Mitchell's Work Research Articles

Word and Image in Alison Bechdel's Memoirs

Abstract: Alison Bechdel's graphic memoirs— Fun Home, Are You My Mother? and The Secret of Superhuman Strength —explore the relationship between word and image, both in their form, as comics, and narratively, via Bechdel's musings on self-expression, sexuality, psychoanalysis, and exercise. On each of these sites, she is deeply concerned with the pervasive dichotomies of subject/object, self/other, and past/present. The fraught dichotomy between words and images forms the organizing force for how she writes and draws about all dichotomies, as she disrupts the hierarchy between word and image of Lacan's symbolic order without, as many feminists scholars have, deeming the symbolic order of language inherently patriarchal. Drawing from Julia Kristeva's theorizing of Lacan's symbolic order, Hillary Chute's comics theory, as well as W.J.T. Mitchell's work on the relationship between word and image, I analyze each book sequentially. In her memoirs, Bechdel disrupts the very distinction between word and image. When she recreates book passages and letters, these are not simply transcriptions, but drawings of physical pages, treating words as images. Chute and DeKoven's definition of comics focuses on it as a dual medium, but in Bechdel's memoirs, the relationship between word and image is not as stable as duality. It is a collaboration requiring constant renegotiation.

Ordinary Masochisms: Agency and Desire in Victorian and Modernist Fiction by Jennifer Mitchell

Reviewed by: Ordinary Masochisms: Agency and Desire in Victorian and Modernist Fiction by Jennifer Mitchell Robin Hackett Ordinary Masochisms: Agency and Desire in Victorian and Modernist Fiction. By Jennifer Mitchell. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 2020. x +215 pp. ISBN 978-0-8130-6667-7. In this monograph, Jennifer Mitchell seeks to reclaim masochism for empowerment as writers and activists in the long civil rights era have worked to reclaim other minoritized sexual orientations. Mitchell distinguishes masochism from victimhood, separates it from gender, and describes a tie between masochism and social survival. She builds from feminist critiques of masochism as one among many concepts through which sexual violence is normalized, and also from queer theorists' insights about self-shattering ecstasies. As a bonus, because of its coincidence with the covid-19 pandemic, Ordinary Masochisms also suggests an explanation for the rage that has been part of the public response to mask mandates. [End Page 293] Mitchell is careful to note that her subject is books and narrative techniques rather than bodies—a distinction enabling her to discuss the relationship between agency, pain, and pleasure, without increasing the vulnerability of victims of sexual violence. She is clear, as well, that she is talking about ordinary and mundane examples of abjection and deference rather than spectacular masochisms. Her argument extends elegantly to whips and chains, and to the upsurge in popular uses of the language of masochism, such as in Fifty Shades of Grey. But Mitchell makes her point with evidence of unremarkable masochisms in novels commonly read for pleasure—including works by Charlotte Brontë, D. H. Lawrence, Jean Rhys, and George Moore—that are filled with characters who pleasurably submit and suffer, and that also subject readers to long, convoluted, narrative deferrals and self-shattering reading experiences. Foundational work by Victorian sexologists, Mitchell shows, describes masochism as an exaggeration of normal female sexuality (as it describes sadism as an exaggeration of normal male sexuality). The pathological theory of masochism that persists into the present turns on this gendered view: masochistic desires are especially pathological when they are expressed by men, and largely unremarked when expressed by women. Masochisms described by Mitchell, alternately, are enjoyed by characters across the gender spectrum. Moreover, lovers shift readily back and forth between submission and mastery. Mitchell also speaks against the common pairing of masochism and sadism. Masochism is a matter of agency, not victimhood. Masochists run the scene, define the terms of their pleasure, and seduce willing partners into performances. No true sadist, whose pleasure derives from torturing an unwilling victim, would find satisfaction from a masochistic partner. Rather, the partner to a masochist is better understood as another masochist, deferential and submissive to a lover's desire. Finally, masochism has narrative correspondences that make literary analysis a particularly suitable way to understand and recuperate masochism. The agential interaction between masochists depends on narrative set-ups. Masochists control by telling, by asking, by describing. Moreover, long, twisting, Victorian plots and frustrating modernist refusals of narrative coherence compare to deferral rather than to pleasure, which compares, instead, to punctuation. In arguing for a tie between masochism and social survival, Mitchell suggests that if pleasured orientation to self-shattering, to near-endless deferrals, to abjection as means of achieving ecstasy, is specifically masochistic, it is also a source of social survival. This is the most provocative and enticing of Mitchell's claims if also the least compellingly elaborated. Finally, Mitchell's work helps explain the rage with which some have responded to mask mandates during the covid-19 pandemic. A mask on a face exposes more than it hides: vulnerability and abjection, as well as deference to public health. Mitchell's book clarifies the ways in which mask mandates require the public embrace of a masochism that, to date, has been pathologized in gendered terms, wrongly understood as victimhood, and anathema to masculinity. A recuperated [End Page 294] masochism that separates mask mandates from victimhood, and gender conventions, is welcome indeed. Robin Hackett University of New Hampshire Copyright © 2022 Modern Humanities Research Association

Beckett's Brush with Joan Mitchell: Painterly Techniques in ‘One Evening’

This paper explores Samuel Beckett's creative relationship with the painter, Joan Mitchell. Through an analysis of Beckett's short text ‘One Evening’ (1980) and Mitchell's painting Tondo (1991), it explores the influence these artists had on each other's work. By drawing comparisons between their aesthetic approaches to their respective medium, it suggests that Beckett's self-reflexive, ambiguous, and carefully coloured late text shares similarities with the work Mitchell was producing around the same time. It uses art historical scholarship and close textual analysis to show how, in some instances, their creative processes reflects that of Paul Cézanne. Beckett's late style is seen as not simply becoming darker, but, like Mitchell's canvases, fluctuates between light and dark, colour and monochrome. The paper proposes that through their considered use of colour both Beckett and Mitchell's work intensifies rather than alleviates the essential tension that drives their aesthetic thought.

Feminine Identity and Female Friendships in the ‘Neapolitan’ Novels of Elena Ferrante

In this paper female‐to‐female friendship as depicted in the Neapolitan novels of Elena Ferrante is used to think about aspects of unconscious relating, and of feminine identity. The two girls in the stories ‘blur’ into one another, in a way that is at times a source of creative strength, and at times a quasi‐psychotic state. The idea of ‘merger’ as characterizing female relationships is considered through the narrative. Friendship stands outside conventional psychoanalytic models of family relating, but Ferrante explores their internal workings, particularly in the developing child and adolescent, and unfolds the importance of their place in growing up, asserting a unique psychic place for the female‐to‐female bond in identity formation. Psychoanalytic ideas of separation and individuation are brought to bear, alongside Juliet Mitchell's work on sibling relationships, and Rozsika Parker's work on the internal ‘other’ necessary for creativity.

On the Hierarchical Structure of the Original Posner Task

In 1967, a task for analysis of the depth of processing in simple classification was published (Posner & Mitchell, 1967, p. 392). This task has become known as the Posner task for long-term memory retrieval of information. In the original experiment, pairs of items (letters, nonsense forms, digits) were presented to the participants who were supposed to respond as fast as possible by indicating either or different. In completing the trials of this task the participants had to perform according to different rules that constituted three experimental conditions. (1) Under the instruction they had to check whether the two items presented on a screen showed physical identity (e.g., A A). (2) The instruction required the participants to compare the two items with respect to their semantic meaning. More precisely, either the same name (e.g., a A) or different names (e.g., a B) applied to both items. (3) Finally, there was the rule instruction that utilized the possibility to classify letters as vowels or consonants, i.e., the participants had to decide whether both items belonged to the same group. The depth-of-processing idea guiding Posner and Mitchell's work suggested that there are different levels of information processing. While the first level demanded mere processing of feature information in the sense of the instruction, the second level necessitated access to stored information, as is demanded by the instruction. Finally, the rule instruction additionally required the recovery of rules and their application.To a considerable extent, Posner and Mitchell's (1967) depth-of-processing idea is in line with another, even more influential notion in cognitive research, namely Craik and Lockhard's levels-of-processing model that was first published in 1972. According to this model, the accessibility of information stored in memory is considered a function of the depth of mental processing when storing information in memory. 'Deep' mental processing produces memory traces that are more elaborated, longer lasting, and stronger than those formed by 'shallow' mental processing. Furthermore, deep and shallow mental processing are proposed to represent two anchor points of a continuum. Hence, deep processing involves the identification and elaboration of semantic contents, linking contents and learnt items, and creating links for embedding new information in an already available web of information. In contrast, shallow processing is restricted to establishing links between one or a few obvious and easily accessible features of a learnt item and corresponding conceptual information in the web. As a consequence, information stored by deep mental processing can be accessed and retrieved in many ways, whereas only one or very few routes to access information exist for information stored by shallow processing. Finally, there are consequences with regard to the long-term availability of learnt items stored in long-term memory: the more links lead to a learnt item, the smaller the probability of losing access to this item in the long run.In the years following the publication of the Posner task (Posner, Boies, Eichelmann, & Taylor, 1969; Posner & Mitchell, 1967), the research interest concentrated on the physical and name identity conditions whereas the rule-identity condition was neglected. It was Hunt (1978) who especially highlighted the importance of the qualitative difference between the mental processes underlying performance elicited by the physical- and name-identity instructions. According to Hunt, the physical-identity instruction stimulates processes that are mechanistic and occur unconsciously. These processes are to be seen as a kind of background activity that occurs in combination with other kinds of cognitive processes. In contrast, the name-identity instruction is assumed to be associated with memory processes that conduct a search in the web of information also referred to as knowledge base or long-term memory. …

Heterogeneity and law: toward a cognitive legal theory

AbstractSince the 1990s, Sunstein, Jolls, and Thaler have questioned the perfect rationality assumption in law and economics (L&E) and introduced a behavioral approach. But Gregory Mitchell has criticized behavioral law and economics (BL&E). He argues that much of the scholarship within the field describes psychological research as if it provides general laws of thought and behavior rather than insights conditional on the setting, on the characteristics of subjects, and on the specificity of the task in hand. Human heterogeneity is not adequately included in models developed under behavioral assumptions of this kind. This paper argues that Mitchell's work contributes to develop a cognitive approach to Law closer to the cognitive theory of institutions and to the Original Institutional Economics (OIE). Mitchell's contextualist approach seeks to identify the specific conditions under which irrational behavior occurs and to understand when and how it can be remedied.

Permeability and Impermeability in John Cameron Mitchell’s Shortbus

This essay is about experience, and not only about ideas. I nave been drawn to write about John Cameron Mitchell's Shortbus for a number of reasons: First, I find his work to be part of a new turn in LGBT art and media that take queer lives as a point of departure, and not only as narrative focus, for their work. These are works that are not just about being queer, but cross the line into being queer works. Of those who can be said to be a part of this recent turn, Ifind Mitchell's work to be both especially philosophical and formally interesting. Not only does his work take up philosophical questions over what it means to be human, and the nature of love and sex, but also his works are produced through an organic, cooperative process that re-frames what it could mean to queer representation, political or otherwise.

John Mitchell's Map of North America (1755): A Study of the Use and Publication of Official Maps in Eighteenth‐Century Britain

John Mitchell's famous map of North America stands as an archetype of the official publication of maps in eighteenth‐century Britain. It was, however, the product of a special effort by the Earl of Halifax, president of the Board of Trade, who sought to advance his own aggressive agenda with respect to the British empire in North America in the run‐up to the Seven Years' War (1756–1763, known in North America as the French and Indian War, 1755–1760), to persuade his ministerial colleagues both directly through negotiation and indirectly by manipulating public opinion. This re‐evaluation of Mitchell's work concludes that its archetypal status is unwarranted. The practices that were developed by administrators in London and the colonies for commissioning, using and circulating regional maps are examined. A distinction is made between the use by officials of printed maps as sources for general geographical knowledge and of manuscript maps for knowledge specific to certain administrative issues. Then the origins of Mitchell's map are re‐examined. The conclusion reached is that the map is truly innovative: it was the result of a uniquely successful solicitation of information from the colonies and its publication broke with the established patterns of map circulation and consumption.

“Let's Do It Again”: Further Reflections on Eros and Attachment

Stephen Mitchell (1997) wrote that “Psychoanalysis and the Degradation of Romance,” the paper on which the book Can Love Last was based, provoked the most feedback, both intellectual and personal, of anything he had ever written. These reverberations have continued, unabated by his passing. One of the many responses to his work in this area took the form of a 3-week International Association for Relational Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy (IARPP) online symposium (March 2003), which also addressed a paper of mine, “Attachment and Eros: Opposed or Synergistic?” (Goldner, 2004) that proposed an alternative thesis about the fate of romantic love over the long term.Many on the IARPP colloquium took the position that although Mitchell and I used different intellectual strategies, our relational solution to the (apparent) opposition between attachment and eros was reductive because it occluded a full reckoning with the one-person aspects of sexuality. By contrast, my position argued that Mitchell's work was reductive because he gave short shrift to the two-person aspects of romantic intimacy (especially to the importance of the third). Those primarily concerned with sexuality argued that Mitchell under estimated the foundational irreconcilability between eros and attachment, but my concern with relationality lead me to argue that he over estimated this antagonism, and I ultimately proposed a means to deconstruct this opposition altogether

Weir Mitchell's observations on sensory localization and their influence on Jacksonian neurology

John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911) in London was critical in advancing the concept of cerebral localization. Hughlings Jackson, however, did not work in a vacuum. Silas Weir Mitchell (1829-1914), in Philadelphia, published several clinical observations related to localization. To examine Weir Mitchell's clinical observations on sensory localization, to determine whether they influenced Jacksonian neurology, and to elucidate the private relationship between the two men. The authors reviewed published (fictional and scientific writings of Weir Mitchell and scientific writings of Hughlings Jackson) and archival sources (Weir Mitchell's unpublished autobiography and Hughlings Jackson's unpublished correspondence with Weir Mitchell). In the 1860s, Weir Mitchell, through his work on phantom limb syndrome and other nerve injuries, made oblique references to the central representation of body parts, specifically with regard to sensation. Hughlings Jackson had an interest in somatotopic representation in the nervous system and repeatedly cited Weir Mitchell's work in support of his ideas. The two shared several patients, met at least once in London, and carried on a friendly correspondence. Weir Mitchell's observations on sensory localization were well known to Hughlings Jackson, who cited them in seminal articles on cortical localization. Their correspondence provides an example of trans-Atlantic scientific and clinical communication at the time that neurology emerged as a distinct clinical discipline.

Mitchell's Influence on European Studies of Peripheral Nerve Injuries During World War I

Objective: Describe the influence of S. Weir Mitchell's (1829-1914) work, and in particular his ideas on causalgia, on European physicians who treated peripheral nerve injuries during World War I (WWI). Background: During the American Civil War (1861-1865), Mitchell studied peripheral nerve injuries with colleagues George Read Morehouse and William Williams Keen. Three monographs resulted from this work. All were important landmarks in the evolution of knowledge of peripheral nerve injuries. A subsequent occasion to improve knowledge came in WWI. Methods: The most important European monographs or series on peripheral nerve injuries from WWI were studied with special interest in references to causalgia and Mitchell's works on peripheral nerve injuries. We included works by Tinel, Athanassio-Bénisty, Purves-Stewart & Evans and Carter, Foerster and Oppenheim. Results: Tinel and Athanassio-Bénisty provided the most detailed information on peripheral nerve injuries and causalgia and often referred to Mitchell. Both mentioned a possible sympathetic origin. Athanassio-Bénisty described tremor and other movement disorders in relation to causalgia. Purves-Stewart and Evans mentioned Mitchell and causalgia in the second edition of their book. They advocated the term "thermalgia." Carter, who had access to data of many cases, concentrated his work on causalgia, referring to Mitchell. Foerster provided data of a great number of peripheral nerve injuries, but did not refer to Mitchell. However, he described the symptoms of causalgia cursorily, applying the term Reflexschmerz (reflexpain). Oppenheim was particularly interested in muscle innervation and referred to Mitchell with respect to hypertrichosis and glossy skin. Oppenheim did not use the term causalgia, although he described the syndrome in some of his patients. It wasn't until around 1920 that German physicians devoted significant attention to causalgia and began using the term. Conclusion: Knowledge of peripheral nerve injuries was greatly advanced during and after WWI. Mitchell's influence was mainly found in the French medical literature, where his findings provided the basis for further research on the origin of causalgia. In England, Mitchell and causalgia were also well-known. We found evidence to suggest that some of the English knowledge came from French physicians. German physicians described the symptoms of causalgia, but did not use the term, nor did they refer to Mitchell. This variation in Mitchell's influence by country probably reflects the fact that Mitchell's Injuries of nerves and their consequences was translated into French but not German.

Review Essay: Beyond the Fear of Intimacy

Can Love Last? The Fate of Romance Over Time by Stephen A. Mitchell (New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 2002, 224 pp.) This article reflects on the importance of Mitchell's work in the United Kingdom, where notions of intimacy sit uneasily with psychoanalytic practice. The author argues that a reluctance to take up intimacy in the consulting room has a deleterious effect on intimate relations outside it. Drawing on her work with women, in particular, she posits that the erotic is still an undertheorized area of relational analysis. Although most orthodox theory has been jettisoned, new theory is necessary for an understanding of what the author observes to be a “false” erotic in many of her patients in whom the erotic is temporarily available but is unreliable as a desire and as a source of identity.

Verandahs of power: colonialism and space in urban Africa

Verandahs of Power: Colonialism and Space in Urban Africa. By Garth Andrew Myers. Space, Place, and Society. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2003. Pp. xxii, 199; 16 illustrations. $19.95 paper. Verandahs of Power is a departure of sorts from traditional Africanist writing about the colonial era. Garth Myers follows well-trodden ground in looking at the colonial state's exercise of power in urban eras, but he also offers a nuanced and even sympathetic-though still critical-look at colonial officials and Asians employed by the colonial state. In addition, he lets his narrative cross the boundary between colonial and postcolonial and thereby brings to light many interesting continuities between the agendas of colonialist governments and those that succeeded them. The book is a study of British attempts to use urban space both to earn the goodwill of their subjects and to exercise power in Nairobi, Lusaka, and Zanzibar, and the continuation of those efforts in postcolonial Lilongwe. The analytical thread that holds it together is the work of Eric Dutton, who was the long-time chief secretary in Zanzibar, but who also worked in Lusaka and Nairobi. His protege, Ajit Singh, a Sikh architect who worked on urban planning and design in Zanzibar and later in Lilongwe, serves to extend the story to revolutionary Zanzibar and independent Malawi. Myers uses several metaphors to hold the four cities together. The most prominent of these is the House of Wonders, the most prominent building in Zanzibar and the administrative center of colonial Zanzibar, which Myers uses to describe the colonial hierarchy. The House of Wonders was built by the Omanis, but conveniently it has three verandahs that encircle it one above the other, allowing it to work as metaphor for state-imposed racial hierarchy. Thus we have the bottom verandah inhabited by the governed, the middle verandah inhabited by Indian and African bureaucrats (whom Myers refers to as the colonized middle), and on the top level the British. A second analytical device that he employs is the work of Timothy Mitchell, which argues that the state attempts to enframe, contain, and observe urban space.1 In each of the four cities the state has attempted to use urban planning to enframe, contain, and observe urban space. The people on the top verandah set the policy, the people on the middle verandah play a crucial role in implementing it, and the people on the bottom verandah quickly undermine it and impose or reimpose their own notions of how urban and domestic space should be used. In each of the four cities this pattern unfolds in different ways and with different results, but Myers does a good job of fitting it all into the theory. He convincingly modifies and extends Mitchell's work by showing that it is not just colonial regimes that behave this way. Myers's bigger contribution to the field is to write about colonial officials and Indians as real people. While there is a growing recognition that colonial policy was not the result of a monolithic and single-minded colonial state, we rarely actually get to meet flesh-and-blood colonial officials. His description of Eric Button is fascinating and goes a long way toward showing the tragic side of the colonial experience. …

Harmonic palette in early Joni Mitchell

Joni Mitchell has recently been critically received and marketed as a ‘classic’ songwriter. Yet the existing literature has hardly begun to explore the sophistication of her technical achievement. One of her most distinctive contributions is in the realm of harmonic innovation. Through a comprehensive survey of her work, I have found that Mitchell's songs fall under five categories of harmonic organisation: modal, polymodal, chromatic, polytonal, and pedal point. I examine these categories in detail, choosing a variety of examples from the early years of her career (1966–1972). My analyses are intended to contribute to a more knowledgeable appreciation of Mitchell's intellectual stature as a composer. While many songwriters have been inventive within traditional tonal harmony, Mitchell's work is impressive for its extended exploration of alternatives to single key structures and the major/minor system.

Relationality: From Attachment to Intersubjectivity (review)

Reviewed by: Relationality: From Attachment to Intersubjectivity Adrienne Harris and Melanie Suchet Relationality: From Attachment to Intersubjectivity. Stephen A. Mitchell. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 2000. xvii & 173 pp. $39.95. This review, written by two relational analysts closely involved in the theoretical and institutional developments formed around the work of Stephen Mitchell, is, perhaps inevitably, an occasion both for memorial and for assessment. This is the last book written for colleagues and students in which Mitchell develops and broadens his theoretical work begun in 1983 in Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory, coauthored with Jay Greenberg. Mitchell's very prolific career of writing and teaching was anchored by the series of books that followed: Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis (1988), Hope and Dread in Psychoanalysis (1993), and Influence and Autonomy in Psychoanalysis (1997). His almost two decades of innovative and muscularly critical work has had a powerful effect within the psychoanalytic world both nationally and internationally. [End Page 102] There will be a final book, Can Love Last?, in which the key ideas of relational thought are reworked for nonspecialists. So that book still to come will have to do the rather impossible task of standing as a last word, a testimony. Relationality is a work both of maturity and of promise, a summary and a step in new directions. Hence both the pleasure and sadness in writing this review. Relational psychoanalysis, according to Mitchell, reflects a blending of diverse theoretical contributions into a broad, multilayered, multidimensional vision of intersubjectivity. Mitchell is at his best when integrating these different relational concepts. This book is his attempt at developing a comprehensive theoretical system, a "synthetic relational framework" (115) to house relational concepts. Relationality displays less interest than do Mitchell's previous books in crafting polarities with classical psychoanalysis and offers rather a focused statement of relational theory as an evolved narrative strand in an ongoing conversation within psychoanalysis. This shift in emphasis is perhaps a measure of how much the psychoanalytic world has changed, of the impact Mitchell's work has had on the field, and how the landscape of psychoanalytic theory, including relational theory, is being redrawn and reconfigured. Mitchell approaches his daunting task of exposition with depth, clarity, flexibility, and a characteristically rich emotional involvement. One of the most striking features of Mitchell's way of writing is its lyrical and personal style. You feel spoken to. You are drawn into thinking about ideas within a conversation or, in other words, dialogically. It was as if, in writing about the concept of relationality, he managed to invite the reader into an experience of relationality, into an intimate engagement with him, without necessarily having known him in person. A great strength of Mitchell's theoretical work is the heterogeneous nature of the integrations to which he led relational theory. He was a psychoanalyst with a rare ability to grow and change, and an innovator who enjoyed a wide playing field. Relationalists have aligned themselves with self psychology, with Sullivanian interpersonal theory, with object relations, and with the contemporary Kleinians. There is an indigenous pluralism to many relationalists, an interest in [End Page 103] synthesis that is also one of Mitchell's fortes. Relational theory has likewise proved to be a site for integrations with feminism and queer theory. Mitchell was both a thinker and an organizer, and he kicked open a window into the once hermetically sealed analytic space of American ego psychology; once established, however, he envisioned a uniquely capacious landscape, a vista of transitional phenomena rather than an architectural blueprint. This openness to fresh ideas in theory and clinical practice became a feature of relational theory in large part because Mitchell himself was so open to change and development. This process is visible in Relationality. Mitchell's earlier work, primarily focused as it was on the coconstructed analytic experience, the making of the analytic relationship by two highly elaborated and textured adults, was often quite frankly antidevelopmentalist. He argued against what he termed the "developmental tilt" in object relations theory on grounds familiar to the interpersonal tradition. He was reluctant to court regressions and maintained a deep respect for the integrity of the analysand's subjectivity. Mitchell was worried about...

Dissecting the cycle: a methodological investigation

Following Burns and Mitchell we define the cycle as a pattern in the level of aggregate economic activity. An algorithm to locate turning points is developed, as is a new measure of pro-cyclicality. A link between turning points and the moments of the series is established thereby providing the statistical foundation that Burns and Mitchell's work lacked. Using these tools we are able to dissect cycles in terms of the contributions made by trend growth, volatility, serial correlation and non-linear effects. We dissect several models and find little evidence that certain non-linear effects are important to the nature of business cycles.

パースの量化論理について

Quantificational logic was developed by some ingenious mathematicians towards the end of the 19th century, especially during the 1880's. It was indeed, as Quine once wrote, a decade when quantification was "breaking out all over". While it is acknowledged that Peirce was among those founders of modern logic, his specific achievements and contribution to the field seem to deserve more notice. The present paper focuses on the emergence of Peirce's quantificational logic, deriving most of the material from his original writings. We shall also glance through O. H. Mitchell's work, which is little discussed in the history of logic.

Moving beyond the white cane: building an online learning environment for the visually impaired professional

This article is about the development of an online learning environment (OLE) for a retired, visually impaired professional named Donald Mitchell. He has macular degeneration (MD). Because of this he is legally blind. The article deals with his fight to overcome the barriers, threats, and challenges posed by the reduction of his visual capacities. The article is organized into four main areas of concern or barriers. The first is physical, the second is intellectual, the third is psychological, and the fourth is technological. The authors place special emphasis on the psychological, intellectual, and technological barriers. In addition, the authors relate the steps Mitchell took in building his personalized OLE that included a laborious process of selecting the right hardware and software as well as harnessing an array of technologies such as personal computing tools, Web-based resources, network resources, audio tapes, voice recognition software, and non-print support devices, including the audio features of broadcast and cable television. This development is especially relevant to this special issue of IHE since Dr. Mitchell's work was done in the early days of online learning beginning in the late eighties.

"I Was Tellin It": Race, Gender, and the Puzzle of the Storyteller

Race, Gender, and the Puzzle of the Storyteller I'd like to thank Drew Faust for taking on what still seems in some quarters to be an unpopular project: applying actual thought to popular literature. Between Faulkner and Mitchell, scholars have chosen Faulkner. Few have taken Gone with the Wind seriously enough to write about it. It's not anthologized, either. Of the southern literature anthologies I've seen, the only one to include a portion of, or even mention of, Gone with the Wind, is the Oxford Book of the American South, whose senior editor, Ed Ayers, is a historian.(1) Certainly one of the reasons for this critical and anthological neglect is the sheer size of the 1037-page book. Another must be the flapping of the last tatters of the old boundary dividing high literature, demanding study, from popular literature, which a true scholar would not even stoop to read. A third reason is the subject of Faust's talk: the knee-jerk racism evident in both what the book makes of black characters and what it omits. This last reason was critical a few years ago in the editorial board's decision to leave Gone with the Wind out of the Heath Anthology of American Literature. I was at that meeting and well remember the passion with which African American editors articulated their repugnance to and fear of what they saw as a novel that not only represented racism, but could actively construct racism in its readers. One of the earliest literary scholars to write seriously about this putatively unserious novel was Louis D. Rubin Jr., who considered some implications of the same-year publication of Margaret Mitchell's award-winning Gone with the Wind and William Faulkner's relatively obscure Absalom, Absalom!.(2) Since then, feminists--myself included--have taken up the questions posed by and in this novel (for example, IS tomorrow another day?) to focus on its repetitive and revisionary renderings of gender constructions. Is Scarlett a New Woman or--in Jason Compson's words--just another Bitch? Is Rhett a Closet Southern Gentleman, or just another garden-variety rapist? Is Margaret Mitchell a southern Betty Friedan? Or a southern Phyllis Schlafly? Faust has taken the important step of extending these questions beyond the racial boundaries set by the novel itself and by much of the thinking about it. She has asked, rightfully, how Mitchell's representations of race work in the novel, and how those representations impinge upon Mitchell's work with gender. Faust has, rightfully, joined at the hip two categories of analysis: race and gender. Her conclusion, her thesis, as I understand it, is the following: Although she was working in a tradition of women who used the Civil War in their writing to question the boundaries of southern womanhood, Margaret Mitchell had to curtail her experiments with gender when she hit the brick wall of racism. To imagine freedom for a white woman necessarily and logically requires imagining freedom for anyone, even black people, even black men. Freedom does not respect categories of race and gender. Yet, in Faust's view, Mitchell could not allow herself to imagine past her traditional white southern stereotypes of African Americans. As a result, she faltered and failed in her imagination of Scarlett's liberation. She and her protagonist end by clutching the very chains that bind them to the past, the chains of southern racism. There is a lot to be said for Faust's claim. Feminist thinkers since Simone Beauvoir, and American women's historians at least since Nancy Cott, have written about the paradoxical bonds of womanhood, though for Cott and Beauvoir the chains that bind have more to do with love and marriage than with racism. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zora Neale Hurston has Nanny describe loving men as de very prong all us black women gits hung on. Dis love!(3) Sleeping with the enemy may be the more familiar paradox of women's liberation, but dwelling on the differences among women, such as the racial divide, is in many ways the more interesting one. …

On a Geometric Realization of $\mathcal A(2)$

Let JL be the mod p Steenrod algebra and M be a bounded below left JLmodule of finite type. M is said to be realizable if there exists some spectrum whose mod£ cohomology is isomorphic as Jl-module to M. For example, Jl itself is realized as JL^H*(HZ/p ; Z/p). It is a general problem whether or not given M is realizable, but there is no standard method to solve this problem. So we have to try case by case. For many interesting cases, this problem was solved. J. F. Adams [1] showed that there is no spectrum which realizes M = Z/2-x+Z/2'Sqx. E. H. Brown and S. Gitler [2] constructed certain spectra B(fe) such that U*E(k)^tA/JL{7L(Sq )\i>k}. H. Toda [8] stated that certain algebraic properties of M assure its readability. In this paper we shall prove that some more conditions give us useful information about the number of the homotopy types of spectra which realize M. (Theorem 1.1) JL(n) is a sub-Hopf algebra of Jl generated by |8, £, ••• , &~ with 5>*= Sq for p=2. S. A. Mitchell [6] proved every JL(n) admits certain left Jl module structure extended from its own algebra multiplication and also constructed finite spectra whose cohomologies are Jl(n) free. Hence we should ask whether each JL(n) itself is realizable or not, because there exists a non-realizable JL -module which is a direct summand of a realizable module. Independently of Mitchell's work, D. M. Davis and M. Mahowald [3] gave four different module structures on JL(l) (p=2) and proved the uniqueness of the homotopy type of spectra which realize each Jl(l). For the case of JL(2) (p=2), W.H. Lin [4] showed 1600 different JL -module structures. Theorem 2.2 gives an affirmative answer to the realization problem for JL(2) (p=2} with any possible Jl-module structure and Theorem 2.4 shows the uniqueness of the homotopy type of spectra which realize JL(2) with the specific ^-module structure indicated by Mitchell [6].