Heat Island Mitigation Research Articles

Predicting the reduction in heatstroke and heart disease-related mortality under urban modification scenarios using machine learning

Abstract This study proposes a novel approach combining machine learning (ML) techniques with meteorological model simulations to evaluate the heat-related mortality reduction potential of a climate change adaptation measure, namely, the installation of energy-saving or temperature-decreasing modifications in an urban area (e.g., greening, high-albedo paints, and photovoltaics). These methods have been used separately to assess the future urban health. The Weather Research and Forecasting–Canopy-Building Energy Model (WRF–CMBEM) was used to simulate spatiotemporal urban meteorological conditions, and ML was applied to predict daily heat-related deaths in the 23 wards of Tokyo during the extremely hot summer of 2018. The urban energy-saving and heat island mitigation scenarios evaluated in this study were ground surface greening, no anthropogenic heat from buildings to the atmosphere, rooftop photovoltaics, and cool roofs. ML accurately predicted heatstroke- and ischemic heart disease (IHD)-related daily deaths using important meteorological factors. After meteorological changes from the control case to four urban modification scenarios were predicted using the WRF–CMBEM, potential reductions in heat stress-related deaths were estimated using previously successful ML-trained models. The results showed that in July–August 2018, the ground surface greening case effectively decreased the outdoor surface air temperature by 0.28 °C (50-percentile), 0.37 °C (90-percentile), and 0.56 °C (Max) in all grids resolved at 1 km. Temperature changes reduced heatstroke deaths by 43% and IHD deaths by 18% during the peak period of deaths in summer 2018. Cool roofs resulted in temperature decreases of 0.23 °C (50-percentile), 0.31 °C (90-percentile), and 0.36 °C (Max) and 14% and 13% reductions in heatstroke and IHD deaths, respectively. The results suggest that the implementation of urban modifications can effectively reduce heat-related deaths, especially during heatwaves and extremely hot summers.

Urban Expansion and its Influence on Land Surface Temperature: A Case Study of Patna City, India

Abstract Rapid urbanization in developing countries has significant implications for local climate and environmental conditions. This study examines land use/land cover (LULC) changes and their impact on land surface temperature (LST) in Patna, India from 1988 to 2022 using Landsat imagery and geospatial techniques. Rapid urbanization in developing cities can significantly alter local climate, but the dynamics in Patna were not well understood. Using supervised classification and thermal band analysis, the research quantified LULC transformations and LST changes over 34 years. Results show dramatic urban expansion, with built-up area increasing from 38 % to 80 % of the total area, while vegetation cover decreased from 44 % to just 7 %. These changes corresponded with an overall increase in LST, with maximum temperatures rising by 1.06°C and minimum temperatures by 6°C. Strong correlations were found between LST and spectral indices like NDVI (negative) and NDBI (positive). The study reveals accelerated urban growth and temperature increases, especially after 2005, highlighting the need for sustainable urban planning strategies to mitigate heat island effects and improve thermal comfort in Patna. This research provides valuable baseline data for understanding urbanization impacts on local climate in rapidly growing Indian cities.

Unsaturated hydraulic properties of recycled concrete aggregates blended with autoclaved aerated concrete grains for unbound road base materials in Vietnam

AbstractUnderstanding of hydraulic properties is necessary to evaluate the water infiltration and balance in a road course. An easily available hydraulic model can contribute to the design of urban flooding countermeasures and mitigation of urban heat islands by covering roads with pavements. Many studies have evaluated saturated hydraulic conductivity, but few studies of measurements and modeling of unsaturated hydraulic properties such as water retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity for roadbase materials have been done. Therefore, this study measured the unsaturated hydraulic properties of typical roadbase materials of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) using an evaporation method in the laboratory. To improve the water retention capacity, RCA blended with autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) grains were also used. The results showed that the Gardner–Campbell (GC) model described the hydraulic properties of tested roadbed materials well, and the inclusion of AAC grains increased the water-holding capacity effectively. As a case study, the GC model was incorporated into the Green–Ampt infiltration model to simulate the change in the infiltration rate over time. The simulated results analyzed the water infiltration characteristics well, and this approach would be a good tool to make a quick assessment of the infiltration process of roadbed materials.

Evaluation of the cooling performance of various heat-reflective cool pavement coatings for Urban Heat Island mitigation

Abstract This paper investigates the optimization of heat-reflective cool pavement coatings to address the critical Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, which significantly increases energy consumption for urban cooling and adversely impacts thermal comfort and public health. With pavements constituting about 30% of urban surfaces, their role in amplifying UHI effects underscores the need for innovative solutions. This study evaluated the cooling effect of heat reflective coatings (HRC) using water-based and oil-based binders, such as Acrylic Emulsions and Epoxy Resins, with the addition of functional fillers and pigments, including Titanium oxide, Iron oxide, and Silicon oxide. The results showed that both waterborne (acrylic emulsion) and oil-based (epoxy resin) HRC significantly reduced pavement surface temperatures, achieving maximum cooling effects of up to 20°C. During nighttime cooling simulations, these coatings maintained lower average temperatures, demonstrating their effectiveness both day and night. Waterborne HRC exhibited a rougher surface texture, resulting in higher skid resistance compared to the smoother epoxy resin HRC, which poses a potential risk for skid resistance and requires anti-skid additives. However, waterborne HRC showed signs of cracking after 24 hours of drying, indicating lower durability. Incorporating SiO2 maintained the cooling performance of epoxy resin HRCs while reducing glossiness, enhancing safety and efficacy. Conversely, SiO2 reduced the cooling effect in acrylic emulsion HRCs, suggesting that their natural matte appearance is already optimal. While yellow and white HRCs have high cooling effects, they may not be suitable for all applications due to potential glare and aesthetic mismatches, particularly in architectural and heritage settings.

Combining Multi-Source Satellite Data with a Microclimate Model to Analyze the Microclimate of an Urban Park

Cities concentrate many people, and studies have shown that resultant urban heat islands can be intense. Urban parks can function as “cool islands” that mitigate heat island effects. This study used the microclimate model ENVI-met 5.1 to assess the cooling effect of Panyu Park in the center of Shanghai, China. The primary objectives were to increase the diversity of data sources and to conduct a microclimate analysis. Two scenarios were examined: the actual park and no park. The results indicated that (1) the integration of satellite technology enhanced the data sources for ENVI-met and thereby increased the efficiency of urban modeling and (2) the simulated results for the park correlated well with the actual data observed at weather stations. The presence of the park resulted in a decrease in the maximum air temperature by 0.1 °C at 1.4 m above ground, a decrease in the wind speed by 1.67 m/s, a maximum increase of 0.2% in relative humidity, and a reduction of 1.94 in the Predicted Mean Vote. The results demonstrated the applicability of multi-source satellite data in microclimate research, saved time on data collection, and provided valuable information for studies undertaken in areas where the collection of field data is challenging and/or historical data are unavailable.

Synergistic effects of urban forest on urban heat island-air pollution-carbon stock in mega-urban agglomeration

Urban forests provide multiple ecosystem services from mitigation of urban heat island and air pollution to multi-dimensional human well-beings. However, extensive studies focus on the singular contribution of urban forests to cooling, clean air and increase carbon sequestration. This study combined multi-source data and geostatistical methods to quantify the spatiotemporal effects of urban forests on the spatial interactions between surface urban heat island (SUHI), PM2.5, and carbon stock (i.e., synergistic effects) and its mechanisms in the mega-urban agglomeration of Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. Results showed that urban forest evolution was spatiotemporally coupled with the patterns of PM2.5, SUHI, and carbon stock in 2000–2020. 80 % of the urban forest landscape indices demonstrated significant positive effects on cooling–clean air–increase carbon sequestration, with much higher (on average 2.98 times) influence than for each single environmental variable. In addition, patch dominance explained an average of 60.55 % of the synergistic effects, and its control zone rapidly expanded spatially by 54.3 %. In contrast, the influence of cover rate diminished, with q value and control zone proportion decreasing by 18.87 % and 26.61 %. Moreover, the contributions of anthropogenic factors to synergistic effects were 1.2–3.8 times higher than the natural factors. This study established an urban ecosystem service framework, thereby providing crucial information and decision support for effective urban forest management.

A simulation study on building-scale strategies for urban heat island mitigation and building energy consumption: Case study in Japan

The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon and high building energy consumption are increasingly being associated with urbanization. Various strategies have been proposed for UHI mitigation and energy conservation in buildings. Nonetheless, the combined effects of the multiple strategies must be studied. This study clarifies the individual and combined effects of commonly used building-scale strategies (i.e., replacing ground materials, adding greenery, adjusting window-to-wall ratios, using high-performance glazing, increasing insulation thickness in the building envelope, changing roof surfaces, and adjusting air-conditioning operating temperatures) on UHI mitigation and building energy consumption reduction in both summer and winter. The selected strategies were implemented in a city block in Yokohama, Japan using a surface energy balance (SEB) simulation model. The simulation results demonstrated that planting tall deciduous trees was the most effective individual strategy for mitigating UHI and reducing energy consumption. While the highest UHI mitigation and energy savings were achieved by implementing all tested strategies simultaneously, a combination of water-retaining pavement, adjusting the air-conditioning operating temperature (28 °C in summer and 20 °C in winter), and a 100 mm insulation layer in the building envelope along with a green roof, demonstrated substantial effectiveness with fewer strategies. The interactions among these strategies provided either additive or offset effects. Therefore, selecting strategies with distinct action targets is crucial to maximize the combined effectiveness.

Blue space resilient urban planning to enhance severely distressed thermal environment

Water resilience is a vital aspect of current smart city planning. Maintaining the quality and volume of urban blue spaces can benefit local ecology, environment, and social well-being. The application of geospatial techniques provides an opportunity to achieve such goals in a spatially and temporally effective manner. While researchers often highlight city-level environmental problems, location-based solutions are insufficient, particularly for the rapidly sprawling Asian cities—the current work aimed to examine the water-resilient urban planning scopes for an Indian tropical megacity. The work assessed a major environmental hazard, i.e., urban heat island, which appeared to cover 9.6 %–17.4 % of the area of the city region during the summer months. The importance of blue spaces in mitigating heat islands was quantified using data from nearly 150 waterbodies, including a river, a vast wetland, and multiple lakes and urban tanks. Linear and logarithmic models established how the cooling effect increases with larger water bodies. Blue space ranging between 1.8 km2 and 2.3 km2 was recommended as the smallest yet effective size for future recreational zones. Incorporating ambient wind patterns further aided in deciding the locations of blue wedges that can be key for heat island mitigation. Moreover, to substantially amplify the blue resource recharge rate in a cost-effective manner, a multi-parameter decision analysis was carried out. Overlay of five surface characteristics contributed to planning sites for surface infiltration systems. The entire framework of the work was built to achieve sustainable development goals.

Analyzing Monterrey blue/green infrastructure for the mitigation of heat islands using Earth Observation and WUDAPT method

Abstract. The Metropolitan Area of Monterrey has grown excessively along with its population in recent decades, resulting in an urban area with problems of distribution of spaces and services. In addition to this, factors such as pollution resulting from industrial activities and the reduction of green areas are related to the increase in temperatures in the area and the creation of urban heat islands, which are mitigated by the cooling action provided by the green/blue infrastructure of urban rivers. Because the rivers in the study area do not have a continuous channel throughout the year and the water supply problems that have recently worsened due to the drought in the north of the country, the riparian vegetation of its 3 rivers (Pesqueria, Santa Catarina and La Silla) plays a crucial role in reducing temperatures by acting as a natural heat sink, so its conservation and restoration is essential. In this research, the influence of rapid urbanization on the deterioration of rivers during 2003, 2013 and 2021 was evaluated using Google Earth Engine and the WUDAPT scheme for local climatic zones, finding that there is a correspondence between local climatic zones and fluctuations in temperature. The results obtained over a period of approximately two decades indicate that natural climate zones register lower temperatures compared to impervious surfaces, and that there is also considerable variation between areas with dense green/blue infrastructure and natural covers with little or no vegetation, since the latter have temperatures similar to those of the built classes.

A Study on the Effectiveness of Climate Adaptation Materials for Urban Heat Islands using Digital Twin and Computational Fluid Dynamics

This study analyzed the impact of climate adaptation materials on the mitigation of urban heat islands (UHI) using digital twin visualization and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. The effects of UHI due to increased impervious surfaces have become more pronounced, and climate-adaptation materials are gaining attention as potential solutions. In this study, the impact of climate adaptation materials on UHI mitigation was analyzed using the CFD program STAR-CCM+ based on the finite volume method (FVM). The selected research site was Byeoryang-dong, Gwacheon City, and four simulation scenarios were created based on the emissivity values of the asphalt and concrete materials. The results showed that application of climate adaptation materials decreased the surface and aboveground (1.5 m) temperatures by 6.3 and 0.8 °C, respectively. This study suggests that climate adaptation materials can significantly mitigate UHI.

Green space-building integration for Urban Heat Island mitigation: Insights from Beijing's fifth ring road district

In this research, we delve into the complex arrangement of urban landscapes, where green spaces and buildings are not merely co-existing but are interwoven into a cohesive fabric that shapes the thermal environment. Our approach transcends the conventional methods of analysis, which typically isolate the roles of greenery or built environments. Instead, we adopt a synergistic perspective that recognizes the collective influence of these landscape constituents on the urban thermal pattern. Key insights are: (1) A linear decrease in average land surface temperature with increasing green space coverage is observed. However, substantial temperature variations (up to 8 °C) within the same coverage interval highlight the significant impact of built-up pattern on thermal conditions; (2) High Building Height and Floor Area Ratio, and low Building Coverage Ratio and Sky View Factor, are linked to cooler temperatures in areas with up to 50 % green space; (3) The study suggests that low-temperature areas can inform the adjustment of built-up patterns in high-temperature areas, offering a strategy for thermal environment optimization within specific green space coverage intervals. This research contributes insights into the integrated planning of green spaces and buildings, with implications for urban development and renewal initiatives aiming to enhance the urban thermal environment.

Is Zagreb Green Enough? Influence of Urban Green Spaces on Mitigation of Urban Heat Island: A Satellite-Based Study

The urban heat island phenomenon is a climatic condition in which urbanized areas exhibit higher temperature values than their natural surroundings. This occurs due to an unbalanced energy budget caused by the extensive use of synthetic materials. In such a scenario, urban green areas act as stressors to mitigate the intensity of the urban heat island and improve urban well-being. This study analyzes the spatial-temporal characteristics of the urban heat island in Zagreb, Croatia, aiming to examine the role of different types of green infrastructure in mitigating elevated temperature values and facilitating the definition of greener planning strategies. To achieve this, a multitemporal remote sensing- and NDVI-based analysis was conducted for the time series 1984–2014. An urban heat island intensity map was obtained for the selected 30-year period, along with thermal graphs registering land surface temperature values among different city districts. The results reveal significant heterogeneity, displaying variable behavior dependent on the city district. The role of Zagreb’s urban green areas in urban heat island mitigation is evident but largely dependent on urban morphology, construction types, and periods. Urban forests and urban parks play the most significant role in temperature reduction, followed by residential building neighborhoods and extensive neighborhoods consisting of familiar houses with gardens. Continuously built areas, such as the city center and industrial zones, are less prone to registering lower intensity values. Additionally, multitemporal intensity variations based on land use changes are registered in several districts.

Application of digital twin technology for Urban Heat Island mitigation: review and conceptual framework

PurposeThis paper aims to elucidate the pivotal role of Digital Twin (DT) technology in addressing the adverse impacts of Urban Heat Island (UHI) and consolidate the fragmented knowledge of DT technology in urban environments by identifying applied actions, proposing an approach and revealing challenges for tackling UHI effects.Design/methodology/approachUsing a systematic literature review, 24 materials were retrieved from scholarly databases to provide a comprehensive understanding of DT technology and propose a conceptual framework for mitigating UHI effects.FindingsThe results revealed three major study categories within the DT and UHI domains: (1) DT-enabled actions for urban greenery optimisation, (2) DT implementation for enhancing resilience in urban planning and (3) increasing the fidelity level of DT for addressing UHI effects. Additionally, this paper introduces REFLECT, a conceptual DT-enabled framework consisting of seven layers: Retrieve, Establish, Facilitate, Lump, Examine, Cognition and Take. The framework proposes developing a systems-based model with identifiable scopes, strategies and factors through a multilayered platform, specifying model input, process and output towards mitigating UHI effects.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the discourse on sustainable urban development by highlighting the challenges associated with DT technology in mitigating UHI. It introduces a conceptual framework to demonstrate applications and directions for developing innovative solutions to unlock the full potential of DT technology in mitigating UHI effects.

Effective cooling networks: Optimizing corridors for Urban Heat Island mitigation

The detrimental impacts of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect are widely recognized in cities globally. Despite the natural cooling capacity of urban cold islands (UCIs), their fragmented state diminishes overall effectiveness. Previous research focused on identifying corridors to connect these isolated UCIs, aiming to enhance cooling networks. However, optimal connection strategies remained elusive. This study introduces a novel framework to address this gap. Utilizing ArcGIS Pro's optimal region connection tools alongside Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) and ecological parameters, corridors in Ghaemshahr, Iran were meticulously planned and assessed. Through minimum cumulative resistance and gravity models, 63 potential corridors totaling 153 km were identified. Optimization procedures then refined this selection to 27 key corridors spanning 22 km, with 67% measuring less than 0.5 km and strategically positioned near UCIs. This prioritizes adjacency, maximizing corridor protection and construction likelihood. This cost-effective approach fosters stronger connectivity between adjacent UCIs, ultimately linking all UCIs within the region. This innovative methodology provides a holistic solution for mitigating UHI effects, promoting sustainable urban development.

The role of building mass configuration and material selection for mitigating the intensity of the urban heat island

The knowledge of urban heat island (UHI) mitigation for the materials and geometry of urban areas requires enrichment. This study compares to the thermal conditions on two different building mass configurations (Superblock and horizontal residential areas), that involve geometry aspect (density, orientation) and materials aspect (softscape, pavement, roof, wall). A surface urban heat island (SUHI) survey was conducted using Landsat thermal imagery, followed by ground surveys in selected areas. Data collected in both areas included air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and globe temperature area. The results show that the superblock configuration had a low SUHI intensity due to the proportional orientation of East-West-North-South (0.56–0.44) and large shading (average of 0.31 m2). In contrast, in the dense residential areas, the intensity of SUHI was high because the proportion of East-West walls was wider than North-South (0.8–0.2), and the shading was low (average of 0.15–0.16 m2). Façade and ground heating occurred owing to the use of heavy-weight materials, which was indicated in the thermal imagery, with a solar heating index in a vertical cluster mass configuration of 21.7 and a horizontal grid of 55.9. Convective cooling occurred in a vertical geometry because the buildings generated turbulence that removed warm air, whereas it did not occur in a horizontal geometry. The convective cooling index for the vertical cluster mass configuration was 0.62, whereas that for the horizontal grid configuration was 0.09. This indicates that regional planning must incorporate geometric and material considerations to control the urban thermal environments.

The Role of Water Bodies in Climate Regulation: Insights from Recent Studies on Urban Heat Island Mitigation

Urban heat islands (UHIs) pose a significant challenge in cities worldwide, exacerbating energy use, air pollution, and health risks. This paper reviews the role of water bodies in mitigating UHI effects, which is vital for informed urban planning and climate adaptation. We analyze how water features, particularly when combined with green spaces and strategic urban design, can significantly cool urban environments. The effectiveness of water bodies in reducing temperatures is influenced by their size, shape, surrounding land use, climatic conditions, and vegetation. Empirical research and case studies indicate that larger and well-shaped water bodies, due to their extensive surface area and continuous evaporation, are more effective. Furthermore, the integration of water bodies with green spaces enhances cooling through increased evapotranspiration and shading. This review highlights the strategic placement and design of water bodies within urban landscapes as crucial for maximizing their cooling benefits. By integrating water features with other urban cooling strategies, such as tree planting and expanded greenery, cities can effectively counter UHI effects, leading to more sustainable and resilient urban environments.

The effect of urban form parameters on annual and diurnal cycles of land surface temperature with 30-meter hourly resolution

Understanding dynamic changes in urban land surface temperature (U-LST) is vital for improving urban thermal environment. Previous studies noted a close association between two/three-dimensional (2D/3D) urban form parameters (UFPs) and U-LST, but divergent conclusions emerged due to study scale and data spatiotemporal resolution. This study investigated the effect of 2D/3D UFPs on multi-temporal (hourly, diurnal, and annual) U-LSTs with 30-m spatial resolution, which is the first exploration of such dynamics at this fine scale. In addition, the influence of local climate zones (LCZs) was considered. Results showed that 2D/3D vegetation UFPs have the greatest summer cooling effect at 21:00, while 3D building UFP sky view factor (SVF) impacts minimum nighttime temperature more (5:00). The independently total explained variances (R2) of 2D UFPs (0.2–0.7) on seasonal average U-LSTs were higher than that of 3D UFPs (0.1–0.4) in most LCZs. LCZ 3 and LCZ 2 had the highest seasonal and daytime U-LST, respectively. Interestingly, SVF replaced normalized difference vegetation index as the dominant factor in LCZs 4–6 and LCZs A-C after summer. Findings of this study are useful for guiding urban planning, formulating urban heat island mitigation policies, and promoting sustainable development goals (SDGs 11, 13, 15) of cities and communities.

Evaluating Urban Heat Island Mitigation Strategies in Rajshahi, Using ENVI-Met: A Remote Sensing Approach

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is a critical environmental challenge in the 21st century, intensified by rapid urbanization and industrialization. This study focuses on Rajshahi, a rapidly urbanizing city in Bangladesh, where the UHI effect has already begun to manifest significantly. Utilizing ENVI-met software, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of urban vegetation strategies, such as green roofs and street planting, in mitigating local temperatures and improving outdoor thermal comfort in Rajshahi's Central Business District. The findings reveal that these mitigation strategies can reduce air temperatures by up to 10 Kelvin, providing substantial cooling benefits. This research highlights the importance of integrating green infrastructure into urban planning to combat the UHI effect, enhance sustainability, and improve the overall livability of urban environments. The study offers valuable insights and practical recommendations for urban planners and policymakers, aiming to foster resilient and sustainable urban development in rapidly growing cities like Rajshahi.

Does self-containment of spatial scale and land use function contribute to mitigate urban heat island effects? Lessons from new towns in Shanghai

The concept of self-containment in new towns has been widely discussed from social and economic perspectives. However, localized interpretations within the context of China's development, particularly regarding climate adaptability and urban heat island (UHI) mitigation, are scarce. To fill this gap, our research analyzed self-containment from the perspectives of urban spatial scale and land use function. Focusing on Shanghai’s five new towns, we empirically demonstrated how self-containment influenced the UHI effects from 2005 to 2020, employing the Geodetector method. The findings reveal that during the daytime, the intensity of UHI in new towns decreased, serving as vital connectivity nodes of UHI within the region. Conversely, during the nighttime, both the intensity and area of UHI showed an increasing trend. The research confirmed that expanding the urban scale and functional diversity are effective strategies for mitigating the UHI. Based on these findings, we offer practical suggestions for the development of new towns: Increase population size while ensuring coordination with development scale; enhance mixed-use functions in large-scale development projects like university towns and industrial parks; and be vigilant of potential functional decline in central areas and increasing thermal impact due to new town development. Overall, this study enriches our understanding of self-containment in Chinese new towns and provides valuable insights for mitigating UHI in other similar contexts.

Spatial effect of urban morphology on land surface tempature from the perspective of local climate zone

Urban expansion results in the intrusion of artificial surfaces into natural environments, giving rise to phenomena such as urban heat islands and heightened temperatures within inhabited areas. This study examined the dynamic evolution of urban morphology and land surface temperature through the lens of local climate zone. Furthermore, the spatial relationship between urban morphology indices and land surface temperature was analyzed within the context of loops. The investigation yielded several noteworthy findings: (1) LCZ8, LCZ6, and LCZD were the most significant transfer-in and transfer-out classes within the study area. (2) The heat contribution of residential LCZs (LCZ 2,3,5) decreased over time, ranging from 0.415 to 0.171, while that of industrial LCZs (LCZ 8,10) increased within the range of 0.348–0.553. (3) Urban heat island mitigation can be achieved by regulating building height and surface fraction. Establishing a judicious threshold for reducing LST is imperative for sky view factor and impervious surface fraction factors. Surface albedo exhibited a substantial inhibitory effect in 2020. The observation of urban morphological changes and long-term local climate zone considerations integrate the responsibility of mitigating urban heat islands into urban planning.