Mitotic Figures Research Articles

The Possible Protective Effect of Taurine on Bisphenol Induced Structural Changes on the Cerebral Cortex of Rats: Histological and Immunohistochemical Study.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound that has been used in many industries, such as paints and dental sealants. Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic actions. This study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effect of taurine on BPA-induced structural changes in the cerebral cortex of rats using histological and immunohistochemical methods. 35 Wistar rats (180-200 gm) were divided into control: 10 rats; Group I: 5 rats received corn oil (0.5 mL/day); Group II (Bisphenol low dose; BPAL): 5 rats received a low dose of BPA (25 mg/kg/three times/week); Group III (Bisphenol high dose; BPAH): 5 rats received a high dose of BPA (100 mg/kg/three times/week; Group IV: (BPAL + taurine): 5 rats received taurine 100 mg/kg/day and BPAL (25 mg/kg/three times/week); Group V: (BPAH + taurine): 5 rats received taurine 100 mg/kg/day and BPH (100 mg/kg/ three times/week). BPAL& BPAH groups showed significant dose-dependent histological changes of the neuropil, pyramidal, and neuroglial cells at H&E stained sections, significantly increased GFAP, caspase- 3 immunohistochemical reaction with cells positive for Ki67 with many mitotic figures. BPAL + taurine and BPAH + taurine groups showed amelioration of the previously mentioned results. Taurine ameliorated the structural changes induced by BPA in the cerebral cortex of rats.

ALK-rearranged, CD34-positive spindle cell neoplasms resembling dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a study of seven cases.

The majority of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) harbour PDGFB or PDGFD rearrangements. We encountered ALK expression/rearrangement in a PDGFB/D-negative CD34-positive spindle cell neoplasm with features similar to DFSP, prompting evaluation of ALK-rearrangements in DFSP and plaque-like CD34-positive dermal fibroma (P-LDF). We searched the archives of academic institutions for cases previously coded as DFSP and P-LDF. NGS-naïve or PDGFB-negative DFSP were screened for ALK (clone D5F3) expression by immunohistochemistry. NGS or ALK FISH was performed on ALK-positive cases. Methylome profiling studies were performed and compared with conventional DFSP. One case of "DFSP" and two "P-LDF" with ALK expression were identified from the archives, while four cases were detected prospectively. These seven cases (6F:1M; 8 months to 76 years) arose in the dermis of the arm (two), scalp, eyelid, thigh, abdomen, and shoulder and ranged from 0.4 to 4.2 cm. Tumours were composed of spindled cells and displayed a storiform growth pattern. Cytologic atypia was absent, and mitotic figures were scarce (0-2/10 HPFs, high power fields). The lesional cells were diffusely positive for CD34 and ALK and negative for S100 protein. By NGS (n = 5), ALK fusion partners included DCTN1 (2), PLEKHH2, and CLIP2 in DFSP-like cases and FLNA in P-LDF-like lesions. ALK FISH was positive in one (of two) cases previously labelled P-LDF. Methylome profiling of two (of three) ALK-rearranged DFSP-like tumours showed clustering with conventional DFSP in the UMAP dimension reduction plot. To date, no tumour has recurred (n = 2; 26, 27 months). We describe a cohort of novel ALK-rearranged tumours with morphologic features similar to DFSP.

Anti-tumor property of Argemone mexicana leaves methanol extracts against 7, 12- Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary tumors in experimental rats

Background: Breast cancer is a complex and multistage process. Many natural compounds are available for an effective and efficient alternative method against breast cancer. This study focused on the anti-cancer activity of Argemone mexicana leaf extract on Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: Argemone mexicana Leaves (AML) were collected, extracted by soxhlet apparatus with methanol solvent, and analyzed by Gas Chromatography and Mass-Spectroscopy (GCMS). Healthy Female Sprague-Dawley rats (7-8 weeks and 100 ± 20 g) were divided in five groups and used to induce mammary tumors by DMBA [25 mg/kg/ Subcutaneous (s.c.)]. After developing a palpable nodule (10-12 weeks after DMBA), the rats were treated with AML extract [200 and 400 mg/kg/Body Weight (b.w.)] and Tamoxifen (TAM 10 mg/kg) orally for 12 weeks. Body weight, tumor weight and volume measurements, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant and tumor marker [Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)] levels, and histological investigations were assessed. Results: Following AML treatment, there was a reduction in weight and volume (P< 0.01) of breast tumor, as well as a significant decrease in levels of lipid peroxidation and tumor marker CEA (P < 0.001) and improved Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and caspase levels (P < 0.001). In cytological results, AML improved the cellular architecture, and significant restoration in histopathological examinations revealed a tumor with minimal glandular epithelium proliferation, a decrease in mitotic figures, and nuclear alterations. Conclusion: The study suggests that AML extract has a chemoprotective effect against DMBA-induced mammary tumors in experimental animals, specifying its possibility as a therapeutic agent for breast cancer treatment.

Clinicopathological differences between classical schwannomas and cellular schwannomas in the retroperitoneum.

This study aimed to compare clinical and pathological features of retroperitoneal classical schwannomas and cellular schwannomas. A total of 64 cases of retroperitoneal classical schwannoma and 48 cases of cellular schwannoma were studied. Histopathological analysis was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Retroperitoneal cellular schwannomas exhibited 100% (48/48) and 75% (36/48) positive expression for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and cytokeratins (CK), respectively. Classical schwannomas showed rates of 6.25% (4/64) and 15.63% (10/64), respectively (P < .05). In classic schwannomas, 85.9% (55/64) showed a reticular pattern of positive anti-CD34 staining around tumor margins and subcapsular areas vs 52.1% (25/48) in cellular schwannomas (P < .05). Cellular schwannomas exhibited more mitotic figures than classical schwannoma (P < .05). The recurrence rate of cellular schwannomas was 10.42% (5/48), while that of classical schwannomas was 1.56% (1/64) (P < .05). Retroperitoneal cellular schwannomas commonly express GFAP and CK compared to classical schwannomas, suggesting that cellular schwannoma may originate from unmyelinated Schwann cells, while classical schwannoma may originate from myelinated Schwann cells. Anti-CD34 staining patterns may be used to distinguish between the 2 types. Retroperitoneal cellular schwannomas also show higher mitotic activity and are more prone to recurrence.

Advancing gastrointestinal stromal tumor management: The role of imagomics features in precision risk assessment.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) vary widely in prognosis, and traditional pathological assessments often lack precision in risk stratification. Advanced imaging techniques, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), offer potential improvements. This study investigates how MRI imagomics can enhance risk assessment and support personalized treatment for GIST patients. To assess the effectiveness of MRI imagomics in improving GIST risk stratification, addressing the limitations of traditional pathological assessments. Analyzed clinical and MRI data from 132 GIST patients, categorizing them by tumor specifics and dividing into risk groups. Employed dimension reduction for optimal imagomics feature selection from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), and contrast enhanced T1WI with fat saturation (CE-T1WI) fat suppress (fs) sequences. Age, lesion diameter, and mitotic figures significantly correlated with GIST risk, with DWI sequence features like sphericity and regional entropy showing high predictive accuracy. The combined T1WI and CE-T1WI fs model had the best predictive efficacy. In the test group, the DWI sequence model demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.960 with a sensitivity of 80.0% and a specificity of 100.0%. On the other hand, the combined performance of the T1WI and CE-T1WI fs models in the test group was the most robust, exhibiting an AUC value of 0.834, a sensitivity of 70.4%, and a specificity of 85.2%. MRI imagomics, particularly DWI and combined T1WI/CE-T1WI fs models, significantly enhance GIST risk stratification, supporting precise preoperative patient assessment and personalized treatment plans. The clinical implications are profound, enabling more accurate surgical strategy formulation and optimized treatment selection, thereby improving patient outcomes. Future research should focus on multicenter studies to validate these findings, integrate advanced imaging technologies like PET/MRI, and incorporate genetic factors to achieve a more comprehensive risk assessment.

Surgical Management of Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor with Adjunctive Chemotherapy Combination

One male and a female 2-year-old Neapolitan Mastiff dogs weighing 41 and 40 kg, respectively, were presented to the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria, with complaints of continuous bleeding from the prepuce and vulva which were first observed about 2 months before presentation. Clinical examination revealed preputial bleeding of the male dog and serosanguinous vulva discharges with the presence of palpable masses with multiple nodules that were cauliflower-like. Cytological evaluations of smears from preputial and vaginal swabs revealed characteristic round cells with large eccentric nuclei, large nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, and intracytoplasmic vacuolations as well as anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. Based on these cytological features, a diagnosis of canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) was made in each case. Blood samples were collected for hematology and clinical chemistry. Debulking of the masses was carried out under general anesthesia using atropine sulfate and chlorpromazine as pre-anesthetics and Ketamine hydrochloride as induction and maintenance anesthetics. Following debulking, the resulting defect was reconstructed and the surgical wound was managed by daily wound cleaning and the administration of vincristine sulfate (0.025 mg/kg) slowly intravenously, ivermectin (0.3 mg/kg) subcutaneously, and piroxicam (0.3 mg/kg) and 20% amoxicillin (20 mg/kg) intramuscularly. There were no observed known vincristine sulfate-associated adverse effects as the dogs recovered and were discharged 3-week post-tumor debulking with no recurrence within 6 months of follow-up examinations. The debulked mass histologically showed several sheets of round neoplastic cells with prominent nuclei, mitotic figures, and infiltrating lymphocytes. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of CTVT was further confirmed. The hemogram showed moderate leukocytosis at day 1 in the bitch with a mild left shift at days 1 and 14 while clinical chemistry showed a marked increase in alkaline phosphatase, moderate increase in serum creatinine, and mild hypoproteinemia. In conclusion, management of CTVT with adjunctive vincristine sulfate and ivermectin combination resulted in complete healing with amelioration of known associated adverse effects.

Clinicopathological and genetic analysis of interstitial disease-like pulmonary intravascular large B cell lymphoma

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features and genetic mutation status of pulmonary intravascular large B cell lymphoma. Methods: The clinicopathological data of eight patients diagnosed with pulmonary intravascular large B cell lymphoma, from April 2018 to May 2023, were retrospectively analyzed. The genetic profile of six patients was detected via next-generation sequencing (NGS) and followed up. Results: All patients included one male and seven females, with a median age of 64 years (ranging from 45 to 66 years). Respiratory symptoms were the most common (7 cases), B symptoms in two cases, hemophagocytic syndrome in two cases. Multiple diffuse ground-glass opacities in both lungs were observed based on the high-resolution chest CT scan. Six cases of mild to moderate ventilation or diffusion dysfunction were observed based on the pulmonary function tests. Moreover, two cases of hypoxemia and two cases with type Ⅰ respiratory failure were recorded. The serum lactate dehydrogenase level increased (7/8), β2-MG level increased (2/8), neuron-specific enolase level increased (7/8), total number of peripheral blood lymphocytes decreased (7/8), and clinical stages were all stage Ⅳ. The neoplastic lymphoid cells were lodged in the lumina of venules and capillaries of the alveolar septum; the tumor cells were large, with prominent nucleoli and frequent mitotic figures. The malignant cells were detected in the extravascular surrounding lung tissue in all cases. The tumor cells expressed mature B cell-associated antigens CD20 and CD79a, and the vascular endothelial markers CD31 and CD34 showed that the tumor cells were filled in the blood vessels, infiltrated blood vessel walls, and perivascular areas. One case was germinal center-type, seven cases were non-germinal center-type, two cases were double-expressing lymphoma, and all cases were EBER-negative. Furthermore, the top five genes with mutation frequencies detected by NGS were MYD88 (5/6), PIM1 (5/6), CD79B (4/6), TCF3 (4/6), and TP53 (3/6). Of the eight cases, seven patients received R-CHOP-based chemotherapy, six cases had complete remission after chemotherapy, one case died, and one case was lost to follow-up. Conclusions: Pulmonary vascular large B cell lymphoma is rare, which shares similar patterns with interstitial lung disease on imaging. Transbronchial lung biopsy is an effective method to confirm the diagnosis. Immunochemotherapy with BTK inhibitors can provide a survival advantage for patients in the future based on molecular typing.

PHF1::TFE3-positive fibromyxoid sarcoma? Report of 2 cases and review of 13 cases of PHF1::TFE3-positive ossifying fibromyxoid tumor in the literature.

Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor (OFMT) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis. Most OFMTs have benign behavior, andmany harbor gene fusions involving the PHD finger protein 1 (PHF1), such as EP400::PHF1, MEAF6::PHF1, EPC1::PHF1, and PHF1::TFE3. The PHF1::TFE3 fusion is unique because PHF1 is at 5' instead of residing at 3' in the other fusions. In this study, we describe 2 cases of OFMT harboring PHF1::TFE3 fusions and review 13 published cases. Two cases of PHF1::TFE3-positive OFMT were investigated using RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and immunohistochemistry. Most (12/15) of the PHF1::TFE3 OFMTs we studied were located at proximal and distal extremities, with a multinodular growth pattern. Only 1 case (1/10) had a shell of bone at the periphery. Areas morphologically similar to sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma or low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma were found in 8 of 12 (66.7%) cases. Eleven cases (11/15 [73.3%]) were regarded as malignant based on more than 2/50 high-power field mitotic figures, increased cellularity, or the presence of necrosis. Among the 9 cases with follow-up data, 2 patients died of disease (with metastases), 1 patient is alive with metastases, and 1 patient had multiple local recurrences. Because PHF1 is located at 3' in all the PHF1 fusions in OFMTs except PHF1::TFE3, the different driver molecular alterations suggest that OFMTs with 3'-PHF1 fusions and OFMTs with PHF1::TFE3 are different tumors. Immunohistochemistry confirmed TFE3 expression in all PHF1::TFE3 OFMTs. Because PHF1::TFE3-positive OFMTs have increased mitotic figures and tumor cellularity, with a high rate of metastasis, using the name PHF1::TFE3 positive fibromyxoid sarcoma may be appropriate.

Malignant blue melanoma

Malignant blue melanomas (MBMs) arise from blue nevi and all related intradermal melanocytic proliferations. They harbor specific, mutually exclusive mutations in the G-coupled protein pathway, mainly involving GNAQ or GNA11. Other rare genetic drivers include CYSLTR2 or PCLB4 mutations. PKC and GRM1-gene fusions have been recently added to this list. MBMs have a predilection for the scalp area, presenting as rapidly growing nodules within a pre-existing lesion. Histopathologically, these tumors are located in the dermis and subcutaneous fat and consist of large nodules or expanding dense sheets. Tumor necrosis is commonly seen. Large spindle-shaped and epithelioid melanocytes with high-grade cytological atypia and frequent mitotic figures are at higher magnification. A benign blue nevus or intermediate-grade blue melanocytoma is frequently found on the side of the central mass. Loss of nuclear BAP1 immunoreactivity is a poor prognostic factor.

Anti-phosphohistone H3 (PHH3) as a proliferation marker to assess mitotic activity and to grade neuroendocrine neoplasms of hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) system.

The world health organization (WHO) classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs, i.e. neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs)) of the gastrointestinal system involves grading of these tumors by mitotic count (i.e. H and E mitotic index or Haematoxylin and Eosin mitotic index [HE-MI] and Mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 labelling index (MIB1-LI) into Grade 1 (G1), Grade 2 (G2), or Grade 3 (G3). However, the assessment of HE-MI and MIB1-LI is hindered by several factors that contribute to discordance between these two grading methods. Clinical data demonstrate the dependency of prognosis on grade. The objective of this study was to compare the grading of NENs of the hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) system using Anti-phosphohistone H3 mitotic index (i.e. PHH3-MI), HE-MI and MIB1-LI. In a cohort of 140 NENs selected from January 2011 to August 2019, the concordance and correlation between HE-MI, MIB1-LI and PHH3-MI grading methods were analysed using Cohen's weighted kappa (κ) statistics and Spearman's correlation (ρ), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and cut-off analyses were done to determine optimal PHH3-MI cut-off values to grade NENs. The rates of discordance between HE-MI vs. MIB1-LI, PHH3-MI vs. MIB1-LI and PHH3-MI vs. HE-MI were 52% (κ =0.416), 29% (κ =0.64) and 41% (κ =0.508), respectively. There was a significant correlation between the grading methods. PHH3-MI had good overall sensitivity and specificity at cut-offs 2 and 17 in distinguishing between G1 vs. G2, and G2 vs. G3 tumors, respectively. PHH3 immunolabeling allowed for quick and easy identification of mitotic figures (MF). It had the highest concordance with MIB1-LI. At cut-off values of 2 and 17, there was good overall sensitivity and specificity. The interobserver agreement was excellent.

Isolated intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: a clinicopathological and molecular analysis

Objective: To study the clinicopathological features, immunohistochemical phenotypes, molecular changes, differential diagnosis and prognosis of isolated intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (iIDC-P). Methods: Three iIDC-P cases were collected retrospectively from 2016 to 2022 at Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, China. The clinicopathologic features and immunophenotypic profiles were studied using light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. A targeted next-generation sequencing panel was used to analyze cancer-associated mutations. Follow-up and literature review were also performed. Results: The patients' ages were 61, 67 and 77 years, and their preoperative prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels were 7.99, 7.99 and 4.86 μg/L, respectively. Case 1 and 2 were diagnosed on needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens, and case 3 was diagnosed on a specimen of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The RP specimen was entirely submitted for histologic examination. In the case 1, iIDC-P was found in one tissue core (involving two ducts) in the biopsy specimen, and in 6 sections (diameter, 0.3-1.1 cm) from the radical prostatectomy specimen, and one section had separate foci of low-grade acinar adenocarcinoma (diameter, 0.05 cm). In the case 2, 6 tissue sections from the biopsy specimens showed iIDC-P, and 13 sections from RP specimen showed iIDC-P (diameter, 0.5-1.6 cm), and the other 3 sections had separate low grade acinar adenocarcinoma (diameter, 0.6 cm). In the case 3, 5 tissue blocks from the TURP specimen showed iIDC-P. The case 1 and 2 showed solid architecture with expansile proliferation of neoplastic cells in native ducts and acini. The case 3 showed dense or loose cribriform pattern, with marked cytological atypia, and frequent mitotic figures. Comedonecrosis was found in solid or dense cribriform glands in the case 2. Immunohistochemically, surrounding basal cells were highlighted using high-molecular-weight cytokeratin (34βE12 and CK5/6) and p63, while P504s was positive in the tumor cells. The tumor cells were also positive for AR and prostate markers (NKX3.1, PSA and PSAP), and negative for GATA3. The iIDC-P and acinar adenocarcinoma both showed weak PTEN expression and no ERG (nuclear) expression. In case 2 and 3, targeted sequencing revealed activated oncogenic driver mutations in MAPK and PI3K pathway genes (KRAS, MTOR and PTEN). In addition, pathogenic mutation in TP53 and FOXA1 mutation were found in the case 2 and 3, respectively. No case demonstrated TMPRSS2::ERG translocation. All cases were microsatellite stable and had lower tumor mutation burdens (range, 2.1-3.1 muts/Mb). The patients showed no biochemical recurrence or metastasis after follow-up of 16-91 months. Conclusions: iIDC-P is a special type of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate and differs from intraductal carcinoma within high-grade prostate cancer. iIDC-P has unique molecular characteristics and may represent as a molecularly unique in situ tumor of prostate cancer.

Benzimidazole Derivative (N-{4-[2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-Benzimidazole-1-Sulfonyl] Phenyl} Acetamide) Ameliorates Methotrexate-Induced Intestinal Mucositis by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers in Mice.

Methotrexate (MTX)-induced intestinal mucositis (IM) is a common side effect in cancer treatment that impairs the immune system and gut microbes, resulting in loss of mucosal integrity and gut barrier dysfunction. The quality of life and outcomes of treatment are compromised by IM. The present study was designed to investigate the mucoprotective potential of the benzimidazole derivative N-{4-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-1-sulfonyl] phenyl} acetamide (B8) on MTX-induced IM in mice. IM was induced by a single dose of MTX in mice and assessed by physical manifestations as well as biochemical, oxidative, histological, and inflammatory parameters. B8 (1, 3, 9 mg/kg) significantly reduced diarrhea score, mitigated weight loss, increased feed intake and, survival rate in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, B8 exhibited a mucoprotective effect evident through the mitigation of villus atrophy, crypt hypoplasia, diminished crypt mitotic figures, mucin depletion, and oxidative stress markers (GSH, SOD, MDA, and catalase concentration). Gene expression analysis revealed that B8 downregulated the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and concurrently upregulated IL-10 expression in contrast to the MTX group. Further, B8 significantly improved the luminal microflora profile by augmenting the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli). Additionally, the enzyme-linked immunoassay showed that B8 decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that B8 had mucoprotective effects against MTX-induced IM and could be used as an adjunct in chemotherapy to deter this side effect.

Primary BAP1-absent atypical meningioma arising from median nerve within infraclavicular brachial plexus: illustrative case.

The authors present the only known case of a World Health Organization grade II ectopic meningioma occurring in the infraclavicular brachial plexus, causing pain within the axilla not associated with a primary malignant meningioma of the central nervous system. Peripheral nerve sheath tumors are rare entities, the majority of which are schwannomas or neurofibromas. Ectopic meningiomas only represent 1%-2% of all meningiomas. To date, there is one other published case specifically of a primary ectopic meningioma located in the brachial plexus. Following the dissection of the left axilla, a dominant rubbery tumor involving the median nerve was encountered. The tumor capsule contained areas of hemorrhage and a soft core with nerve fascicles coursing through, which were not compromised during internal tumor debulking. The tumor lacked a clear pseudocapsule that is characteristically seen in schwannomas. Histopathological studies confirmed an atypical epithelioid neoplasm with elevated numbers of mitotic figures and BAP1 gene deletion. Primary meningiomas arising outside the central nervous system are exceedingly rare. For this unusual higher-grade primary ectopic meningioma located in the distal brachial plexus, surgery with the goal of gross-total resection, adjuvant radiation, additional imaging, and genetics screening were recommended. Close follow-up is warranted. https://thejns.org/doi/10.3171/CASE24226.

Histopathological and Ultrastructural Study of a Canine Langerhans Cell Tumour (Canine Cutaneous Histiocytoma).

Canine cutaneous histiocytoma (CCH) represents a significant proportion of dog skin tumours, often manifesting as the most common neoplastic skin condition in young animals. Predominantly affecting dogs under four, these tumours appear primarily as solitary lesions that may regress spontaneously. This study, conducted over five years at the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, involved a detailed histopathological and ultrastructural examination of 93 CCH cases. Histologically, these tumours showed distinct patterns of lymphoid infiltration, which contributed to their classification into four groups based on the inflammatory response and histological architecture. Most tumours displayed signs of epidermal invasion and frequent mitotic figures, with necrosis present in over half of the cases. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells were characterised by pleomorphism, abundant organelles, and adherens-type junctions. This study offers significant insights into the pathophysiology and morphological characteristics of CCH, underscoring the importance of detailed histological and ultrastructural analysis in accurately diagnosing and understanding this common canine tumour.

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of palisading adenocarcinoma: The first cytology report of a newly described salivary gland neoplasm.

Here, we report the first cytology findings of the newly characterized entity, palisading adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland, diagnosed in the sublingual gland of a 61-year-old female. The liquid-based cytology showed a moderately cellular aspirate containing three-dimensional clusters and trabeculae of tumor cells of various sizes. The cells had dark ovoid nuclei, finely granular chromatin, inconspicuous to punctate nucleoli, and ample cyanophilic cytoplasm with indistinct cell borders. In conventional smears, the cells displayed frequent crush artifacts and anisonucleosis resembling endocrine-type atypia. The background was clean, devoid of secretions, and contained singly dispersed tumor cells with stripped nuclei. Interestingly, concentrically laminated globules of extracellular matrix surrounded by the tumor cells were identified. Mitotic figures and tumor necrotic debris were absent. The cytologic findings correlated with the histologic findings of the excision specimen. The cytologic differential diagnosis and tumor grading of palisading adenocarcinoma were briefly discussed.

Myoepithelioma-Like Tumor of the Vulvar Region: A Clinicopathologic Study of Four Cases.

Myoepithelioma-like tumors of the vulvar region (MELTVR) are solid tumors found in the vulva of adult women. They have a similar histopathology to myoepithelioma but differ in immunohistochemical phenotype and genetic changes. In this study, we report four examples of MELTVR, occurred in the external genitalia and mons pubis of adult women aged 32 to 39 years. The tumors presented as subcutaneous masses without obvious tenderness. The tumors were composed of a mixture of myxoid and nonmyxoid components, and myxoid areas accounted for 5% to 80% of the tumor volume. The tumor cells were spindle-shaped or epithelioid, with abundant cytoplasm, vesicular nuclei, and small nucleoli. The nuclear atypia was mild to moderate, with 0 to 10 mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields. Immunohistochemically, all four tumors showed consistent positivity for EMA, calponin and ER; three tumors exhibited PR expression. All tumors were negative for S100 protein and SMA. AE1/AE3 expression was absent in all except one tumor, which showed rare positivity. SMARCB1/INI1 expression was deficient in all tumors. EWSR1 and FUS rearrangements were absent. All tumors were treated through surgery. All patients were alive without recurrence on most recent follow-up. Together, this overview of four additional tumors of MELTVR offers further insight into this rare and poorly understood disease.

Orbital Oncocytic Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Case Series and Literature Review.

This case series and literature review evaluated the baseline variables, clinical symptoms, pathological characteristics, and prognosis of patients with orbital oncocytic carcinoma. This retrospective case series collected the medical histories and other related data from 13 patients pathologically diagnosed with oncocytic carcinoma. The average age of patients with orbital oncocytic carcinoma was 64.8 years, with a significantly higher rate of males than females. Furthermore, unilateral disease was more common than bilateral disease. All patients had surrounding tissue invasion, most commonly to extraocular muscles (69.2%) and bones (53.8%). The clinical manifestations were proptosis (30.8%), swelling of the lesion area (23.1%), vision loss (23.1%), diplopia (23.1%), periocular mass (23.1%), tears (15.4%), eye pain (7.7%), ptosis (7.7%), and visual field loss (7.7%). Microscopic examination revealed many large eosinophilic cells. There were obvious nuclei and abundant mitotic figures. The cancer cells expressed cytokeratin, but not P63 or S-100. The follow-up duration was 2-53 months, and the metastasis rate was 16.7%. The patients exhibited a good prognosis. The main treatment methods included surgical resection, surgery combined with radiotherapy, and the enucleation of ocular contents. Orbital oncocytic carcinoma has the immunohistochemical characteristics of eosinophilic tumor cells, with expression of cytokeratin but not P63 or S-100. The prognosis is favorable. Surgical resection, surgery combined with radiotherapy, and enucleation of intraocular material are effective treatment options. Nevertheless, long-term follow-up and close observation for metastases are required.

Giant cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

We present the clinicopathological features of 23 cases of the giant cell subtype of urothelial carcinoma, a rare subtype of bladder cancer recognized in the current World Health Organization classification of urological tumors. Histologically, the architectural pattern of the tumor varied from infiltrating to the solid expansile pleomorphic tumor with giant, bizarre, anaplastic cells. Typical or atypical mitotic figures were frequently present in all cases. Between 10 and 30% of the tumor had a giant cell component. All cases were associated with conventional high-grade urothelial carcinoma, with areas of squamous cell divergent differentiation and micropapillary carcinoma present in six and two cases, respectively. In one case each had sarcomatoid, nested, small cell, or glandular divergent differentiation. At diagnosis, 35% of patients had advanced disease and 12% had distant metastases. When comparing giant cell urothelial carcinoma with conventional urothelial carcinoma in a matched analysis, differences in overall and cancer-specific survival were observed, particularly in the T1 stage category. Immunohistochemical staining showed a similar profile of urothelial lineage with frequent positive expression of uroplakin II, GATA3, CK20, CK7, and S100P in both giant cell and conventional urothelial carcinomas. High Ki67 proliferation (range, 60–90%; mean, 71%) and nuclear p53 accumulation (mutant profile; range, 50–90%; mean, 64%) were observed. Using the 22C3 assay, the expression of PD-L1 was found to be variable in two cases, and beta-HCG was negative. In conclusion, giant cell carcinoma is a subtype of urothelial carcinoma associated with advanced clinical stage and a trend to lower survival rates.

Unraveling Complexity: Delving into a Novel Pigmented Epithelioid Melanocytoma Case

Abstract Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma (PEM) is a rare and diagnostically challenging skin neoplasm. Differentiating this lesion from melanoma is challenging due to overlapping clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features. Some PEMs have a benign course, while others may be associated with more aggressive behaviour and have potential for local recurrence or distant metastasis. So, careful evaluation and follow-up are crucial for individuals with a diagnosis of PEM. This case study focuses on a 42-year-old woman with a gradually enlarging, dark, pigmented gluteal lesion. Histopathological analysis following complete excision showed nodular proliferation of spindled and epithelioid melanocytes in the dermis, extending into subcutaneous fat. Cellular atypia or mitotic figures were absent, confirming the diagnosis as PEM. This case underscores the intricate balance between monitoring and intervention in complex dermatological cases, shedding light on diagnostic challenges and ultimately striving for improved patient care.

Evaluation of Serum Amino Acid and Carnitine Profile in Dogs with Transmissible Venereal Tumor

The presented study aimed to reveal the changes in serum amino acid and carnitine profiles in dogs with transmissible venereal tumor (TVT). The study material comprised 40 female dogs ranging in age from 3 to 5 years. The dogs were divided into two groups based on genital organ examinations. Group 1 (n=20) consisted of healthy dogs, while Group 2 (n=20) consisted of TVT-positive dogs. The definite diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumor was made based on the detection of intracytoplasmic vacuoles and numerous mitotic figures in the collected vaginal smear samples. Blood samples were taken from dogs in both study groups and serum was obtained. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for the determination of carnitine and amino acid profiles. The obtained data were compared using independent samples t-test. The serum amino acid profiles of Lysine, Aspartic Acid, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Alanine, Arginine, Citrulline, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Methylglutaryl, Phenylalanine, and Ornithine were found to be lower in the TVT group (P