Mixing Ratio Research Articles

Elucidating synergistic effects and environmental value enhancement in infrared-Assisted Co-Pyrolysis of coal and polyvinyl chloride

Co-pyrolysis of high-alkali coal and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) through infrared heating is a promising approach for managing escalating PVC waste and converting low-grade coal resources efficiently. The synergistic effects during co-pyrolysis and thermal degradation of PVC were studied through thermogravimetric analysis (TG-FTIR) and spectral analysis. Furthermore, chlorine migration and chemical transformation integral to the process, along with catalytic interactions, were explored through chlorine mass balance assessment, employing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ion chromatography to establish a groundbreaking understanding of these phenomena. The results of products exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing with increasing temperatures and mixing ratios. The maximum oil yield was 14.62 %, achieving at 600 °C and 20 %. Meanwhile, the content of aromatic hydrocarbons remained high level through the synergistic interaction of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites, nearly exceeding 60 %. The results showed that the Artificial Neural Network model had a high prediction accuracy with an R2 value of 0.99, while the decarboxylation effect dissociated the metal, resulting in an increase in the fixation of inorganic chlorine from 1 % to 66 % and a decrease in the chlorine content in the liquid phase. Innovatively, the study employs an ANN model for predicting the behavior of co-pyrolysis, exemplifying high accuracy in understanding complex thermal conversions of PVC and coal. Notably, the work challenges existing constraints by applying sophisticated analytical methods to elucidate the thermodynamics and kinetics of the co-pyrolysis processes, thereby enhancing the energetic and environmental value of the products.

Optimization of Proportions of Alkali-Activated Slag-Fly Ash-Based Cemented Tailings Backfill and Its Strength Characteristics and Microstructure under Combined Action of Dry-Wet and Freeze-Thaw Cycles.

To enhance the application of alkali-activated materials in mine filling, cemented tailings backfill was prepared using slag, fly ash, sodium silicate, and NaOH as primary constituents. The effects of the raw material type and dosage on the backfill were examined through a single-factor experiment. Additionally, response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize the mixing ratios of the backfill, with a focus on fluidity and compressive strength as key objectives. The evolution of backfill quality and compressive strength under the combined effects of dry-wet and freeze-thaw (DW-FT) cycles was analyzed. The hydration products, microstructure, and pore characteristics of the specimens were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and nitrogen adsorption tests (NATs) across varying cycles. The results demonstrate that the optimal backfill composition includes 47.8% fly ash, 6.10% alkali equivalent, and a 1.44 sodium silicate modulus. The macroscopic behavior of the backfill under DW-FT coupling followed this progression: pore initiation → pore expansion → crack formation → crack propagation → structural damage. After a minor initial increase, the backfill strength steadily decreased. Microscopic analysis revealed that the decline in internal cementation products and the deterioration of pore structure were the primary causes of this strength reduction. Thus, the DW-FT coupling can cause significant erosion of the backfill. The technical solutions presented in this paper offer a reference for solid waste utilization and provide valuable insights into the durability of backfill under DW-FT coupling.

IGRINS Observations of WASP-127 b: H2O, CO, and Super-solar Atmospheric Metallicity in the Inflated Sub-Saturn

High-resolution spectroscopy of exoplanet atmospheres provides insights into their composition and dynamics from the resolved line shape and depth of thousands of spectral lines. WASP-127 b is an extremely inflated sub-Saturn (R p = 1.311 R Jup, M p = 0.16 M Jup) with previously reported detections of H2O and CO2. However, the seeming absence of the primary carbon reservoir expected at WASP-127 b temperatures (T eq ∼1400 K) from chemical equilibrium, CO, posed a mystery. In this manuscript, we present the analysis of high-resolution observations of WASP-127 b with the Immersion Grating Infrared Spectrometer on Gemini South. We confirm the presence of H2O (8.67σ) and report the detection of CO (4.34σ). Additionally, we conduct a suite of Bayesian retrieval analyses covering a hierarchy of model complexity and self-consistency. When freely fitting for the molecular gas volume mixing ratios, we obtain super-solar metal enrichment for H2O abundance of log10 X H2O = −1.23 −0.49+0.29 and a lower limit on the CO abundance of log10 X CO ≥–2.20 at 2σ confidence. We also report tentative evidence of photochemistry in WASP-127 b based upon the indicative depletion of H2S. This is also supported by the data preferring models with photochemistry over free-chemistry and thermochemistry. The overall analysis implies a super-solar (∼39× Solar; [M/H] = 1.59−0.30+0.30 ) metallicity for the atmosphere of WASP-127 b and an upper limit on its atmospheric C/O ratio as < 0.68.

Investigation of mechanical and thermal performances and masonry quality for new raw soil-based insulating hollow bricks

ABSTRACT The development of raw soil-based insulating hollow bricks (RSIHB) provides a promising way for improving the efficiency of building energy conversation and resource utilization of construction waste soil. In this paper, the response surface method (RSM) was adopted to study the effect of multifactor on mechanical and thermal performances of modified raw soil-based samples. The results indicate that the thermal conductivity is significantly affected by the interactions between molding pressure and mixture moisture content, as well as between mixture moisture content and cement admixture. Thus, the optimal mix ratio was determined by the RSM-based regression model. The assessment based on numerical simulation demonstrates that the middle wall ribs immensely improve the stress concentration. The porous structure elongates the path of heat flow conduction, effectively enhancing the thermal resistance of the brick. In addition, bonding strength tests manifest that the mortar consistency should be within 60–80 mm for construction and plastering of the new raw soil-based insulating hollow brick. The research results have strong theoretical significance and practical value for recycling of construction waste and provide a reference for actual production and construction.

Production of mRNA lipid nanoparticles using advanced crossflow micromixing.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) play a crucial role in RNA-based therapies, and their production is generally based on nanoprecipitation and coalescence of lipids around an RNA core. This study investigated crossflow micromixing to prepare LNPs across various mixing ratios and production speeds. A range of LNPs were prepared using crossflow micromixing across production speeds of 10-500ml/min, and their physico-chemical characteristics (size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and mRNA encapsulation), in vitro mRNA expression and in vitro efficacy (protein expression and antibody and cytokine responses). Our results demonstrate the reproducible production of mRNA-LNPs with controlled critical quality attributes, including high mRNA encapsulation from the initial screening scale through to GMP-scale production, where the same mixing ratio can be adopted across all product speeds from 30 to 500ml/min used. We confirm the applicability of stainless-steel crossflow membrane micromixing for the entire spectrum of mRNA-LNP production, ranging from initial discovery volumes to GMP-production scale.

Numerical simulation of natural gas-ammonia combustion characteristics in a U-shaped radiant tube

NH3, recognized as a carbon-free fuel and a high-energy–density renewable hydrogen carrier, holds promise as a low-carbon alternative fuel. However, its direct combustion is often posed with challenges such as a limited ignition zone and high NOX emissions. To address this, the present paper proposes a strategy to blend more reactive hydrogen-containing fuels with ammonia to enhance combustion stability and concurrently reduce NOX emissions. This study developed numerical models for natural gas-ammonia combustion within a U-shaped radiant tube. The dynamic characteristics of combustion flame flow fields inside the radiation tube were investigated across various mixing ratios, analyzing the effects of nitrogen-containing fuel temperature on NOX generation and elucidating NOX generation patterns under different mixing ratios. The findings indicated that a 30 % NH3 blending ratio in the radiation tube yielded uniform wall temperature distribution along its length, minimal circumferential temperature variation, and an outlet NOX emission of only 20.3 ppm. Furthermore, Pearson correlation coefficient calculations revealed strong correlations between NH3 concentration (0.97), URT temperature (0.88), and NOX generation rate (0.88) within the U-type radiation tube combustion flame and NOX emission content.

Analysis of noctilucent clouds’ fields according to ground-based network and airborne photography data

The article analyzes the fields of noctilucent clouds over the territory of the Russian Federation, recorded by a ground-based network of cameras using also aircraft photography, over the two nights in June 2021. It is demonstrated that aircraft photography can significantly improve the coverage of the territory of noctilucent clouds’ probable appearance. The detected noctilucent cloud fields are compared with model regions of water vapor condensation derived from satellite measurements of temperature and water vapor mixing ratio. Practical steps are proposed for the development of aircraft observations of noctilucent clouds.

Development and evaluation of a panel of newly screened Y chromosome InDels for inferring paternal ancestry information in Southwest China.

Y-InDels (insertions/deletions) are genetic markers which are extremely understudied. It is unknown whether this type of markers can be utilized for genetic ancestry inference. We have developed an innovative Y chromosome ancestry inference system tailored for forensic applications. This panel amplifies 21 Y chromosome loci, encompassing Y-InDels and Y-SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism), utilizing the capillary electrophoresis (CE) platform. The system performed well at DNA concentrations greater than 0.125 ng/ul and produced accurate results at a 1:100 mixing ratio of male and female DNA. The Cumulative probability of matching (CPM) was between 0.95 and 0.97 in the experimental population. The system's efficacy in inferring ancestral origins was demonstrated through intercontinental population discrimination, revealing high discrimination power between African and East Asian populations. Population genetic analyses conducted on Han, Qiang and Hui populations in Southwest China, where the smallest FST value was 0.0002 between Han Chinese in Beijing (from 1000 Genomes Project) and Qiang Chinese from Sichuan (CQSC). Phylogenetic tree construction further illuminated distinct haplotypes among populations, with ethnically unique haplotypes observed in 34.6% of Hui and 7.1% of Qiang populations. K-fold cross-validation show the system's inference abilities at the intercontinental level. In addition, our investigations identified potential associations between the Y-InDel locus Y: 15,385,547 (GRCh37) and haplogroup R1a1a1b2a2- Z2124, as well as locus Y: 13,990,180 (GRCh37) and haplogroup F-M89. In conclusion, we have established a Y-chromosome inference system tailored for grassroots-level application, underscoring the value of incorporating Y-InDel markers in forensic analyses.

Characterization of bio-crude produced by graphene carbon tetranitrate catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction and ultrasonication of Ulva prolifera mixed Chicken waste

&lt;p style="text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;"&gt;The utilization of macroalgae, specifically &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;"&gt;Ulva prolifera&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;"&gt;, for the manufacture of bio-crude demonstrates great potential as a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuels. This is mostly owing to its abundant availability and renewable characteristics, making it an optimal choice for bio-oil production. This study examined the synthesis of bio-crude through the Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) method. The combination of Ultra-sonicated &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;"&gt;Ulva prolifera&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;"&gt;, Chicken Waste, and water facilitated the transformation of the moist biomass into Bio-crude. The study also examined the influence of process parameters, including the optimal operational temperature, retention time, and feedstock mixing ratio (275 &lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C, 30 minutes, and 1:4 ratio) for the graphene-C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;catalyst, KOH. The study's findings verified that a significant amount of bio-oil, specifically 23.5wt.% based on dry weight measurements, was successfully produced. The bio-oil mostly consists of alcohols, esters, phenols, ketones, and acidic chemicals. Furthermore, the bio-oil exhibited a significant heating value of 38.15 MJ/kg, which can be attributed to the presence of carboxylic acid groups and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the carbon content in the bio-oil was found to be double that of the macroalgae used as feedstock. Additionally, the heating value of the bio-oil was shown to be 2.5 times greater than that of the macroalgae. Hydrothermal liquefaction may be used to efficiently create bio-oil from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;"&gt;Ulva prolifera&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;"&gt;, a third-generation fuel that has great potential as an environmentally benign and sustainable energy source.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Study of the properties of Ru-isotopes using the proton-neutron interacting boson model (IBM-2)

The proton-neutron interacting boson model (IBM-2) has been used to make a schematic study of the Ruthenium ( ) isotopes of mass region around with and . For each isotope of the values of the IBM-2 Hamiltonian parameters, which yield an acceptable results for excitation energies in comparison with those of experimental data, have been determined. Fixed values of the effective charges ( ) and of the proton and neutron g factors ( and ) have been chosen for all isotopes under study. The calculated electric quadrupole moments of state, transitions, the magnetic dipole moments transitions and mixing ratios are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.

Vertical Distribution of Water Vapor During Haze Processes in Northeast China Based on Raman Lidar Measurements

Haze refers to an atmospheric phenomenon with extremely low visibility, which has significant impacts on human health and safety. Water vapor alters the scattering properties of atmospheric particulate matter, thus affecting visibility. A comprehensive analysis of the role of water vapor in haze formation is of great scientific significance for forecasting severe pollution weather events. This study investigates the distribution characteristics and variations of water vapor during haze weather in Changchun City (44°N, 125.5°E) in autumn and winter seasons, aiming to reveal the relationship between haze and atmospheric water vapor content. Analysis of observational results for a period of two months (October to November 2023) from a three-wavelength Raman lidar deployed at the site reveals that atmospheric water vapor content is mainly concentrated below 5 km, accounting for 64% to 99% of the total water vapor below 10 km. Furthermore, water vapor content in air pollution exhibits distinct stratification characteristics with altitude, especially within the height range of 1–3 km, where significant water vapor variation layers exist, showing spatial consistency with inversion layers. Statistical analysis of haze events at the site indicates a high correlation between the concentration variations of PM2.5 and PM10 and the variations in average water vapor mixing ratio (WVMR). During haze episodes, the average WVMR within 3 km altitude is 3–4 times higher than that during clear weather. Analysis of spatiotemporal height maps of aerosols and water vapor during a typical haze event suggests that the relative stability of the atmospheric boundary layer may hinder the vertical transport and diffusion of aerosols. This, in turn, could lead to a sharp increase in aerosol extinction coefficients through hygroscopic growth, thereby possibly exacerbating haze processes. These observational findings indicate that water vapor might play a significant role in haze formation, emphasizing the potential importance of observing the vertical distribution of water vapor for better simulation and prediction of haze events.

Elliptically polarized high-order harmonic generation from N[formula omitted]-CO mixed gases

We theoretically study the elliptically polarized high-order harmonic generation from N2-CO mixed gases. Our simulations show that the polarization of HHG is highly sensitive to both the mixing ratio and molecular alignment angle. In particular, even a small addition of CO gas results in a significant enhancement of harmonic ellipticity compared to pure N2 gas. Under a proper mixing ratio and molecular alignment angle, a large ellipticity of HHG is observed, which is larger than that in reported N2-Ar mixture. Furthermore, when considering the molecular alignment effect, the dependence of ellipticity of HHG on mixing ratio exhibits slight variations. These findings pave the way for generating elliptically polarized extreme ultraviolet pulses.

Superhydrophobic foamed concrete based on response surface method: Mix design and its potential application in roofing systems

This study employs the response surface method to optimize the mixture design of superhydrophobic foamed concrete. The study investigates the influence of calcium stearate (CS, dosage 1 %∼5 %), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, dosage 2 %∼8 %), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC, dosage 0.05 %∼0.2 %) on various properties of foamed concrete, including density, compressive strength, contact angle, and water absorption. Additionally, the research explores the application of superhydrophobic foamed concrete in integrated roofing systems and assesses its thermal and structural performance through finite element analysis. Results reveal that foamed concrete achieves a contact angle greater than 150° when formulated with a mix ratio of CS (3 %), PDMS (8 %), and HPMC (0.05 %), or CS (3 %), PDMS (5 %), and HPMC (0.125 %). A negative linear correlation between the heat transfer coefficient and the thickness of foamed concrete is found. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficient is inversely related to the spacing between the concave and convex drainage boards. Specifically, for a toe spacing of 50 mm and foamed concrete thickness exceeding 70 mm, the heat transfer coefficient of the roof measures 0.788 W/(m²·K). When the roof thickness increases from 70 mm to 100 mm, the roof heat transfer coefficient drops to 0.69 W/(m2∙K). When the toe spacing is increased from 50 mm to 60 mm, the heat transfer coefficient of the roof drops sharply to about 0.66 W/(m2∙K) at the thickness of 50 mm. The insulation requirements for the roof are satisfactorily met to 0.8 W/(m²·K). Under applied roof loads, the maximum von Mises stress experienced by the integrated roof is 0.6 MPa at a toe spacing of 50 mm. With the increase of the roof thickness, the maximum value of the DAMAGEC damage coefficient gradually decreases from 0.3 to 0.17. The maximum damage position has always been at the weak position of the four corners, which is consistent with the actual use status. The research findings on superhydrophobic foamed concrete have significant theoretical and engineering application value. Moreover, the construction of an "insulation/hydrophobic integrated" roof system demonstrates the feasibility of an integrated roof system and the potential for insulation/hydrophobic integration in roof system construction.

Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles for Enhancing Adhesion of 2K Polyurethane to Steel and Their Performance Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology.

Automakers are focusing on lightweight vehicles to address fuel economy and emission challenges and are using high-performance materials such as 2K PU-based joints as alternatives to cast iron, steel, and other metals. This study was conducted with the aim of expanding the application of 2K PU and enhancing its compatibility with steel substrates, which are commonly used in the automotive manufacturing industry, through the use of O-I hybrid nanoparticles containing alkoxysilane groups as additives in the 2K PU formulation. At the same time, the simplified process introduced and examined in this study demonstrates its feasibility for industrial-scale applications; the process offers notable advantages in reducing workload and curing time by eliminating cumbersome surface pretreatment steps before applying the 2K PU layer. Two types of commercial SB PU and EB PU were selected to study the mechanism by which O-I hybrid NPs enhance adhesion when integrated directly into the 2K PU formulation. We optimized various input parameters through practical work and modeling using the response surface method. These parameters included the amounts of AFAP precursor, APTES, and butylene glycol (BG) and the mixing ratio of O-I hybrid NPs in the formulations of two commercial PUs. The results show that O-I hybrid NPs significantly enhance adhesion, increasing performance on stainless surfaces by up to 2.35 times compared to pristine EB and SB PU. Notably, the SB PU's performance can improve up to 2.5 times according to the RSM predictions, highlighting the substantial impact of O-I hybrid NPs.

Integrating Mixup and ArcFace for enhanced anomalous sound detection

In machine condition monitoring, accurate detection of anomalous sounds is essential for timely maintenance interventions. Traditional deep neural network models employ classification-based self-supervised learning to discriminate normal and abnormal operational sounds using classification confidence. However, these models often suffer from overfitting or excessive confidence, limiting their effectiveness. To overcome this, we introduce a hybrid technique that combines the strengths of Mixup and ArcFace techniques. Mixup enhances model generalization by training on mixed sound data, while ArcFace promotes greater inter-class distances with an angular margin loss. However, there is a challenge in combining these methods because the angular margin for ArcFace is defined for a single target class, and hence, can be hardly defined for the mixed data utilized in Mixup. The proposed technique employs the class-dependent angular margins based on the mixing ratio of data. SoftMax losses for individual classes are constructed using the class-dependent margins and then integrated into the Mixup loss. When applied to the DCASE2020 Task2 dataset, the proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art NoisyArcMix model in anomaly detection. This approach demonstrates the potential of leveraging class-dependent angular margins in mixed data for improved performance in machine condition monitoring.

Effects of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Additives Fuel Blends on Diesel Engine’s Performance and Emissions and NOx Prediction using Boosted Tree Model

The rising demand for eco-friendly and sustainable fuel options has prompted the investigation of alternative energy sources. This study explores the use of blends of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), and 7% biodiesel (B7) with additives as a substitute for diesel fuel. The research involves comparing three different mix ratios of HDPE and additives with a conventional B7 blend: a control of 100% B7, a mix of 90% B7 with 10% HDPE, and a blend of 85% B7 with 10% HDPE and 5% additives. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to identify the fuels' functional groups. The study also measured key performance metrics, including brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake power (BP), and exhaust emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO2). A Boosted Tree Model was used to establish a prediction and analysis of NOx emissions. The findings indicate that incorporating additives into the HDPE blend positively influences both engine performance and emissions. The combination of HDPE and additives with B7 resulted in reduced emissions across various engine loads and speeds, decreasing hydrocarbon and carbon-containing emissions. The Boosted Tree Model, with a configuration of 4 leaf nodes, demonstrated strong predictive accuracy, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.86 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.38 for the training dataset, and R2 of 0.97 with RMSE of 0.16 for the validation dataset. The study underscores the benefits of integrating HDPE and additives into diesel blends, highlighting their potential to lower emissions and supporting the search for viable alternative fuels.

Подбор параметров экстракции биоактивных веществ из лекарственных растений с применением молочной сыворотки

Due to its natural chemical composition, whey can have both a positive effect on the human body and cause significant harm to the environment. It is rich in organic substances, which creates an additional organic burden on nature. However, whey has good prospects for the food industry as an extractant for the production of plant extracts and biologically active substances. The present research objective was to select optimal parameters for obtaining flavonoids from plant extracts using an unconventional type of extractant, i.e., whey. The study featured whey as an extractant and mixes of medicinal herbs. The resulting extracts were tested for the content of flavonoid compounds by thin-layer chromatography. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the spectrophotometric method. The extraction variables included temperature, extraction time, material-to-extractant ratio, and composition of herbal mixes. The extraction time ranged from 1 to 5 h at 90 ± 1℃. The maximal antioxidant activity belonged to the samples containing 7.5–12.5 g herbal mix and 450 ml whey. The optimal extraction time was 3 h. The content of flavonoids in the plant extracts was comparable and did not depend on the extraction time. Extraction time proved to be the key parameter to intensify the process of flavonoid extraction from plant raw materials. Therefore, the choice was made according to the shortest time with comparable values of flavonoids and the maximal level of antioxidant activity.

Harnessing nano-synergy: A comprehensive study of thermophysical characteristics of silver, beryllium oxide, and silicon carbide in hybrid nanofluid formulations

Nanofluids, promising to improve heat transfer efficiency, encounter stability and durability challenges, hindering their industrial applications. The emerging concept of hybrid nanofluids, alongside surfactant-driven stability research, presents a promising solution to tackle challenges in heat transfer, potentially revolutionizing thermal management systems and advancing nanomaterial science. This comprehensive study investigates the thermophysical properties of simple and hybrid nanofluid formulations composed of silver (Ag), beryllium oxide (BeO), and silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles dispersed in water. Hybrid nanofluids were prepared with varying volumetric ratios of 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20 and examined across temperatures ranging from 15 to 45 °C. The influence of surfactants on stability was explored to augment thermal characteristics. Results revealed that the surfactants have a significant effect on stability and the specific mixing ratios can lead to more favourable thermal characteristics. Thermal conductivity enhancements, evaluated via the transient hot-wire method, demonstrated improvements of 7.43 %, 7.17 %, and 5.31 % for Ag/SiC (60:40), Ag/BeO (60:40), and SiC/BeO (80:20) hybrid nanofluids, respectively, compared to water. Viscosity measurements revealed Newtonian behaviour for the Ag, SiC, and BeO nanofluids, with a minimum viscosity enhancement of 3.01 % observed for the BeO nanofluid. Hybrid Ag/SiC nanofluid demonstrated a maximum viscosity enhancement of 4.90 % for 20:80 formulation. Density analysis showed maximum augmentation of 0.25 %, 0.097 %, and 0.0775 % for the Ag, SiC, and BeO nanofluids respectively at 0.025 vol% while hybrid Ag/SiC nanofluid exhibited a maximum of 0.23 % density increase for the 80:20 composition. The statistical models were also developed to predict properties against temperature. Furthermore, the cost analysis identified Ag nanofluid as the most expensive option, while the SiC/BeO hybrid was the most economical. However, the Ag-SiC (60:40) hybrid nanofluid offered a balanced trade-off between properties and cost.

Global-scale gravity wave analysis methodology for the ESA Earth Explorer 11 candidate CAIRT

Abstract. In the past, satellite climatologies of gravity waves (GWs) have initiated progress in their representation in global models. However, these could not provide the phase speed and direction distributions needed for a better understanding of the interaction between GWs and the large-scale winds directly. The ESA Earth Explorer 11 candidate CAIRT could provide such observations. CAIRT would use a limb-imaging Michelson interferometer resolving a wide spectral range, allowing temperature and trace gas mixing ratio measurements. With the proposed instrument design, a vertical resolution of 1 km, along-track sampling of 50 km, and across-track sampling of 25 km in a 400 km wide swath will be achieved. In particular, this allows for the observation of three-dimensional (3D), GW-resolving temperature fields throughout the middle atmosphere. In this work, we present the methodology for the GW analysis of CAIRT observations using a limited-volume 3D sinusoidal fit (S3D) wave analysis technique. We assess the capability of CAIRT to provide high-quality GW fields by the generation of synthetic satellite observations from high-resolution model data and comparison of the synthetic observations to the original model fields. For the assessment, wavelength spectra, phase speed spectra, horizontal distributions, and zonal means of GW momentum flux (GWMF) are considered. The atmospheric events we use to exemplify the capabilities of CAIRT are the 2006 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the tropics, and the mesospheric preconditioning phase of the 2019 SSW event. Our findings indicate that CAIRT would provide highly reliable observations not only of global-scale GW distributions and drag patterns but also of specific wave events and their associated wave parameters. Even under worse-than-expected noise levels of the instrument, the resulting GW measurements are highly consistent with the original model data. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the estimated GW parameters can be used for ray tracing, which physically extends the horizontal coverage of the observations beyond the orbit tracks.

Effects of Steel Slag Used as Substrate on the Growth of Hydrangea macrophylla Cuttings

Steel slag is an industrial solid waste produced during the steelmaking process. To explore the application of steel slag in the agricultural field, the present experiment was carried out to study the effect of substrates with different contents of steel slag on the growth of Hydrangea macrophylla cuttings. The conventional substrate (perlite: vermiculite: peat = 1:1:1) was used as the control (CK), and the treatments were designed as T1 (steel slag: perlite: vermiculite: peat = 1:3:3:3, v/v/v/v), T2 (steel slag: perlite: vermiculite: peat = 1:2:2:2, v/v/v/v), T3 (steel slag: perlite: vermiculite: peat = 1:1:1:1, v/v/v/v), and T4 (steel slag: perlite: vermiculite: peat = 1:0:0:0, v/v/v/v). The results showed that the addition of steel slag significantly increased the substrate’s bulk density, EC, and pH and improved its water retention capacity to a certain extent. There were significant differences among different treatments in morphological indicators, root growth and development, and physiological and biochemical characteristics of cutting seedlings. All traits, including plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, root length, root surface area, root volume, the number of root tips, root activity, and soluble protein content of seedlings grown in T3 were significantly higher than those in other substrates. The results indicated that the appropriate addition of steel slag is helpful to hydrangea cuttings’ growth, and the optimal mixing ratio is steel slag: perlite: vermiculite: peat = 1:1:1:1 (v/v/v/v). This is a significant innovation in applying steel slag in agricultural production.