Mix Zone Research Articles

Investigation on the influence of electrospark deposited 718 alloy coating on the penetration performance of 93 W rod

A ballistic experiment on a semi-infinite RHA target impacted by two thicknesses clade 93 W rods (200 μm 718 alloy and 400 μm 718 alloy) with an impact velocity of 1500 ± 50 m/s is conducted to investigate the influence of 93 W surface deposited coating on penetration performance. Moreover, the findings are compared with those of an unclad 93 W rod. This study aims to provide a comprehensive microstructural overview of the penetration process, including the solid-state penetrator flow and the exchange interaction mode of rod and target (R.T.) materials, using optical metallography and electron microscopy. Results indicate that the coating area is composed of approximately equiaxed or short columnar cellular crystals. Furthermore, a metallurgical fusion layer is formed between the substrate and the coating, ensuring excellent bonding strength of the coating. No significant difference in the rheological mode is found between the interfaces of the 200 μm 718 alloy and 93 W R.T. materials, while the 400 μm 718 alloy forms a barrier mix zone at the interface between the R.T. This phenomenon alters the exchange mode of the target material and affects the interface flow mechanism. The barrier mix zone also acts as a solid-state lubricant at the interface, reducing the resistance to the rod's penetration. The average penetration depth of the 400 μm clad rod is 6.89 % higher than that of the 93 W rod. This finding reveals the clad material enhances the rod's performance and provides self-lubricating characteristics.

Mix-Zones as an Effective Privacy Enhancing Technique in Mobile and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) promise significant increases in throughput and reductions in trip delay. ITS makes extensive use of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) frequently broadcasting location, speed, and intention information. However, with such extensive communication comes the risk to privacy. Preserving privacy while still exchanging vehicle state information has been recognized as an important problem. Mix zones have emerged as a potentially effective way of protecting user privacy in ITS. CAVs are assigned pseudonyms to mask their identity; a mix zone is an area where CAVs can change their pseudonyms to resist being tracked. In order to be effective, mix zone placement must take account of traffic flows. Also, since a mix zone can degrade throughput, mix zones must be used sparingly. Determining the number and placement of mix zones is a difficult dynamic optimization problem. This paper outlines the various approaches recently taken by researchers to deal with this problem.

Air pollution seasons in urban moderate climate areas through big data analytics

High particulate matter (PM) concentrations have a negative impact on the overall quality of life and health. The annual trends of PM can vary greatly depending on factors such as a country’s energy mix, development level, and climatic zone. In this study, we aimed to understand the annual cycle of PM concentrations in a moderate climate zone using a dense grid of low-cost sensors located in central Europe (Krakow). Over one million unique records of PM, temperature, humidity, pressure and wind speed observations were analyzed to gain a detailed, high-resolution understanding of yearly fluctuations. The comprehensive big-data workflow was presented with the statistical analysis of the meteorological factors. A big data-driven approach revealed the existence of two main PM seasons (warm and cold) in Europe’s moderate climate zone, which do not correspond directly with the traditional four main seasons (Autumn, Winter, Spring, and Summer) with two side periods (early spring and early winter). Our findings also highlighted the importance of high-resolution time and space data for sustainable spatial planning. The observations allowed for distinguishing whether the source of air pollution is related to coal burning for heating in cold period or to agricultural lands burning during the warm period.

A dominant dimensionless number and theoretical model for the evolution of multiphase Richtmyer–Meshkov instability

Multiphase Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) is often accompanied by a dispersed phase of particles, where the evolution of the mix zone width (MZW) is a significant issue. The Stokes number (St) is a key dimensionless parameter for particle-containing multiphase flows because it represents the ability of particles to follow the fluid. However, our theoretical analysis and numerical simulation indicate that the Stokes number is not the only dominant parameter for the evolution of multiphase RMI. This study uses the derivation of particle and fluid momentum equations to demonstrate the inability of the Stokes number to predict MZW evolution, that is, even at the same Stokes number, increasing the particle density or the radius leads to completely different MZW evolution trends. This study proposes a novel dimensionless number, Sd, to measure the effect of drag on the fluid owing to the particles. Sd is the ratio of the relaxation time of the fluid velocity affected by the particle force to the characteristic time of the shock wave. We developed theoretical models of MZW at different Sd values. Subsequently, a set of multiphase RMI numerical simulations on uniformly distributed particles with different St and Sd values was conducted. The numerical results verify the theoretical predictions and effectiveness of the proposed dimensionless number. The phase diagram containing different simulation cases demonstrates that the Stokes number cannot be used to predict MZW and must be combined with Sd to determine its evolution.

Broadcast and Silence Period (BSP): A Pseudonym Change Strategy

Vehicles in Internet of Vehicles must constantly broadcast basic safety messages to keep other vehicles informed of their location, speed, and other parameters. Attackers can use the content of these messages to follow the path of the vehicle and invade vehicle owner privacy. Vehicle location privacy was ensured by broadcasting these messages using pseudonyms and periodically changing these pseudonyms. However, in mix-zone-based strategies, vehicles are frequently restricted from changing their pseudonyms in specific places. Furthermore, most previous change strategies only safeguarded against the syntactic linking attack and did not account for the semantic linking attack. Thus, in this study, we proposed a broadcast and silence period pseudonym change strategy to overcome these difficulties. Mix zones were obtained by analyzing the locations where vehicles frequently stop. The vehicle broadcasts or silences in a mix zone according to our broadcast and silence period strategy and changes to the pseudonym assigned by the road side unit during the silence phase until it leaves the zone. Our safety analysis and experimental results indicate that the broadcast and silence period prevent both linking attacks while reducing the impact of radio silence on vehicle safety by limiting the silent time, thereby providing better location privacy protection for vehicles compared with the existing schemes. In addition, the number of signatures required to be verified each time it receives messages and the overhead incurred in changing pseudonyms for vehicles is acceptable.

Heat transfer effects on multiphase Richtmyer–Meshkov instability of dense gas–particle flow

Multiphase Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) widely exists in nature and engineering applications, such as in supernova explosions, inertial confinement fusion, particle imaging velocimetry measurements, and supersonic combustion. Few studies on the effects of heat transfer on the mix zone width have been conducted, and those that do exist are limited to dilute gas–particle flow. To address this research gap, the effects of dense particle heat transfer in a multiphase RMI flow were investigated in this study, and a dimensionless variable that integrates the particle volume fraction and particle parameters was derived for the first time. The results indicate that the effects of dense particle heat transfer cannot be neglected because the volume fraction increases by over three orders of magnitude compared to those in previous studies. Subsequently, numerical studies using the improved compressible multiphase particle-in-cell method were conducted to investigate the effects of heat transfer on the mix zone width. A detailed wave system structure and quantitative budget analyses were performed to investigate the inherent flow characteristics. The heat transfer effect was found to influence the fluid velocity by changing the fluid pressure gradient, thereby reducing the velocity and growth rate of the mix zone. With a Mach number of 2 and a 10% particle volume fraction, the heat transfer reduced the mix zone width by approximately 22%. In addition, simulations with different particle volume fractions and temperature self-similarity demonstrated the correctness and validity of the dimensionless heat transfer time, which is beneficial for predicting the effects of dense particle heat transfer.

A Study of the Essential Parameters of Friction-Stir Spot Welding That Affect the D/W Ratio of SSM6061 Aluminum Alloy.

This study aimed to investigate how the depth-to-width (D/W) ratio of the welding area affects the welding quality of the SSM6061 aluminum alloy via the friction-stir spot welding (FSSW) process. The results showed that a higher D/W ratio directly results in better mechanical properties. If the D/W ratio value is high (at 1.494), then this leads to higher tensile shear strength at 2.25 kN. On the other hand, if the D/W ratio values are low (at 1.144), then this reduces tensile shear strength to 1.17 kN. The fracture surface behavior on the ring zone also affects the characteristics of ductile fracture. During Vickers hardness analysis, the hardness profiles are in the shape of a W; the maximum hardness was 71.97 HV, resulting from the rotation speed of 3500 rpm and the dwell time of 28 s, where the hardness of the base metal was at 67.18 HV. Finite element (FEM) analysis indicated that the maximum temperature during simulation was 467 °C in the region near the edge shoulder tool, which is 72.96% of the melting point. According to FEM simulation, the temperature under the tool pin region was 369 °C. The generated heat was sufficient to induce changes in the microstructure. For microstructure changes, the globular grain took on a rosette-like form, and coarse grains were observed in the thermal mechanical affect zone (TMAZ) and in the nugget zone (NZ), transforming in the mix zone. Hooks, kissing bonds, voids, and porosity are the defects found in this experiment. These defects indicate a discontinuity in the NZ that leads to worse mechanical properties. During examination via SEM and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, the recrystallization structure from β-Mg2Si IMCs to Al3Mg2 and Al12Mg17 IMCs was observed. The size was reduced to an average width of 1-2 µm and an average length of 2-17 µm. Simultaneously, the oxides from the ambient atmosphere present during welding showed dominant partial elements from SiO2, MgO, and Al2O3.

BioMixD: A Bio-Inspired and Traffic-Aware Mix Zone Placement Strategy for Location Privacy on the Internet of Drones

In the next years, drones will be part of our daily lives composing a parallel environment “over our heads,” having a dynamic traffic flow. The Internet of Drones (IoD) defines a robust and reliable distributed mobile network to manage and provide fair navigation and communication to drones. In this envisioned network environment, location privacy will be a paramount requirement to protect aerial and grounded devices. There is a lack of studies that investigate location privacy in the IoD. Our previous work was the first to propose a Location Privacy Protection Mechanism (LPPM) for IoD to the best of our knowledge. However, this mechanism does not consider the dynamics of the IoD traffic flow, hindering its performance. Hence, in this study, we present BioMixD, a bio-inspired and traffic-aware Mix Zone placement strategy for location privacy on the IoD. We integrate this strategy with our previous solution, leveraging an enhanced LPPM named t-MixDrones. We conducted an extensive experimental evaluation, investigating a wide range of IoD scenarios, and compared t-MixDrones with other mechanisms. The results highlighted that t-MixDrones overcomes the mechanisms in all scenarios, providing a better location privacy level, mainly drone coverage, and anonymization rate. Hence, we advance the state-of-the-art of LPPMs for the IoD environment.

A Secure Dynamic Mix Zone Pseudonym Changing Scheme Based on Traffic Context Prediction

Traffic context plays an important role in supporting automated driving and intelligent transportation systems. Smart vehicles explore surrounding environments by analyzing sensor data and periodically communicating with neighbors and road infrastructures. The context can be well learned in this way to support driving, but the vehicle trajectory can be also easily exposed under eavesdropping attacks. The pseudonym is proposed to hide the real identity of the vehicles. However, the effectiveness of anonymity, the safety of driving, the convenience of implementation and the utilization of resources in previous approaches have not been well-balanced. Therefore, focusing on efficiently replacing pseudonyms with the premise of ensuring driving safety, we propose a secure dynamic silent mix zone pseudonym changing scheme (TLAS) based on the real-time traffic context prediction for urban regions. It naturally takes the area in front of the red traffic light as a silent mix zone, which avoids the driving security issue caused by signal silence. Besides, the area length is dynamically configured according to the traffic context predicted in the last green light cycle, so the anonymous effect can be improved. In addition, considering the resource utilization and accuracy requirement, the adaptive prediction algorithm is applied. We conduct simulation experiments with real-world traffic history using SUMO and OMNET++, the results show that TLAS strategy can indeed achieve a better anonymous effect (reducing standardized traceability rate by 8.2%) with lower driving speed for safety concern.

Difference of shortening strain for the crustal deformation model in the eastern and western Qaidam Basin and their implications, northern Tibetan Plateau, China

To recognize the differences in the west–east crustal deformation model of the Qaidam Basin, we presented the shortening amount of each fold and fault along 12 sections. According to the eastward weakening trend of shortening strain in the southwestern part of the basin and the non‐continuous trend in the northeastern part of the basin, the Qaidam Basin can be divided by a new line into the western Qaidam Basin (WQB) and the eastern Qaidam Basin (EQB). The WQB is characterized by a maximum shortening strain of 25%, transpressional structures, and crust–mantle decoupling, which is possibly weakened by the eastward extension of the crust–mantle mix zone caused by upwelling material along the Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF). In contrast, the EQB is characterized by a minimum shortening strain of 2%, pure thrust boundary faults, and gentle folds, which is defined as a rigid craton basin. The crust–mantle mix zone beneath ATF and the low‐velocity zone beneath the eastern Kunlun Shan show the limited impact of the lithospheric weakening on the EQB. The Miocene reorganization of the ATF is the key tectonic event that accounts for the differences in the east–west crustal deformation model of the Qaidam Basin, as it weakened the lithosphere and facilitated the transpressional structures of the WQB. The WQB was originally a rigid craton basin like the EQB, but it became a destabilized craton after the a forementioned tectonic event.

Application of microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) to detect COVID-19 in energy deprived countries.

SummaryCoronavirus disease (COVID‐19) has spread all across the world. Low‐ and medium‐income countries are more affected economically and socially compared to developed countries due to the lack of a rapid, robust, and affordable testing infrastructure. Furthermore, the high cost of real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system, sophisticated user‐handling procedure, and high expense of the conventional clinical tests are the root causes of the less accessibility of the testing systems to the users. In this study, a COVID‐19 Point‐of‐Care (POC) ecosystem model is proposed for the low‐ and medium‐income countries (or energy deprived countries) that will facilitate the technological development with locally available fabrication components. In addition, the nontechnological development phases have also been discussed, which encompasses the collaboration among academia, local as well as government bodies, and entrepreneurial ventures. In addition, a hypothetical design of a microfluidic paper‐based analytical (μPADs) POC platform is proposed to detect COVID‐19 analyte using unprocessed patient‐derived saliva, which is a miniaturized form‐factor of conventional real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The device contains four major reaction zones, which are sample zone, buffer zone, loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) Master Mix zone, Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) zone, and sensor zone. To obtain quicker test results and easier operation, a handheld image acquisition technique is introduced in this study. It is hypothesized that in a remote setting, the proposed design could be used as an initial guideline to develop a POC COVID‐19 testing system, which may be simple, easy‐to‐use, and cost‐effective.

Cooperation and radio silence strategy in Mix Zone to Protect Location Privacy of Vehicle in VANET

With increase in the population, the number of registered vehicles has dramatically increased over all the world, and this leads to a high rate of traffic accidents on the roads. Therefore, in order to prevent such accidents, an Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) is needed to be installed to notify drivers of obstacles in advance. Recently, the Internet of things (IoT) evolves the vehicular communications and covers this technology under the Internet of vehicles (IoV) application. IoV is a new field for the automotive industry and a significant part of the smart cities. However, protecting the privacy of vehicle's location is the most challenging subject in the vehicular communication, as because it threatens the personal life of drivers. This paper provides cooperation and radio silence strategy in mix zone (CRSMZ) to protect location privacy of vehicle in IoV. The strategy implements either cooperation or radio silence depending on the speed of the vehicle while it is in mix _zone. The simulation results show that CRSMZ is an efficient strategy to protect location information of vehicle drivers. CRSMZ outperforms the existing strategies in terms of mean of the number tracker confusion, continuous tracking period and max of the entropy.

A location privacy protection scheme for convoy driving in autonomous driving era

Convoy driving has great potential in the development of autonomous driving industry, which can bring great improvement to the utilization rate of roads and the travel experience of passengers. However, the emergence of convoy driving also brings some new challenges to the location privacy of autonomous vehicles. In this paper, a novel dynamic mixed zone establishment scheme is proposed to protect the location privacy of autonomous vehicles in convoy driving context. As the convoy is a closed group, the request for the establishment of the mix zone will be broadcast first within the convoy, followed by outside the convoy. In order to prevent pseudonym syntactic join attacks within the convoy, the proposed scheme allows autonomous vehicles to use multiple valid pseudonyms if only itself change the pseudonym in the convoy. In order to trace the real identity of the offending vehicle, the proposed scheme specifies the distribution method of the pseudonym, the legitimate vehicle can trace the real identity of the offending vehicle by submitting the pseudonym of the offending vehicle. Compared with the scheme to protect location privacy in the traditional vehicular network, the proposed scheme has less overhead and a higher level of security.

Semantic and Trade-Off Aware Location Privacy Protection in Road Networks Via Improved Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization

Location privacy protection is an essential but challenging topic in the field of network security. Although the existing research methods, such as k-anonymity, mix zone, and differential privacy, show significant success, they usually neglect the location semantic and the proper trade-off between privacy and utility, which may allow attackers to obtain user privacy information by revealing the semantic correlation between the anonymous region and user's real location, thus causing privacy leakage. To solve this problem, we propose a location privacy protection scheme based on the k-anonymity technique, which provides practical location privacy-preserving through generating an anonymous set. This paper proposes a new location privacy attack strategy termed semantic relativity attack (SRA), which considers the location semantic problem. Correspondingly, a semantic and trade-off aware location privacy protection mechanism (STA-LPPM) is presented to achieve privacy protection with both high-level privacy and utility. To be specific, we model the location privacy protection as a multi-objective optimization problem and propose the Improved Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (IMOPSO) to generate the optimal anonymous set calculating the well-design fitness functions of the multi-objective optimization problem. In this way, the privacy scheme can provide mobile users with the right balance of privacy protection and service quality. Experiments reveal that our privacy scheme can effectively resist the semantic relativity attack while preventing significant utility degrading.

SRSP: A Secure and Reliable Smart Parking Scheme With Dual Privacy Preservation

Finding an empty parking lot in a downtown or busy area is difficult and time consuming. Smart parking services enable vehicles to obtain real-time parking information, which has great potential to mitigate the parking problem. Compared with the existing parking methods, the cooperative parking information sharing based on vehicular crowdsourcing has lower cost and higher accuracy. However, vehicles face the threat of identity and trajectory privacy leakage. In order to provide secure and reliable parking service, we propose a secure and reliable smart parking scheme (SRSP) with dual privacy preservation. Specifically, a novel group signature technique can be equipped to achieve anonymous authentication among vehicles, parking server, and fog node. Meanwhile, the mix zone method combined with differential privacy can be utilized to hide the vehicles' trajectory. Moreover, message-lock encryption technique enables fog node to detect and delete duplicated reports to reduce the computational overhead of parking server. An incentive mechanism is proposed, which can not only reward contributing vehicles but also prevent the same vehicle from getting multiple rewards. In addition, the trust model is designed to evaluate the reliability of vehicles based on direct trust and recommendation trust. Finally, security analysis demonstrates that SRSP can achieve security objectives. Performance evaluation shows that SRSP has lower computational overhead compared with the existing schemes.

Pseudonym Changing Strategy with Mix Zones Based Authentication Protocol for Location Privacy in Road Networks

A great advancement has been made in intelligent transportation system and communication technologies in order to exchange secure information between automobiles, facilities provider have led an frame over road network. The intelligent transportation system provides an efficient traffic system for drivers, so that there must be less risk to users. In order to design a secure communication protocol among V & V and V & I is a challenging problem. In order to reduce the chance of attacks and increase privacy level, crypto graphic tools provides the feasible solution. In this paper, we proposed pseudonym changing strategy with mix zones (1) Anonymous authentication: the message should be authenticated by issuer due to mix zone and cryptographic tools secure message without any attack. (2) Privacy: Communication contents are confidential due to encrypted messages during communications also improving the scalability through address configuration scheme to reduce computational cost. (3) Efficiency: low storage requirements, The velocity and distance factors may also consider secure measurement, message delivery, overhead and coverage,packet delivery rate, reduce latency and overhead not only by computation cost and time but also compared our scheme, fast delivery rate, low latency and maximum coverage in order to enhance privacy against malicious attacks.

Cooperative Location Privacy in Vehicular Networks: Why Simple Mix Zones are Not Enough

Vehicular communications disclose rich information about the vehicles and their whereabouts. Pseudonymous authentication secures communication while enhancing user privacy. To enhance location privacy, cryptographic mix zones were proposed to facilitate vehicles covertly transition to new ephemeral credentials. The resilience to (syntactic and semantic) pseudonym linking (attacks) highly depends on the geometry of the mix zones, mobility patterns, vehicle density, and arrival rates. We introduce a tracking algorithm for linking pseudonyms before and after a cryptographically protected mix zone. Our experimental results show that an eavesdropper, leveraging standardized vehicular communication messages and road layout, could successfully link ≈73% of pseudonyms during nonrush hours and ≈62% of pseudonyms during rush hours after vehicles change their pseudonyms in a mix zone. To mitigate such inference attacks, we present a novel cooperative mix zone scheme that enhances user privacy regardless of the vehicle mobility patterns, vehicle density, and arrival rate to the mix zone. A subset of vehicles, termed relaying vehicles, is selected to be responsible for emulating nonexisting vehicles. Such vehicles cooperatively disseminate decoy traffic without affecting safety-critical operations: with 50% of vehicles as relaying vehicles, the probability of linking pseudonyms (for the entire interval) drops from ≈68% to ≈18%. On average, this imposes 28 ms extra computation overhead, per second, on the roadside unit (RSU) and 4.67 ms extra computation overhead, per second, on the (relaying) vehicle side; it also introduces 1.46 kB/s extra communication overhead by (relaying) vehicles and 45 kB/s by RSUs for the dissemination of decoy traffic. Thus, user privacy is enhanced at the cost of low computation and communication overheads.

A Double Obfuscation Approach for Protecting the Privacy of IoT Location Based Applications

Connected vehicles and smart cars have become highly reliant on location-based services (i.e. LBS) to provide accurate, personalized and intelligent services. However, location-based services have endangered its users to considerable risks concerning the privacy and security of users' personal data. Although existing research provides a myriad of methods to improve and protect user privacy in LBS applications, most of these methods are concerned with handling static queries and non-mobile objects only. Moreover, various issues and challenges still persist with regards to the need to trust third parties, overloading of the user, and low accuracy of the returned results. This paper contributes a Double Obfuscation Approach (referred to as DOA) that applies two phases of obfuscation consecutively whilst integrating two differing privacy protection approaches, namely Obfuscation and Trusted Third Party, and two techniques, namely fog caching technology and mix zone. In essence, the DOA obfuscates and hides the identity and location of its users using the fog nodes, which operate as a trusted third party (TTP), and without the need to reveal the identity of the users or trust the cooperating nodes. Moreover, this paper presents a DOA algorithm that improves the overall user privacy and system performance using the fog nodes, which split the responses of each query into five parts, thus reducing the processing time of the results by the user and enhancing the overall accuracy where the user directly selects the most suitable parts based on his current location. Overall, the hybrid DOA approach empowers the users of connected vehicle applications to protect their privacy through an algorithm that caters for the dynamic nature of user queries and mobility of objects. The results of our comparative simulations against well-known hybrid privacy protection methods demonstrate the superiority of the proposed Double Obfuscation Approach especially with respect to user privacy whilst maintaining a nominal overhead on the user, reduced response time and high accuracy of the obtained results.

Enhancing Vehicular Anonymity in ITS: A New Scheme for Mix Zones and Their Placement

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) achieve improved throughput and safety using periodic vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure wireless communication. Vehicles use pseudonyms which are frequently exchanged to protect against eavesdroppers using such messages for tracking. Such exchange takes place in mix zones where all wireless transmission is forbidden in order to prevent matching the new pseudonym of a vehicle with its previous one. Mix zones are not free: in addition to infrastructure cost, they impose a cost in terms of reduced vehicular throughput and disruption to vehicular communication. We present a scheme to manage traffic within a mix zone to make it more resilient to attacks against privacy. Second, we introduce a heuristic to place mix zones appropriately so that the gain in privacy is balanced against the cost in reduced throughput. We evaluate our schemes assuming a powerful attacker who has access to all wireless transmissions and uses a simple but powerful machine learning algorithm. Our algorithms are evaluated using detailed traffic simulations in two US cities: New York, NY, and Cambridge, MA.

Modeling and verification of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability linear growth rate of the dense gas-particle flow

The multiphase Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) often occurs in supernova events and inertial confinement fusion processes, where it plays a critical role. In the evolution of the RMI process, the particle phase may have either a dilute or a dense pattern. Previous studies have mainly focused on the dilute pattern. Currently, there is no published research on the theoretical growth model of the dense gas-particle flow. In this work, a new Atwood number model was developed with the assumption of a small Stokes number and shown to be effective for the RMI of the dense gas-particle flow. The Atwood number model was characterized by the moment coupling parameters and the ratio of the volume fractions of the two phases. Further derivation showed that it was consistent with the original Richtmyer’s model and the dilute gas-particle flow model. In addition, the theoretical growth rate was modeled to predict the evolution law of the mix zone width for the dense gas-particle flow. The presence of the particle phase inhibited the growth rate of the RMI, which emphasized the effect of the solid phase. The corresponding numerical simulations were also performed based on the compressible multiphase particle-in-cell method for different cases of the particle volume fraction. The numerical results demonstrated the accuracy of the theoretical growth rate model. Additionally, a brief analysis of the flow structures and cloud motion during the RMI process was performed.