Mitigation System Research Articles

Enhanced Traffic Congestion Management with Fog Computing - A Simulation-Based Investigation using IFOG-Simulator

Accurate latency computation is essential for the Internet of Things (IoT) since the connected devices generate a vast amount of data that is processed on cloud infrastructure. However, the cloud is not an optimal solution. To overcome this issue, fog computing is used to enable processing at the edge while still allowing communication with the cloud. Many applications rely on fog computing, including traffic management. In this paper, an Intelligent Traffic Congestion Mitigation System (ITCMS) is proposed to address traffic congestion in heavily populated smart cities. The proposed system is implemented using fog computing and tested in a crowdedCairo city. The results obtained indicate that the execution time of the simulation is 4,538 seconds, and the delay in the application loop is 49.67 seconds. The paper addresses various issues, including CPU usage, heap memory usage, throughput, and the total average delay, which are essential for evaluating the performance of the ITCMS. Our system model is also compared with other models to assess its performance. A comparison is made using two parameters, namely throughput and the total average delay, between the ITCMS, IOV (Internet of Vehicle), and STL (Seasonal-Trend Decomposition Procedure based on LOESS). Consequently, the results confirm that the proposed system outperforms the others in terms of higher accuracy, lower latency, and improved traffic efficiency.

Smart Agriculture System of Flood Monitoring and Mitigation Using Live Data for Flood-Prone Area

Smart Agriculture System of Flood Monitoring and Mitigation Using Live Data for Flood-Prone Area

Quantification of methane oxidation measuring isotopic signal in 13C on Spanish landfills

Landfill emissions, particularly methane leaks detected by satellite, are drawing great attention in the last years as a mean for evaluate their contribution to the global warming effect. In contrast, models like IPCC often overestimate landfill methane emissions, prompting verification and mitigation system evaluation. Methane's higher warming capacity than carbon dioxide underscores the importance of promoting its oxidation as it traverses landfill layers. This oxidation raises the CH4–13C/12C ratio via bacterial biooxidation. This study quantified this fractionation using soil and surface gas samples from Spanish landfills and their degassing systems. Sampling relied on walkover surveys collecting samples in Tedlar bags, to analyze isotopic signals in the laboratory using WS-CRDS. Fractionation factors (α) ranged from 1.020 to 1.030, while the oxidized fraction (fox) spanned from no oxidation to 55% (δ13C of −45.83‰). Each ratio correlates with emission types like fugitive and dispersed emissions on plateaus, berms, slopes, sealing cracks, or pits. Understanding the methane oxidized fraction in each landfill is relevant for greenhouse gas emission model integration.

Design of SIL-2 interlock function for tokamak fusion reactor

The ITER Gas Injection System (GIS) Regulates fueling and impurity gases during plasma discharges within the tokamak vacuum vessel. To implement ITER investment protection, the GIS requires capable of interlock function to shielding the gases from ITER vacuum chamber when Disruption Mitigation System (DMS) is triggered or an abnormality is detected, in order to prevent further damage caused by gas fueling. This paper presents the preliminary design of the interlock system for the ITER GIS per ITER plant interlock system design rules and guidelines. The design adopts a redundant and fault-tolerant architecture with fail-safe programmable logic controllers to achieve the required ITERs target Interlock Integrity Level of SIL-2. The solutions here facilitate the integration with ITER instrumentation and control system, also establishing reference models for other large-scale control system platforms.

ENHANCING POWER SYSTEM SECURITY THROUGH RESILIENT FREQUENCY REGULATION IN THE FACE OF HYBRID CYBER-ATTACKS

The growing reliance on modern communication technologies in power systems for Frequency Regulation (FR) introduces vulnerabilities to cyberattacks, posing significant threats to system stability and reliability. These attacks can disrupt the coordination among various components, such as sensors, control centers, and actuators, thereby compromising the integrity of FR analysis. In response, this article proposes a resilient solution in the form of a deep-learning-based Attack Detection and Mitigation system. By integrating advanced AI techniques, this system aims to fortify the security of FR operations within the cyber-physical framework, swiftly identifying and neutralizing cyber threats. Ultimately, this approach ensures the continuous and reliable operation of power systems, mitigating the risks posed by hybrid cyberattacks and safeguarding critical infrastructure. The proposed system represents a proactive approach to mitigating the escalating risks associated with cyberattacks targeting FR in power systems. Through its deep-learning algorithms, the system can dynamically adapt to emerging threats, enhancing the resilience of FR analysis against malicious intrusions. By bolstering security measures within the cyber-physical model, the system minimizes the potential impact of cyberattacks on power system stability and reliability. Moreover, its ability to detect and mitigate threats in real-time ensures uninterrupted operation, thereby safeguarding the functionality of power systems even amidst the evolving landscape of hybrid cyber threats. This resilient solution represents a crucial step towards fortifying power system security and maintaining essential services in the face of adversarial cyber activities. Keywords: Attack detection and mitigation (ADM) system, Frequency Regulation(FR), hybrid power system, Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), resiliency.

Experimental environment for testing the shattered pellet injection of KSTAR

The dual shattered pellet injection (SPI) systems installed at the KSTAR (Korean Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) have been operational since 2019 to conduct disruption mitigation studies in support of ITER DMS (Disruption Mitigation System) design activities. The system has the advantage of firing pellets simultaneously from the two identical pellet injectors installed at 180-degree opposite positions on KSTAR. Each injector is capable of fabricating and firing three pellets of different sizes (diameter, length). The characteristics of the initial pellet (geometry, velocity, etc.) can be verified using a microwave cavity (MWC) system and an imaging optical pellet diagnostics (OPD) system.Each SPI system must achieve specific conditions related to pellet fabrication and firing prior to plasma experiments. We realized that we didn't have the sufficient time and conditions to do off-line testing in 2022, so we have developed a suitable solution. First, we have to disconnect the SPI system from the KSTAR vacuum vessel and build a separate test chamber in the injection line. Inside the new test chamber, we have to install the same shatter tube used in the current experiments and equip it with measuring devices to observe the fragmented pellets. We also have to switch the fabrication process of the pellets from manual to semi-automatic using a feedback pressure controller on the barrel pressure. In this paper, we will describe the new experimental environment for independent SPI testing and the future plan.

Hybrid scheduling strategy and improved marine predator optimizer for energy scheduling in integrated energy system to enhance economic and environmental protection capability

This study endeavors to comprehensively enhance energy efficiency and investigate the potential of integrated energy system in energy conservation and emission mitigation by proposing innovative solutions. Consequently, an optimal scheduling model has been developed. The analytic hierarchy process is employed to ascertain the weights of indicators within the model. Strategies for enhanced following heating load and enhanced following power load have been introduced, considering the energy transfer capability of the energy storage system. Furthermore, a hybrid strategy enabling flexible interchange between these two strategies has been proposed. Subsequently, an improved marine predator optimizer is proposed to solve the model, which significantly boosts solution efficiency and the capability to overcome local optima. Results indicate an overall enhancement in system performance under the proposed strategies compared to traditional approaches. The hybrid strategy particularly stands out, demonstrating superior performance with energy efficiency achieving up to 75.67 % and the comprehensive performance improvement of 5.01 % and 7.68 % compared to traditional following power load strategy and following heating load strategy. This study contributes to reducing system operating costs, energy consumption, and carbon emissions, signifying its substantial role in advancing renewable energy integration, promoting green economies, and fostering sustainable development.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Tuned Vertical Isolation System for Seismic Risk Mitigation

Abstract Vertical isolation by dividing the building into two soft and stiff sub-systems benefits from the period shifts and the damping mechanism across the height. However, the displacement demand imposed on the soft sub-system is less applicable in congested urban areas. As a result, in this study, a hybrid system of vertical isolation system benefiting from a tuned soft subsystem divided into upper and lower portions is investigated. A parametric linear 3-Degree of Freedom (DoF) model of the system incorporating mass and frequency ratio of the sub-systems was introduced and analyzed by response spectrum in MATLAB. A closed-form solution for the system frequency and mode shapes was also established. Response spectrum analysis indicates increasing the Tuned Mass Damper (TMD)’s fundamental period to 2.5 times the soft sub-system’s, reduces its displacement to more than 40 percent. The Multi Degree of Freedom (MDoF) model of the system is parametrically generated in MATLAB. Time history analysis of the building subjected to 40 records with 2 and 10 percent probabilities of exceedance in 50 years compared with conventional vertical isolation reveals the lower soft sub-system displacement can be reduced up to 45 percent by shifting drift to upper stories. The innovative tuned vertical isolation by demonstrating superior control performance as comprises lower floors’ drift may be an applicable solution for adjacent high- and low-rise buildings.

Current-sensorless model predictive control for DAB converter based on back-flow power optimization

To solve problems such as high back-flow power, low system efficiency and poor dynamic properties of dual-active-full-bridge DC-DC converters in energy routers under traditional single-phase-shift modulation, the present paper introduces a current-sensorless-based model predictive control method combining back-flow power optimization based on Extended-Phase-Shift (EPS) modulation strategy. The transmission power model of the DAB converter is analyzed, taking into account the extended phase shift and the optimal shift comparison combination is found by the Lagrange multiplier method with the return power as the objective function. Then, the cost function is constructed to track the output voltage to achieve model predictive control without a current sensor. Finally, the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed strategy are verified by simulation. The results demonstrate the efficacy of this approach in mitigating system back-flow power and enhancing dynamic performance.

Living emission abolish filters (LEAFs) for methane mitigation: design and operation

As one of the most potent greenhouse gases, methane is a critical target for the near-term mitigation of global warming. Efficient, scalable, easy-to-implement, and robust mitigation technologies are urgently needed to assist in reaching methane abolishment. The goal of this research was to test the applicability of active, extremophilic methanotrophic cells as a baseline concept for engineered systems aiming at methane capturing. The system, named living emission abolish filters (LEAFs), represents an array of immobilized biomaterials capable of capturing methane directly from vent streams. The biomaterials were made using cells of Methylotuvimicrobium alcaliphilum 20ZR, a robust halophilic methanotrophic bacterium with the ability to consume methane gas at low concentrations. Several critical parameters were tested, including (i) the composition of the matrix and optimal immobilization to increase catalyst load, (ii) the stability of methanotrophic cells, and (iii) the toxicity of trace gases (i.e. CO). We found that hydrogels coated with 2.3 mg cell dry weight/cm3 methanotrophic cells represent the best-performing biomaterials. The methane reduction potential of LEAFs fluctuated from 20% to 95% and depended on the methane concentration in the gas stream and the stream flow rates. The potential for commercial-scale deployment and emissions reductions was also evaluated. Total greenhouse gas emissions (combined using the global warming potential GWP100) from an example using a ventilation air methane source over a one-year period was shown to be reduced in two LEAF scenarios by 51% and 75%. Over longer time horizons, more significant reductions are possible as consistent methane consumption can be sustained. The study highlights the overall potential of the liquid-free bio-based composite methane mitigation system. Further improvements essential for system assembly and implementations should include (a) optimization of the cell immobilization protocols to improve cell load and the shelf-life of the system and (b) implementation of matrix moldings for cell immobilization to achieve optimal gas flow and increase the cell-gas interface.

YOLO-based anomaly activity detection system for human behavior analysis and crime mitigation

YOLO-based anomaly activity detection system for human behavior analysis and crime mitigation

Interpretative 3D MHD modelling of deuterium SPI into a JET H-mode plasma

The pre-thermal quench (pre-TQ) dynamics of a pure deuterium ( D2 ) shattered pellet injection (SPI) into a 3MA / 7MJ JET H-mode plasma is studied via 3D non-linear MHD modelling with the JOREK code. The interpretative modelling captures the overall evolution of the measured density and radiated power. The simulations also identify the importance of the drifts of ablation plasmoids towards the tokamak low field side (LFS) and the impurities in the background plasma in fragment penetration, assimilation, radiative cooling and MHD activity in D2 SPI experiments. It is found that plasmoid drifts lead to an about 70% reduction of the central line-integrated density (compared to a simulation without drifts) in the JET D2 SPI discharge considered. Impurities that pre-exist before the SPI as well as those from possible impurity influxes related to the SPI are shown to dominate the radiation in the considered discharge. With inputs from JOREK simulations, modelling with the Lagrangian particle-based pellet code PELOTON reproduces the deviation of the SPI fragments in the direction of the major radius as observed by the fast camera. This confirms the role of rocket effects and plasmoid drifts in the considered discharge and reinforces the validity of the JOREK modelling. The limited core density rise due to plasmoid drifts and the strong radiative cooling and MHD activity with impurities (depending on their species and concentration) could limit the effectiveness of LFS D2 SPI in runaway electron avoidance and are worth considering in the design of the ITER disruption mitigation system.

Reducing shallow foundation rotation due to reverse faulting using predefined shear planes

Permanent ground displacement due to faulting during strong earthquakes threatens the stability of civil structures. To protect surface foundations from faulting, several mitigation techniques have been developed. Owing to the limitations of earlier mitigation strategies for unidentified reverse faulting conditions, this research presents a novel mitigation system, including the installation of sliders beneath the wings of a V-shaped concrete element, to reduce footing rotation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the suggested mitigation strategy, concrete strength tests, a physical centrifuge test and a comprehensive numerical study for different fault locations and dip angles were conducted for the first time. Results demonstrated that the placement of the sliders beneath the V-shaped wings had a significant effect on dissipating the fault dislocation. Compared to the previous mitigation techniques, the proposed system decreased the foundation rotation from a high value (11°) to a low value (3·2°) for the worst-case scenarios. Furthermore, the friction coefficients among sliders and concrete, the concrete wing inclination angle, length and thickness were critical parameters to design the optimum proposed system. In contrast, soil layer thickness and relative density did not significantly affect the footing rotation.

Knowledge Management System For Forest and Land Fire Mitigation in Indonesia: A Web-Based Application Development

Forest and land fires in Indonesia have serious impacts on many aspects, including the environment, health, economy, politics, and international relations. They cause haze pollution that extends to neighboring countries and peatland degradation. Despite extensive research and mitigation efforts, forest and land fires continue to occur and cost lives. Therefore, effective management and mitigation strategies are required. This research developed a web-based knowledge management system (KMS) using the Laravel framework as an effective forest and land fire mitigation platform. The KMS aims to support decision-making, facilitate knowledge exchange, improve coordination between stakeholders, and expand access to relevant information, while maintaining the sustainability of forest and land resources in Indonesia. The KMS evaluation results cover two important aspects: blackbox evaluation and performance evaluation. The blackbox evaluation showed that KMS provides knowledge retrieval features based on expert knowledge. The performance evaluation revealed that the KMS provides easy and quick access to information on forest and land fire prevention and management. Thus, this research has great potential to help overcome the problem of forest and land fires in Indonesia and protect the environment and society from their adverse effects.

Effectiveness of wealth-based vs exchange-based tax systems in reducing inequality

In the so-called “fair” models of peer-to-peer wealth exchanges, economic inequality tends to reach its maximum value asymptotically. This global trend is evident as the richest continuously accumulate a larger share of wealth at the expense of others. To address the mounting issue of inequality, different strategies of taxes and redistribution are commonly employed. Our study delves into the interplay between wealth and trade (consumption) tax bases, probing their impact on wealth distribution within wealth-conservative economies. The ultimate aim is to unearth an optimal framework that adeptly curbs inequality. Through a meticulous analysis of varying tax rates and the allocation of the collected tax to the most economically vulnerable strata, we unveil a compelling pattern resembling two distinct phases. These phases delineate the most effective systems for inequality mitigation. Our findings underscore the synergistic potential of amalgamating these tax systems, surpassing the individual efficacy of each. This synthesis beckons policymakers to weave together tax rates and precision-targeted redistribution, crafting tax systems that wield the potential for tangible and substantial reductions in economic disparity.

Funding Opportunities in Infrastructure Systems, Smart Communities, and Disasters for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaption

Funding Opportunities in Infrastructure Systems, Smart Communities, and Disasters for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaption

Eddy current actuated fast valve development for disruption mitigation applications

Shattered Pellet Injection (SPI) is a common technique used in Disruption Mitigation Systems to prevent or minimize the effect of plasma disruptions in Tokamaks. To operate an SPI system, a fast-acting valve is needed for accelerating pellets. An eddy current actuated high-pressure fast valve was developed in 2021, dedicated to the SPI system of the ITER DMS Support Laboratory at the Centre for Energy Research. Based on the experiences of SPI operation, a novel fast valve has been developed to improve durability and reliability, while the design has been simplified in terms of manufacturing and assembly aspects. The results of the development and laboratory testing of this novel eddy current actuated fast valve are discussed in this contribution.

Investigation of Multi layered Mitigation Systems for Protection from 120mm Mortar HE Top Attacks

This paper investigates the protection of reinforced concrete (RC) structures from the Mortar 120mm HE (high explosive) top attacks. Two multi-layered mitigation systems are proposed to be added on RC structures' roofs to achieve full protection against the Mortar 120mm destroying effects (i.e. ballistic penetration and explosion effects). The proposed mitigation systems combine relatively high-strength materials, to stop or slow down the projectile, with lightweight porous materials, to attenuate the explosion shock wave. Another function of the porous materials is to increase the thickness of the proposed mitigation systems and hence increasing the explosion stand-off distance. Traditional construction materials, steel and RC, were used as cheap high-strength materials, whereas commercial rigid polyurethane foam and light-weight brick were examined as shock wave absorbers. Two firing tests of the 120mm bomb from cannon barrels against one-story RC structures strengthened with the proposed protection systems were executed. A numerical simulation of the real firing tests was performed via Autodyn hydrocode to further analyze the performance of the constituting components in alleviating the round effects. The current study demonstrated that the proposed mitigation systems, which are based on the multi-layering concept, are efficient and have their merits in defeating the Mortar 120mm HE attacks.

Mechanical design of a Fast Shutter for the ITER disruption mitigation system

Mechanical design of a Fast Shutter for the ITER disruption mitigation system

Acceleration of cryogenic pellets for Shattered Pellet Injection

Shattered Pellet Injection (SPI) is considered as a method to effectively mitigate the effect of severe disruptions in tokamaks. For the development of SPI technology in ITER, the Centre for Energy Research, in collaboration with H-ion Kft and VTMT Kft, designed, constructed and operates a Disruption Mitigation System (DMS) Support Laboratory. To simulate pellet acceleration, we developed a zero-dimensional model. The model uses the parameters of pellet material, propellant gas characteristics, dimension of the barrel and fast valve (FV), opening characteristics, temperature, and filling pressure of the FV in order to calculate the time dependent pellet position, pellet velocity, FV pressure and barrel pressure during the acceleration process. The goal of the acceleration model is to forecast velocities for parameters where no data is available as of yet. This paper describes the model and compares its results to two significantly different setups: the SPI measurements at the ASDEX Upgrade test laboratory and the ITER DMS Support Laboratory. We show that our model is capable of predicting tendencies and revealing the sticking stress of pellets to the barrel.