Mixed Anatase Research Articles

Structural, Photoluminescence and Electron Density Distribution Analysis of Rutile Phase TiO2

In this work, the mixed anatase and rutile phases of commercial TiO2 sample was purchased and converted to single rutile phase by sintering at 1000°C. Structural and spectroscopic analysis of the single phased rutile TiO2 were analyzed by PXRD, SEM, EDS, PL analysis, respectively. Rietveld profile refinement technique was performed to fit the observed and calculated PXRD profiles. Charge density distribution studies were used to determine the chemical bonding nature of Ti-O bond by maximum entropy method (MEM). From the MEM calculations, Ti-O bond exhibited covalent nature. PL measurements showed that the emission wavelength of rutile TiO2 at around 470 nm which may be due to band to band transitions of Ti and O atoms.

Visible Light Photodegradation of Formaldehyde over TiO2 Nanotubes Synthesized via Electrochemical Anodization of Titanium Foil.

In this study, a series of TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) were synthesized employing electrochemical anodization of titanium foil in an ionic liquid solution containing a mixture of glycerol and choline chloride, acting as electrolyte. The as-synthesized TiO2 NTs were calcined at 350, 450, or 550 °C for a 2 h duration to investigate the influence of calcination temperature on NTs formation, morphology, surface properties, crystallinity, and subsequent photocatalytic activity for visible light photodegradation of gaseous formaldehyde (HCHO). Results showed that the calcination temperature has a significant effect on the structure and coverage of TiO2 NTs on the surface. Freshly synthesized TiO2 NTs showed better-ordered structure compared to calcined samples. There was significant pore rupture with increasing calcination temperature. The transformation from anatase to rutile phase appeared after calcination at 450 °C and the weight fraction of the rutile phase increased from 19% to 36% upon increasing the calcination temperature to 550 °C. The band gaps of the TiO2 NTs were in the range from 2.80 to 2.74 eV, shifting the active region of the materials to visible light. The presence of mixed anatase–rutile TiO2 phases in the sample calcined at 450 °C showed enhanced photoactivity, which was confirmed by the 21.56 mg∙L−1∙g−1 removal of gaseous formaldehyde under 120 min of visible light irradiation and displayed enhanced quantum yield, ∅HCHO of 17%.

Modification of TiO2 with hBN: high temperature anatase phase stabilisation and photocatalytic degradation of 1,4-dioxane

This paper examines the modification of anatase TiO2 with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and the impact this coupling has on the temperature of the anatase to rutile phase transition and photocatalytic activity. All samples were 100% anatase when calcined up to 500 °C. At 600 °C, all BN-modified samples contain mixed rutile and anatase phases, with 8% and 16% BN–TiO2 showing the highest anatase contents of 64.4% and 65.5% respectively. The control sample converted fully to rutile at 600 °C while the BN modified sample converted to rutile only at 650 °C. In addition to TiO2 phase composition, XRD also showed the presence of bulk boron nitride peaks, with the peak at 26° indicating the graphite-like hBN structure. Density functional theory calculations of hBN-rings adsorbed at the anatase (101) surface show strong binding at the interface; new interfacial bonds are formed with key interfacial features being formation of B–O–Ti and N–Ti bonds. Models of extended hBN sheets at the anatase (101) surface show that formation of B–O and N–Ti bonds along the edge of the hBN sheet anchor it to the anatase surface. 16% BN–TiO2 at 500 °C showed a significant increase in the photocatalytic degradation of 1,4-dioxane when compared with pure anatase TiO2 at 500 °C. This arises from the effect of hBN on anatase. The computed density of states (DOS) plots show that interfacing anatase with BN results in a red shift in the TiO2 energy gap; N-p states extend the valence band maximum (VBM) to higher energies. This facilitates transitions from high lying N-p states to the Ti-d conduction band. A simple photoexcited state model shows separation of electrons and holes onto TiO2 and BN, respectively, which promotes the photocatalytic activity.

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol using ionic liquid stabilized TiO2 nanoparticles

This paper describes the successful synthesis of ionic liquid stabilized TiO2 and it was characterized by various instrumental techniques such as UV–vis, FT-IR, XRD and TEM analysis. The photocatalytic activity of ionic liquid stabilized TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) was evaluated by analyzing the degradation of aqueous phenol solution by UV irradiation. The effect of phase composition of TiO2 NPs namely, anatase and rutile, on photocatalytic activity was studied using chemical oxygen demand (COD) and fluorescence measurements. The results show that pure anatase phase shows lesser photocatalytic activity compared to a mixed anatase: rutile phase (80:20) and the degradation mechanism is also investigated. The remarkable point is that the ionic liquid tunes the phases of the TiO2 NPs and this work provides a promising approach to fabricate TiO2 based catalyst with efficient photocatalytic performance.

Effect of titania support on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using cobalt, iron, and ruthenium catalysts in silicon-microchannel microreactor

Syngas conversion into hydrocarbons using Fischer Tropsch (F-T) Synthesis was carried out to investigate the effect of TiO2 support on catalytic performance using 12% by weight of metal -12Co-TiO2, 12Fe-TiO2 and 12Ru-TiO2 in silicon (Si) microchannel microreactor (50 μm wide x100 μm deep) at different reaction temperatures and 1 atm. A modified closed channel infiltration (mCCI) method was used for successful uniform coating of the sol-gel catalyst layer in the micro-channels of Si-microrecators. Temperature Program Reduction profiles with H2 showed interaction of TiO2 with each metal to be significantly different; TPR of Fe-TiO2 and Co-TiO2 indicated a significant strong metal (Co and Fe) support interaction (SMSI), while that of Ru-TiO2 suggested a weaker metal-support interaction. The XRD studies of the catalysts suggest that unlike Fe- and Co-TiO2, Ru-TiO2 consists of mixed anatase and rutile phases of TiO2. The absence of rutile phase in Co-TiO2 and Fe-TiO2 had a profound effect on F-T activity in the range of 150 °C to 300 °C for CO conversion and hydrocarbon selectivity at 1 atm and decreased the stability of these two catalysts. The overall stability and reactivity was in the order: 12%Ru-TiO2>> 12%Fe-TiO2 > 12%Co-TiO2. These results are distinctly different from our previous studies with silica sol-gel in microreactor where a reverse trend was observed.

Mixed Titanium Oxide Strategy for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

Titanium dioxide is a promising photocatalyst material for water splitting, but is limited by its low utilization of solar energy and rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs. Herein, a mixed titanium oxide strategy, utilizing TiO2/Ti2O3 heterostructures consisting of in situ grown TiO2 nanotubes with mixed anatase and rutile phases on bulk Ti2O3 materials, is demonstrated for efficient and recyclable hydrogen evolution from photocatalytic water splitting. Taking advantage of the formed heterostructures and the created porous structures, the photogenerated electrons from the conduction band of anatase TiO2 can be first delivered to rutile TiO2 and then transferred to Ti2O3. Meanwhile, the presence of Ti2O3 in TiO2/Ti2O3 heterostructures can substantially promote the charge mobility and suppress the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Hence, with a tuned band gap structure that enables rapid electron-hole separation, increased charge carrier density, and enhanced light absorption, the TiO2/Ti2O3 heterostructures provide an enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate as high as 1440 μmol g-1 h-1 under full-sunlight irradiation and without any other cocatalyst. This mixed titanium oxide strategy may open up new avenues for designing and constructing highly efficient TiO2-based photocatalytic materials for various applications.

Effect of heterojunctions and phase-junctions on visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution in BCN-TiO2 photocatalysts

A significant enhancement of photocatalytic H 2 evolution performance was realized over the BCN-TiO 2 (A+R) heterojunctions. The synergistic effect of heterojunction and phase-junction increases carrier lifetime and photocatalytic activity due to the formation of intimate interfacial structure and large contact area. • BCN-TiO2(A+R) heterojunctions was constructed via a calcination method. • Intimate interfacial structure with large contact area was obtained. • BCN-TiO2(A+R) exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity of H 2 evolution. • Synergistic effect of heterojunction and phase-junction increases carrier lifetime. In this work, BCN-TiO 2 (A+R) heterojunctions were constructed via a simple one-step calcination method as efficient photocatalysts for H 2 evolution. Simultaneously, an anatase/rutile phase-junction was also obtained due to the crystalline phase transformation that occurred during high-temperature calcination. The unique heterojunction and phase-junction lead to the formation of an intimate interface and large contact area between two semiconductors and extended the visible-light absorption range. Therefore, BCN-TiO 2 (A+R) heterojunctions with a mixed anatase and rutile phase exhibit enhanced photocarrier separation efficiency, realizing an eleven-fold increase in the electron lifetime compared to that of pure TiO 2 and yielding a remarkable visible-light-driven H 2 evolution rate nearly 7.5 and 12.2 times higher than that of TiO 2 (A+R) and pure BCN, respectively. This work provides a new strategy for designing efficient water-splitting photocatalysts with highly efficient charge separation and transfer.

Can mixed anatase and rutile photocatalyst TiO2 be synthesized under high pressure in water?

We have reported for the first time the synthesis of mixed anatase and rutile TiO2 under 27 MPa in water at the temperature as low as 375 °C. XRD patterns show that the content of rutile in the mixed phase TiO2 is increased by 47.7% compared with the raw TiO2. The average particle size of the mixed phase TiO2 is increased obviously compared with the raw TiO2. Compared with that of the raw TiO2, the band gap of the mixed phase TiO2 is reduced to 2.94 eV while the absorbance is enhanced. Although the particle size increases, the mixed phase TiO2 still exhibits better photocatalytic performance.

Detailed photocatalytic study of alkaline titanates and its application for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under solar irradiation

Alkaline titanate nanomaterials with mixed anatase and titanate phases had been produced via hydrothermal synthesis. The XRD patterns of the samples indicated the presence of the anatase peak at 2θ = ∼25° except for Na-TiO2200°C/12 h. The Dr-UV/Vis analysis indicated that the band gap energy for Li-TiO2200°C/12 h, Na-TiO2200°C/12 h, K-TiO2200°C/12 and Cs-TiO2200°C/12 h to be 3.12, 3.05, 3.07 and 3.17 eV respectively. The alkaline titanate samples were shown to possess lower recombination rate of the photogenerated charge carriers (e−/h+) in comparison to that of pure anatase TiO2, except for K-TiO2200°C/12 h. The surface area of the samples was calculated to be 32.0, 120.0, 155.0 and 24.3 m2 g-1 for Li-TiO2200°C/12 h, Na-TiO2200°C/12 h, K-TiO2200°C/12 h and CsTiO2200°C/12 h respectively. Li-TiO2200°C/12 h exhibited enhanced photocatalytic efficiency in the photodegradation of MB compared to Degussa P25 and anatase TiO2. In addition, NaTiO2200°C/12 h, K-TiO2200°C/12 h and Cs-TiO2200°C/12 h also showed excellent adsorptive properties.

Effect of titanium (IV) isopropoxide molarity on the crystallinity and photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide thin film deposited via green sol–gel route

In this paper, the effect of titanium (IV) isopropoxide TTIP molarity on the crystallinity and TiO2 thin film properties deposited via green sol–gel route was reported. The green sol–gel route is a pioneering approach for eco-friendly coating where solvent is not utilized in the sol formulation. This is in contrast to the common TiO2 sol formulation where solvent is used despite the long term harmful the environment. TiO2 solution with different TTIP molarity of 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.4M and 0.5M were utilized during coating deposition. Deposition were conducted for ten times using dip coating and treated at 500°C (1-h). The crystalline phases and phase content were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reference intensity ratio (RIR) equation. Crystallites size was obtained by Scherrer's equation while coating morphologies was analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The photocatalytic activity was conducted by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) towards UV-light and visible light. At higher TTIP molarity (0.5M), higher crystallinity of mixed anatase (∼17nm) and rutile (∼29nm) phases were obtained along with homogeneous coating (cracking and visible pore). Also, higher MB degradation were obtained at UV-light (95%) and visible-light (86%) irradiation. In conclusion, higher TTIP molarity produced TiO2 film with higher crystallinity, small crystallite size, cracking morphology thus contribute good performance in photocatalytic activity. Findings in this work shown that TiO2 thin film deposition is possible conducted without the use of solvent through optimized formulation of only precursor, acid and water. This is beneficial for the environment sustainability.

Direct nanocrystallite size investigation in microstrained mixed phase TiO2 nanoparticles by PCA of Raman spectra

Mixed phase anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles (30–67% R/A) have been synthesized by single step laser pyrolysis. Parallel studies by XRD and Raman spectroscopy suggested possible deforming microstress inside certain samples, due to boundary interactions between neighbouring nanocrystallites in nanoparticles, phase instabilities and/or O/C contents. Microstress in nanoparticles supports anatase phase stability in competition with rutile phase. Williamson-Hall plot was used to evaluate crystallite size and strain. A tensile global microstrain in anatase crystallites, was observed for elevated C content titania nanoparticles, together with compressive microstrain in crystallites within O deficient TiO2 nanoparticles. XPS and TEM characterization opens insights regarding the processes behind this type of behaviour. Principal Component Analysis of Raman spectra was applied for batch auto-characterization of mixed phase nanoparticles, with emphasis upon the method ability to simultaneously appreciate crystallite size for both anatase and rutile phase. The method focuses on covariational matrix of multiple samples Raman spectra. It provides results in good agreement with XRD calculated crystallite dimensions for unstrained titania, while for samples with microstrains it returns the size closer to the one predicted by Williamson-Hall plot.

Formation of anatase TiO2 coatings by plasma electrolytic oxidation for photocatalytic applications

This work focuses on the production of TiO2 coatings with a pure anatase phase and relatively large specific surface areas for photocatalytic evaluations. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) with a pulsed power mode in the range of 200 V–400 V was employed to produce the TiO2 coatings over flexible Ti foils in the environmentally friendly (NaPO3)6-added alkaline electrolytes. When adding (NaPO3)6 in the NaOH electrolytes, crystalline structures of the coatings would transform from mixed rutile and anatase phases into a pure anatase phase while pore sizes and specific surface areas were also enhanced. This is likely due to that the dissociation of (NaPO3)6 in the electrolytes would concurrently retard the transformation into the thermodynamic stable rutile TiO2 and thus, yield only metastable anatase coatings. Nevertheless, more (NaPO3)6 in the electrolytes would also yield amorphous titanium phosphate in the coatings and hence, reduce the relative anatase contents as well as specific surface areas of the TiO2 coatings. With the optimized (NaPO3)6 concentration in the alkaline electrolytes, the highest photocatalytic ability for the TiO2 coatings was achieved. This results from the high anatase contents and large specific surface area of the coatings. This facile controlled formation of anatase TiO2 coatings with relatively large surface specific areas has great potentials in photocatalytic applications.

Evaluation of epigenetic changes of liver tissue induced by oral administration of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and possible protective role of Nigella Sativa oil, in adult male albino rats

Objective (s): Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been recognized as biologically inert material and have been used in a multitude of applications. Nevertheless, the negative impact on the human health is not yet well understood. Aim of the work: The study attempted to evaluate the epigenetic changes of the genome, in the form of DNA methylation in liver tissue samples, resulting from oral administration of TiO2 NPs (mixed rutile and anatase) in adult male albino rats. Furthermore, whether the Nigella sativa oil (NSO) can prevent the toxic effects of TiO2 NPs.Materials and Methods: Thirty-two adult male albino rats were divided into four groups. (I) control, (II) nigella sativa oil, (III) TiO2 NPs and (IV) TiO2 NPs + nigella sativa oil. The impact of TiO2 NPs on the global DNA methylation and the oxidative status were assessed.Results: Among the study groups, TiO2 NPs exposure provoked oxidative stress; increased blood levels of MDA and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) level. The global DNA methylation levels decreased after exposure to titanium nanoparticles. Significant differences were recorded between the control group and the group receiving TiO2 NPs. Marked improvement was noticed after supplementation of nigella sativa oil in terms of DNA methylation and oxidative stress markers. Conclusion: Oral administration of TiO2 NPs caused global DNA hypo-methylation in liver tissue samples. The epigenetic damage raises the concern about the safety associated with applications of the TiO2 NPs. The maintenance of DNA methylation patterns by Nigella sativa oil has a role in protection against genomic instability.

Tio2 supported on brick waste as low cost photocatalyst for dye photodegradation

Photocatalysis is one of the most important technology for treating water pollutants effectively. The method is better compared to adsorption method in that photocatalysis gives advance destroying organic contaminants and has better reusability. In other side, textile industry including Batik’s industry is a potential source of wastewater contaminated with dyes which can cause serious environmental problems. For photocatalysis purposes, TiO2 is the popular material. In order to enhance both economic and photocatalytic activity of TiO2, supporting TiO2 into solid material is interesting effort. In this research, brick waste was chosen as low cost and effective support for TiO2. TiO2 supporting onto brick waste by impregnation method was carried out. The composite of TiO2/Brick waste (TiO2/BW) was conducted by dispersing titanium tetraisopropoxide as TiO2 precursor followed by calcination. Characterization of TiO2/BW was performed by XRD analysis, Diffuse Reflectance UV-Vis and FTIR analysis. For photocatalytic activity, experiments on photocatalysis and photooxidation of rhodamine B solution were examined. Prepared Ti-BW exhibits the formation of TiO2 in mixed anatase and rutile phases as presented by XRD pattern. From the DRUV-Vis analysis, it is found that the band gap energy of composite material lays in UV-Visible region. TiO2/BW showed high photoactivity as represented by faster degradation rate of rhodamine B over photooxidation and photocatalysis compared to adsorption method. From the data simulation, it is revealed that rhodamine B degradation over photocatalysis mechanism follow pseudo-first order while over photooxidation the kinetic obey pseudo-second order.

Crystallization of Zr0.1Ti0.9On mixed oxide by pressurized hot water and its effect on microstructural properties and photoactivity

Pressurized hot water crystallization was applied and optimized for preparation of photoactive Zr0.1Ti0.9On mixed oxide. The effect of individual processing conditions (temperature, pressure and water amount) on (micro)structure, textural, optical, electronic and photocatalytic properties in Acid orange 7 photodegradation of prepared Zr0.1Ti0.9On mixed oxide was examined. It was revealed that while the processing temperature had crucial effect on crystallization of Zr0.1Ti0.9On mixed oxide and anatase crystallites growth, the volume of water and pressure did not show any effect. Nevertheless, it was found that pressure as well as temperature had strong influence on formation of anatase lattice defects of different type and amount and led to changes in mixed oxide photoactivity. The optimal processing conditions leading to the most photoactive Zr0.1Ti0.9On mixed oxide were determined to be 2L of water, 250 °C and 10 MPa.

Preparation of TiO2¬ Bamboo Leaves Ash Composite as Photocatalyst for Dye Photodegradation

Textile waste containing dye can generate environmental problems especially for human. Therefore some techniques are developed to overcome the impact of toxic contaminant from dyes residue, one of these is the photocatalysis technique. The photocatalysis mechanism TiO2 is a popular photocatalyst and in order to improve its activity the composite formation with a some solid support are attempted. The development of TiO2 composite with a sustainable support source; bamboo leaves was conducted. The composite was prepared by dispersing titanium isopropoxide into bamboo leaves ash (BLA) followed by calcination process. Hysicochemical characterization of the photocatalyst was performed by using XRD, gas sorption analyzer and SEM-EDX analysis. By the characterization it is found that BLA contains silica in highest percentage and furthermore TiO2 in the mixed anatase and rutile phases were formed the composite.

AN EXPERIMENTAL LOOK AT THE TAPHONOMY OF CYANOBACTERIAL MATS IN SILICICLASTIC SEDIMENTS

Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in a variety of modern habitats, and siliciclastic sediments in particular are home to a wide diversity of microbial communities. Benthic microbial mats, typically established by cyanobacteria on modern Earth, were likely prevalent on Archean Earth, yet explicit traces of their ancestors in Archean siliciclastic rocks are difficult to detect. To understand the taphonomy of benthic microbial mats in sandy, subaquatic environments, cyanobacterial mats were incubated for five months under a range of temperatures representative of ambient (25°C) and eogenetic conditions (37°C, 70°C, and 100°C). Cyanobacterial materials including trichomes, sheaths, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and micro Raman spectroscopy. Textures were permineralized in all temperature regimes with phases that included mixed silicates, Na-carbonate, clays, gypsum-anhydrite, pyrrhotite, anatase, akaganeite, magnetite, natrojarosite, and ankerite. Pigments including chlorophyll, β-carotene, and scytonemin were identified in the lower temperature regimes, but were not easily detected in the samples incubated at 100°C. The morphological characteristics of trichomes and sheaths were maintained to some degree in all temperature regimes, but there was a higher relative abundance of EPS as temperatures increased. The profusion of EPS obscured the absolute differentiation between individual trichomes and sheaths at higher temperatures. The results indicate that over time, morphological, mineralogical, and carbonaceous features that formed at the end of these incubation experiments could collectively create the laminations characteristic of fossilized microbial mats found in sandstones throughout the geologic record. In Archean sandstones, where very little is preserved, these collective features may prove to be especially important in the detection of ancient life.

Heterojunctions of mixed phase TiO2 nanotubes with Cu, CuPt, and Pt nanoparticles: interfacial band alignment and visible light photoelectrochemical activity

Anodically formed, vertically oriented, self-organized cylindrical TiO2 nanotube arrays composed of the anatase phase undergo an interesting morphological and phase transition upon flame annealing to square-shaped nanotubes composed of both anatase and rutile phases. This is the first report on heterojunctions consisting of metal nanoparticles (NPs) deposited on square-shaped TiO2 nanotube arrays (STNAs) with mixed rutile and anatase phase content. A simple photochemical deposition process was used to form Cu, CuPt, and Pt NPs on the STNAs, and an enhancement in the visible light photoelectrochemical water splitting performance for the NP-decorated STNAs was observed over the bare STNAs. Under narrow band illumination by visible photons at 410 nm and 505 nm, Cu NP-decorated STNAs performed the best, producing photocurrents 80% higher and 50 times higher than bare STNAs, respectively. Probing the energy level structure at the NP–STNA interface using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy revealed Schottky barrier formation in the NP-decorated STNAs, which assists in separating the photogenerated charge carriers, as also confirmed by longer charge carrier lifetimes in NP-decorated STNAs. While all the NP-decorated STNAs showed enhanced visible light absorption compared to the bare STNAs, only the Cu NPs exhibited a clear plasmonic behavior with an extinction cross section that peaked at 550 nm.

Facile electrochemical-assisted synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes and their role in Schottky barrier diode applications

Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated by electrochemical anodization of Ti foils. XRD measurements confirmed that properties of nanotube arrays belong to mixed anatase and rutile TiO2 phases with tetragonal crystal structure. Inter planar distance values of TiO2 nanotubes were determined with respect to Miller indices and varied from 0.16695 to 0.35339 nm. Furthermore, a Schottky diode made by Ag/TiO2 nano tube arrays/Ti was fabricated and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the device were analyzed at room temperature to investigate device performance. Ideality factor and barrier height have been determined as 2.39 and 0.92 eV, respectively. Results have been discussed in details.

Efect of Ti F surface interaction on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol, aniline and formic acid

Abstract A study is undertaken of the effect of fluorinating two TiO2 catalysts, both with the same surface area but one composed only of pure anatase phase (SA) and the other of mixed anatase and rutile phases (P25), on the degradation of phenol, formic acid and aniline. The catalysts were characterised by FTIR, BET, EDAXs, SEM, XRD and DRS-UV–vis studies. The method used for synthesis of the F-P25 and F-SA resulted in fluorinated catalysts with properties different to those of other fluorinated catalysts reported in the bibliography. The results obtained show that, unlike other studies in which the formation of free hydroxyl radicals ( OHfree) was enhanced with the fluorinated catalysts, in the F-P25 and F-SA catalysts it was the formation of surface hydroxyl radicals ( OHsurf) which was significantly enhanced. In this way, the F-P25 and F-SA catalysts gave rise to higher degradation rate constants of phenol (kphenol), aniline (kaniline) and formic acid (kformic) than the P25 and SA catalysts.