polish provinces from 2014 to 2018. Detection and identification of Cryptosporidium species was performed at the 18 small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) locus by conducting PCR–RFLP analysis of the amplified DNA fragments. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infections in the cattle population was 45.3% (CI 95%: 42.8–47.7; 725/1601). The infected animals were housed on 233/267 (87.3%) of monitored farms with regional prevalence ranging from 27.8 to 62%. The restriction pattern of 18S rRNA amplicons for positive samples was characteristic of C. parvum, C. bovis, C. ryanae, C. andersoni, and unexpectedly also of C. baileyi and C. suis. Infections of C. bovis and C. ryanae prevailed in the studied cattle population relegating C. parvum to third in prevalence. Likewise, mixed infections caused by C. bovis and C. ryanae as well as C. parvum and C. bovis were observed. A relationship between the infecting parasite species and animal breed was found. For instance, C. parvum prevailed in Black and White lowland breed, C. ryanae in Limousine cattle and C. andersoni in dairy animals of mixed dairy breeds. Furthermore, differences in prevalence of particular parasite species between cattle breeds were also shown.

A preliminary investigation of the subcutaneous tissue reaction to a 3D printed polydioxanone device in horses

BackgroundA 3D printed self-locking device made of polydioxanone (PDO) was developed to facilitate a standardized ligation technique. The subcutaneous tissue reaction to the device was evaluated after implantation in ten horses of mixed age, sex and breed and compared to loops of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). In two of the horses, the implants were removed before closing the skin. The appearance of the implants and surrounding tissue was followed over time using ultrasonography. Implants were removed after 10 and 27 (± 1) days for histologic examination.ResultsOn macroscopic inspection at day 10, the PDO-device was fragmented and the surrounding tissue was oedematous. On ultrasonographic examination, the device was seen as a hyperechoic structure with strong acoustic shadowing that could be detected 4 months post-implantation, but not at 7 months. Histology revealed a transient granulomatous inflammation, i.e., a foreign body reaction, which surrounded both PDO and PLGA implants. The type and intensity of the inflammation varied between individuals and tissue category.ConclusionsThe 3D printed PDO-device caused a transient inflammatory reaction in the subcutaneous tissue and complete resorption occurred between 4 and 7 months. Considering the intended use as a ligation device the early fragmentation warrants further adjustments of both material and the 3D printing process before the device can be used in a clinical setting.

Corn grain rehydration methods: Water vs. cactus pear in the diet for feedlot lambs

The goal was to evaluate the productive performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and blood parameters of feedlot lambs fed silages of corn grain rehydrated with water or cactus pear. Thirty male intact lambs, mixed breed, and with an average initial weight of 22 ± 4.29 kg were assigned to a completely randomized design with three treatments and ten replications. The treatments were defined as diet containing ground dry corn grain - CG (Control); diet containing corn grain silage rehydrated with water (CW) and; diet containing corn grain silage rehydrated with cactus pear (CCP). No significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) among the treatments in terms of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrate (TCHO), and metabolizable energy (ME). However, the ME content (P = 0.0204) of the diets containing rehydrated corn grain silage (CW) (2.57 Mcal/kg DM) was significantly higher than that of the CG diets (2.29 Mcal/kg DM). This difference in ME was associated with improved digestibility of DM (P = 0.0148), OM (P = 0.0032), and TCHO (P = 0.0027) in the CW diets. Animals fed the CG diets exhibited lower total weight gain, daily weight gain, and reduced feed efficiency. Additionally, a higher percentage of starch was found in the feces of animals consuming CG diets. In contrast, animals fed the CCP diet had higher plasma glucose concentrations (P = 0.0177). The inclusion of rehydrated corn grain silage in the diets proved to be a valuable nutritional strategy to enhance the overall nutritive value of corn grain for lambs, leading to improved animal performance. Furthermore, the utilization of cactus pear as a source of rehydration for grain silage can be particularly advantageous in regions where water resources are limited.

134 Estimating the Heritability of Nitrogen and Carbon Isotopes in the Tail Hair of Beef Cattle

Abstract The natural abundance of nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) in animal tissues is related to the ability of cattle to lose less nitrogen in the urine and has been used to estimate nitrogen use efficiency and feed efficiency. Carbon isotope enrichment (δ13C) has also been used to estimate feed conversion ratio and grazing behavior in beef cattle. There are significant variations between the individual beef cattle in the same environment for δ15N and δ13C of the tail hair. Thus, the objective was to determine the heritability of δ15N and δ13C in the tail hair of tropically adapted beef cattle to further validate their use in genetic breeding programs. A total of 497 Bos indicus steers (269 Brahman and 228 Droughtmaster) were used, and the steers had reliable pedigree information for three generations as they were part of the beef cattle genetic evaluation system in Australia. Two single, mixed breed, contemporary groups of steers are used including the steers weaned in 2019 (n = 254) and steers weaned in 2020 (n = 243). Samples of tail switch hair representing hair segments growing during the dry season were collected and analyzed for δ15N and δ13C. Fixed effects fitted in the linear regression model were age, breed, year (as contemporary groups), and average daily gain during the different seasons. The heritabilities of δ15N and δ13C in the tail hair were estimated at 0.43 ± 0.14, and 0.41 ± 0.15, respectively, which indicates both are moderately heritable traits. The genetic correlation between δ15N and δ13C was negative at -0.78 ± 0.16, and the phenotypic one was -0.40 ± 0.04. The negative correlation can be explained by the contrasting isotope fractionation in the urine of cattle, as urine has less δ15N and more δ13C than the diet. The findings of this study have shown for the first time that both δ15N and δ13C in the tail hair of cattle are heritable traits. These results support the feasibility of utilizing tail hair isotopes as a promising approach for identifying cattle with greater nitrogen use efficiency, which is a key trait in low-protein diets. Moreover, genetic selection for nitrogen-efficient cattle can reduce the environmental impact of beef production.

286 Evaluation of Serotonin as a Vasorelaxant in Ovine Saphenous Artery and Vein

Abstract Herbivores that consume ergot alkaloids frequently suffer from vasoconstriction that can result in a myriad of symptoms that can range from necrosis of peripheral tissues to fetal intra-uterine growth restriction. As part of a larger study screening compounds that may mitigate the vasoconstrictive effects of ergot alkaloids, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate serotonin (5-HT) as vasorelaxant in the ovine saphenous artery and vein. Blood vessels were collected from a total mixed breed market rams (n = 16; approximate BW = 58 kg) at slaughter, cleaned of surrounding adipose and connective tissue, sliced into 2-mm cross-sections, and mounted in a multimyograph. Artery and vein cross-sections were equilibrated to 1 g tension in continuously gassed (95% O2/5% CO2) Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH 7.4; 37.5 °C) for 90 min, precontracted with 0.0001 M phenylephrine for 15 min, exposed to concentrations of 5-HT that ranged from 1 x 10-9 to 1 x 10-4 M for a 5-min interval. Response data were normalized to the 0.0001 M phenylephrine response and were analyzed as a completely randomized design in SAS. The lateral saphenous vein (n = 5 lambs) relaxed to increasing concentrations of 5-HT (P < 0.05) with 65 to 75 % relaxation occurring at 1 x 10-7 M through 1 x 10-4 5-HT. Conversely, the lateral saphenous artery (n = 6 lambs) contracted in response to increasing concentrations of 5-HT (P < 0.05) resulting in a 255% increase from the phenylephrine response by the 1 x 10-4 M addition. In a subsequent experiment, saphenous veins from the remaining lambs (n = 5) were treated the same, but in place of increasing concentrations of 5-HT, saphenous veins were exposed to increasing concentrations of selective 5-HT receptor agonists to determine the receptor subtypes involved in the previously observed vasorelaxation. Agonists for receptors 5-HT2B (BW 723C86; α-methyl-5-(2-thienylmethoxy)-1H-indole-3-ethanamine hydrochloride), 5-HT4 (BIMU-8; 2,3-Dihydro-N-[(3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl]-3-(1-methylethyl)-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazole-1-carboxamide hydrochloride), and 5-HT7 (LP44; 4-[2-(methylthio)phenyl]-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide, monohydrochloride) were used. These 5-HT receptor subtypes were selected based on their association with vascular smooth muscle relaxation. While all three 5-HT receptor subtypes resulted in vasorelaxation (P < 0.05), the 5-HT2B agonist only stimulated a maximal relaxation of 32% compared with the agonists for 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 that resulted in maximal relaxation of 68% and 50%, respectively. The agonist for 5-HT4 produced the greatest relaxation in the ovine lateral saphenous vein and should be targeted in subsequent research. It is likely that the combined effect of binding multiple receptor subtypes contributes to the overall effect of 5-HT. The focus on development of ergot alkaloid mitigation strategies should consider the divergent responses of arteries and veins to serotonin in peripheral tissues.

Efficacy of topical administration of prallethrin-permethrin-piperonyl butoxide (Bronco® Equine Fly Spray) for the treatment and control of flies and other nuisance insects of horses

Numerous biting and nuisance insects are a noted cause of discomfort and stress to horses. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids have been used for many years in numerous formulations for the control of insect pests in animals, humans and environment. There are, however, few studies reporting their field efficacy in horses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the repellent activity of a spray formulation based on prallethrin and permethrin synergized with piperonyl butoxide (BRONCO® Equine Fly Spray, Farnam Companies, Inc., USA) against annoying and harmful insects for horses in field conditions. Nine horses of mixed breed were divided into 2 groups (treatment and control). Pre-treatment insect counts were compared to daily counts for 4 days post-treatment (pt). One minute after the administration of the product (day 0), all the horses were negative for the presence of insects. All counts up to the 6-h pt check remained negative for Hippobosca equina, tabanid flies and Simulium spp., showing 100% efficacy. This remained above 90% throughout the study. For the H. equina, the repellent efficacy remained > 99.7% for all 4 days pt, for tabanid flies > 93.3% and for Simulium spp. > 97.4%. The efficacy against Musca spp. decreased from 82.2% at day 0 to 62.2% at day 3. Treatment was well-tolerated. In conclusion, despite the low number of tested horses, Bronco® has demonstrated high insecticide and repellent efficacy and a good persistence, maintained for up to 4 days post-treatment, against the most common species of insects harmful for horses.

T-cell lymphoma involving the rectum of a dog

A mediastinal mass was diagnosed in a 7-year-4-month-old neutered female mixed breed dog following a 3-week history of lethargy, hyporexia and pyrexia. Bi-cavitary imaging, needle aspirate cytology and flow cytometry confirmed WHO clinical stage IVb, intermediate to large T-cell lymphoma involving the mediastinum, liver and spleen. The dog initially responded to a multidrug chemotherapy protocol but clinical deterioration occurred 3 months later. The dog presented with anorexia, vomiting and diarrhoea, associated with marked faecal tenesmus and haematochezia, initially believed by the primary care practitioner to be related to chemotherapy toxicity. However, rectal examination revealed multiple sessile and pedunculated masses. Further diagnostic imaging, cytology and flow cytometry confirmed progressive disease, including T-cell lymphoma of the rectum. Histology and immunohistochemistry confirmed an infiltrate of intermediate-sized CD3-positive neoplastic cells that expanded the rectal mucosa. Rectal lymphoma is uncommon in dogs and previous cases have been B cell in origin. In this report we describe the clinical presentation and macro- and microscopic findings of a case of canine T-cell lymphoma involving the rectum.

Generalized myokymia, or neuromyotonia, or both in dogs with or without spinocerebellar ataxia.

KCNJ10 and CAPN1 variants cause "spinocerebellar" ataxia in dogs, but their association with generalized myokymia and neuromyotonia remains unclear. To investigate the association between KCNJ10 and CAPN1 and myokymia or neuromyotonia, with or without concurrent spinocerebellar ataxia. Thirty-three client-owned dogs with spinocerebellar ataxia, myokymia neuromytonia, or a combination of these signs. Genetic analysis of a cohort of dogs clinically diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia, myokymia or neuromyotonia. KCNJ10 c.627C>G and CAPN1 c.344G>A variants and the coding sequence of KCNA1, KCNA2, KCNA6, KCNJ10 and HINT1 were sequenced using DNA extracted from blood samples. Twenty-four Jack Russell terriers, 1 Jack Russell terrier cross, 1 Dachshund and 1 mixed breed with spinocerebellar ataxia were biallelic (homozygous) for the KCNJ10 c.627C>G variant. Twenty-one of those dogs had myokymia, neuromyotonia, or both. One Parson Russell terrier with spinocerebellar ataxia alone was biallelic for the CAPN1 c.344G>A variant. Neither variant was found in 1 Jack Russell terrier with ataxia alone, nor in 3 Jack Russell terriers and 1 Yorkshire terrier with myokymia and neuromyotonia alone. No other causal variants were found in the coding sequence of the investigated candidate genes in these latter 5 dogs. The KCNJ10 c.627C>G variant, or rarely the CAPN1 c.344G>A variant, was confirmed to be the causal variant of spinocerebellar ataxia. We also report the presence of the KCNJ10 c.627C>G variant in the Dachshund breed. In dogs with myokymia and neuromyotonia alone the reported gene variants were not found. Other genetic or immune-mediated causes should be investigated to explain the clinical signs of these cases.

Manifestation of oculorenal syndrome in a dog chronically receiving zonisamide

AbstractTubulointerstitial nephropathy and uveitis, otherwise more broadly known as oculorenal syndrome in human medicine, is a condition that has, to the authors’ knowledge, not been described in veterinary medicine. This report describes an 8‐year‐old, male, neutered, mixed breed dog with a 6‐year history of idiopathic epilepsy, chronically receiving zonisamide, who was presented for sub‐acute and recurrent episodes of severe generalised weakness, altered mentation and inappropriate urination. Throughout the dog's hospital visits, recurrent anterior uveitis, progressive severe metabolic acidosis, proteinuria, persistent granular casts and severe renal tubular acidosis, which progressed to renal insufficiency, were evident. Due to a poor prognosis and perceived poor quality of life, the dog was humanely euthanased. Postmortem examination and histopathology revealed tubulointerstitial nephropathy. In conjunction with clinical uveitis, this presentation reflects similarities with the human oculorenal syndrome, here referred to as canine oculorenal syndrome suspected secondary to chronic zonisamide administration.

Uterine prolapse in a non-pregnant bitch.

A ten-year-old mixed breed bitch was presented for a tissue prolapse protruding from her vulva. Following detailed examination and stabilization, the ovaries and uterine horns were removed by laparotomy, whereas the prolapsed tissue identified as uterus including cervix was removed vaginally. Histology confirmed uterine prolapse, a rare condition in bitches usually found shortly after birth especially due to dystocia. In contrast, the present case was found in a nulliparous non-pregnant bitch. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, including microbiological and histological findings, are described and discussed critically.