Mit Der Research Articles

“von kindlichen Träumen belogen”: Joachim Ringelnatz’ (ent-)idealisierte Märchenwelt

Entgegen der Popularität von Joachim Ringelnatz’ (1883–1934) Märchen beim Lesepublikum, fehlt bislang eine diachrone Betrachtung seiner Neigung zur Märchengattung im Gesamtkontext der Entwicklung seiner Poetik. Die Forschungen zu seinen experimentellen Nachkriegsmärchen erläutern deren spezifische tonangebenden, disharmonischen Merkmale und deren Subversion der herkömmlichen Märchenerzählverfahren ausschließlich im Rahmen synchroner—autobiographischer oder parodistischer—Kontexte, welche es nicht ermöglichen, das primäre konstitutive Moment ihres destruktiven Charakters deutlich aufzuzeigen. Daher interpretiert dieser Beitrag Ringelnatz’ bislang unerforschte, auf neoromantische Weise optimistische Einstellung zur Märchengattung im Rahmen seiner Vorkriegswerke: im Gedicht Ein Traum (1906), in den Märchen Der ehrliche Seemann (1908), Der Wunderbrunnen (1913), und in der Märchenerzählung Phantasie (1912). Sein Märchenwerk aus der Vorkriegszeit zeichnet sich durch die Schaffung von Seelenräumen aus, in denen die Neigung zum Seelenleben und zur Kindlichkeit als eine Modalität der transzendentalen Erfahrung der Selbstharmonisierung mit der Welt angedeutet wird. Im Vergleich zur neoromantischen (seelenbeschwörenden) Chronotopik seiner Vorkriegsmärchen erweisen sich die Märchenwerke der Kriegs- und Nachkriegszeit als konzentrierter Ausdruck des enttäuschten Verlusts des Glaubens an das ontologische Potential der Märchengattung und an die inhärente Güte und Transzendenzfähigkeit der menschlichen Innerlichkeit. Ihre Chronotopik stellt eine gezielte Negation der romantischen Märchenchronotopik dar.

About a Range of Metaphorical Meanings in the Representation
 of the Phenomenon of «Language» in the Book «Herausmit der Sprache» by A. Thalmayr

The article examines the metaphorical models used by the famous German writer, poet, translator Andreas Thalmayr when describing the German language in his book «Heraus mit der Sprache. Ein bisschen Deutsch für Deutsche, Österreicher, Schweizer und andere Aus- und Inländer». Attention to language as an object of research has increased within the framework of cognitive linguistics, which considers natural human language that reflects all the diversity of the world, on the one hand, as an optimal means of storage, creative interpretation and transmission of human knowledge about the surrounding reality. On the other hand, language is an object of scientific linguistic study. The optimal tool for exploring this most complex phenomenon of human culture is a cognitive metaphor,
 which allows us to comprehend this abstract concept in a more concrete and structured way. In the process of analysis, we identified the following most frequent metaphorical models: language is a person, language is an object of nature,
 language is an object of human activity, language is a treasury, language is a system, language is chaos. The metaphorical representation of language turns out to be associated with various semantic images, which indicates the complexity,
 inconsistency and dynamism of the object of research, the versatility of which can be accounted for by the complexity of its carrier – the man.

Problemzone Ostdeutschland

Abstract By analyzing Lukas Rietzschel’s novel Mit der Faust in die Welt schlagen (2018) and Nino (f.k.a. Paula) Bulling’s Comic Im Land der Frühaufsteher (2012), this article explores contemporary portrayals of “East German rural space” against the backdrop of current discourses on Germany’s postmigrant condition. Marginalized on a political, economic and symbolic level and construed as the “Other” of German majority society in mainstream media, the “rural East” has recently been discovered by artists as a medium to reflect on urbanormative and (post-)colonial structures of representation that shape the debate and discursive construction process of postmigrant realities. In order to further illuminate this unique position and potential of East German rural space in art and postmigrant discourse, this paper will explore issues of migration, belonging, and (East German) identity in the abovementioned works through the lens of postcolonial theory.

Who is sensitising whom? A participatory interview guide development as an awareness tool within a health care research project

Who is sensitising whom? A participatory interview guide development as an awareness tool within a health care research project

Musikalische Madeleines im Wandel der Zeit. Konzepte von Erinnerung und ästhetisch-emotionalem Musikerleben seit dem 18. Jahrhundert

A musical Proust effect refers to a situation in which music transports us back to a whole-bodily felt experience from our past. This article traces concepts of this effect, here heuristically called “musical madeleines”, in the history of science since the 18th century and shows how both its explanations and its evaluations have changed over the decades in relation to contemporary medical, psychological and musical knowledge. The historical focus is on 18th-century physiology and 19th-century psychophysics, with Ernst Anton Nicolai’s Die Verbindung der Musik mit der Artzneygelahrheit (1745) and Gustav Theodor Fechner’s Vorschule der Ästhetik (1876) serving as main examples. These historical accounts are framed by some reflections on empirical music research today and some suggestions for a cultural-historical embedding in the history of medicine, emotions and music in general and in the discourses on programme music versus absolute music in particular.

ANATOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE VARIATION OF UNILATERAL PULMONARY ARTERY AGENESIS (UPAA)

ANATOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE VARIATION OF UNILATERAL PULMONARY ARTERY AGENESIS (UPAA)

Mit der Post in die Zukunft: Der Bildschirmtext in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1977 bis 2001 [Postal service into the future: Bildschirmtext in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1977–2001] by Hagen Schönrich

Reviewed by: Mit der Post in die Zukunft: Der Bildschirmtext in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1977 bis 2001 [Postal service into the future: Bildschirmtext in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1977–2001] by Hagen Schönrich Tina Kubot (bio) Mit der Post in die Zukunft: Der Bildschirmtext in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1977 bis 2001 [Postal service into the future: Bildschirmtext in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1977–2001] By Hagen Schönrich. Leiden: Brill, 2021. Pp. 348. There are many origins for the not yet thoroughly defined construct that is commonly called "The Internet." Currently under discussion are the interactive data networks that national postal services in many countries operated during the 1980s. Hagen Schönrich's work on how Bundespost (the German Postal Service) developed the Bildschirmtext (BTX) system is not meant to be a history of the underlying technology, which others have detailed, such as Heinz Bahr, Bildschirmtext ist für alle da (1988) or Volker Schneider, Technikentwicklung zwischen Politik und Markt (1989), also positioning BTX in the sociocultural context. Schönrich tells the story of this data network, from identifying the need for a new communications system in 1976, its public presentation and market entry, when it was neither technically nor legally the right time for such a system, to the shutdown in 2001. The narrative is embedded in a legal, political, and technological context, based on a well-chosen variety of contemporary journals and newspapers, as well as official governmental records, complemented with BTX content, such as preserved pages. The introduction provides a clear and thorough analysis of these sources and their limitations, like the thirty-year embargo on governmental files forcing the focus on the 1980s, and an extensive literature review. Schönrich's protagonists are Bundespost and private BTX users. He identifies four stages during BTX operations and uses these as a guideline through this mainly chronological story: planning and development, test phase and legal consolidation, market entry and operations, and finally the network's expansion ending with its shutdown. As the Videotex(t), Teletex(t), and Bildschirmtext terminology is confusing, thankfully the planning chapter clarifies and differentiates the systems behind these quite similar terms, their international background, and the Bundespost's ambivalent role as a state organ as well as an economic company. The BTX system, roughly based on the British Prestel, relied heavily on existing infrastructures like the telephone, its underlying network, and television. As the BTX System did not fit in any of the media categories enshrined in German law, it became the prototype of a novel class, the "new media," requiring prior definition. The legal and political debates around the classification of BTX were not yet over when the test phase began. Schönrich guides the reader through these entanglements in an engaging way, despite the dry and complex topic. Many BTX services are like blueprints for later internet applications; however, the system could never fulfill its developers' [End Page 1211] expectations. Only following the arrival of the personal computer and some technical adjustments did the number of users rise significantly, but by then, the time had already come for the actual internet. Schönrich's work takes its place in the history of digitization alongside other international studies with different perspectives or that focus on the technical side. Despite the comment "one must not overlook the actual research on the history of the internet" on p. 31, the book avoids placing BTX in this research area and declares it a topic for further study. A thorough investigation would, however, have far exceeded the limits of this work, which nonetheless lays the foundation for that kind of research. This book plays an important role in closing the research gap in the late twentieth century history of the Bundespost, covering its development and role in the evolution of telecommunications and media toward a digital society. Entertaining and easy to follow, the book is a pleasant read for anyone interested in the history of communications media or networks. It offers an extensive view on the reasons why BTX merits a place between two main German narratives: one as a curiosity born from faith in technology as a solution for the 1980s...

New Books across the Disciplines

New Books across the Disciplines

Meister Eckhart’s Mysticism in Comparison with Zen Buddhism

ABSTRACT “Meister Eckhart’s Mysticism in Comparison with Zen Buddhism” originally appeared as the concluding section of Ueda Shizuteru’s first book, Die Gottesgeburt in der Seele und der Durchbruch zur Gottheit: Die mystische Anthropologie Meister Eckharts und ihre Konfrontation mit der Mystik des Zen-Buddhismus. It was first published in 1965 as an expanded version of Ueda’s doctoral dissertation, which was written under the supervision of Ernst Benz at the University of Marburg. Ueda’s careful analysis not only illuminates important points of affinity between Eckhart and Zen, but also explains why Eckhart’s mysticism cannot be simply interchanged with Zen Buddhism. To allow the reader to read for themselves, I kept all interpretative notes to a minimum. The text is translated from the most recent edition of the German text, published in 2018 by Verlag Karl Alber, and edited by Wolf Burbat. The German pagination is interpolated in bold throughout the text.

A world of inflammation: the need for ecological solutions that co-benefit people, place and planet.

The ecology of the early environment - including microbial diversity, nutrition, nature, social interactions and the totality of exposures in the wider "exposome" - have life-long implications for all aspects of health and resilience. In particular, the emergence of "microbiome science" provides new evidence for vital relationships between biodiversity and health at every level. New perspectives of ecological interdependence connect personal and planetary health; the human health crisis cannot be separated from the social, political and economic "ecosystems" otherwise driving dysbiosis (from its etymological root, "life in distress") at every level. Adverse changes in macroscale ecology - of food systems, lifestyle behaviours, socioeconomic disadvantage and environmental degradation - all impact the microbial systems sitting at the foundations of all ecosystems. In particular, changes in the function and composition of the human-associated microbiome have been implicated in the mounting global burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), exacerbating inflammation and metabolic dysregulation through multiple pathways across the lifespan. This "dysbiotic drift" (adverse shifts in ecology at all scales) underscores the need for ecological approaches aimed at restoring symbiosis, balance and mutualism. While there is promise with supplement-based strategies (e.g. probiotics, prebiotics), it is essential to focus on upstream factors implicated in dysbiosis, including the health of wider environments, lifestyle, nature relatedness, and the social policies and practices which can facilitate or inhibit dysbiotic drift. This also calls for ambitious integrative approaches which not only define these interconnections, but also capitalize on them to create novel, collaborative and mutualistic solutions to our vast interdependent global challenges.

Bacteriophage therapy for challenging bacterial infections: achievements, limitations and prospects for future clinical use by veterinary dermatologists.

Bacteriophages were discovered just over 100 years ago and have been used to treat bacterial infections in animals since the 1920s. The antimicrobial resistance crisis has led to a new surge of interest in the use of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative or supplement to antimicrobial therapy in humans and other animals. To describe the nature of bacteriophages and provide a critical review and update on the clinical use of bacteriophages in the treatment of challenging bacterial infections, with an emphasis on companion animal veterinary applications. The scientific literature on the subject was critically evaluated. Findings from the most pertinent papers have been presented in summary form and critiqued. Over the last 20 years there has been a considerable increase in the volume and quality of publications dealing with bacteriophage therapy. Some recent papers build on excellent work published in the 1980s and describe promising veterinary applications. Challenges related particularly to the registration and approval of phage remedies will need to be overcome before phage therapy can become a mainstream tool for use in veterinary settings. Considerably more research, particularly controlled clinical trials, needs to be done. Bacteriophage therapy is one of the most promising approaches to tackling the looming antimicrobial resistance crisis, yet substantial regulatory challenges will need to be overcome before it enters widespread use. Phage therapy also may, in the future, improve the management of challenging bacterial infections that are not necessarily multidrug-resistant.

Johannes Brahms’s Horn Trio and Its Unique Place in the Chamber Music Repertoire

The purpose of this research is to explore the elements in Brahms’s Trio for Piano, Violin, and Horn in E-flat Major, op. 40, that contribute to its unique position in the vast and revered library of chamber music. These include Brahms's use of folksong, five-measure phrases, a variation on sonata form, developing variation, emotional elements, and unique instrumentation. The German folk song, Es soll sich ja keiner mit der Liebe abgeben is almost identical to the opening fourth movement theme of the horn trio. Brahms incorporates portions of this melody throughout all four movements of his horn trio which demonstrates an internal unity and cohesive use of folksong that contribute to his work’s individuality. This is one of many examples of Brahms’s attention to detail and use of surprising elements that allow his horn trio to stand out among thousands of other works. Through studying portions of Brahms’s Trio for Piano, Violin, and Horn in E-flat Major, op. 40., analyzing distinctive qualities of this work, and comparing these elements to those of other chamber works of the time, one can conclude that this piece has a unique place in the chamber music repertoire.

Historical Books: Joshua–2 Kings

Historical BooksJoshua–2 Kings Christopher T. Begg, Fred W. Guyette, J. Edward Owens, John M. Halligan, Rhiannon Graybill, Jeremy Corley, and Thomas Hieke 404. [Dtr] Sang-wan Lee, "Der Umgang mit der Kulteinheitforderung in sekundären Einschreibungen im Deuteronomistichen Geschichtswerk," Eigensinn und Entstehung, 331-38 [see #789]. In Dtr, the requirements for worship of Yhwh alone (Kultreinheit) and worship of Yhwh at a single designated sanctuary (Kulteinheit) are repeatedly alluded to. Some scholars posit that the two requirements derive from different Deuteronomistic hands, but L., following E. Blum, argues that both requirements were elements of the original Deuteronomist's presentation of the history of Israel and Judah. At the same time, there are, L. further argues, a variety of secondary elements within Dtr containing allusions to the above double requirement, these including mentions of cultic places and cultic activities that take place outside of and/or prior to the Jerusalem Temple. A particularly noteworthy case in point is the account of Elijah's altar on Mount Carmel in 1 Kgs 18:30ff., which postdates the construction of the Temple but which nonetheless is (apparently) legitimated by the presence of a Yhwh prophet and Yhwh's own sending fire to consume the sacrifice on Elijah's altar. According to L., all the secondary texts identified by him, while they do derive from secondary Deuteronomistic hands, do not stand in contradiction with the primary Deuteronomist's combined requirement of worship of Yhwh and worship of him at one central sanctuary; in fact, the focus of many of these secondary texts is on concerns other than Dtr's double cultic requirement (e.g., in Josh 24:26, the center of attention is not on the "great stone" erected by Joshua at Shechem, but rather on the "book of the law" that he is said to have deposited there).—C.T.B. 405. [Dtr; Jeroboam I; "High Places"] Kristin Weingart, "Jerobeam und seine Kulthöhen. Geschichte als Argument in religiösen Diskurs der Perserzeit," Eigensinn und Entstehung, 315-30 [see #789]. The Deuteronomistic History (Dtr) features recurrent references to the "sins of Jeroboam" which resulted in the eventual overthrow of the Northern Kingdom. What were those "sins" exactly? In the extant text of 1 Kgs 12:26-32, one finds juxtaposed two categories of such sins: Jeroboam's erection of the bull-images in Bethel and Dan on the one hand and his establishment of "houses" for worship on the high places and the inauguration of a non-Levitical priesthood to service these sites on the other. In her article, W. identifies the latter set of "sins of Jeroboam" as deriving from a Persian-period redaction of Dtr, found in 1 Kgs 12:31-32; 13:31-33; 2 Kgs 17:24-30; and 23:16-20, which, in contrast to the original Dtr stratum, in 1 Kgs 12:26-30, as well as the story of the "man of God at Bethel of 1 Kgs 13:1-30 (for which 1 Kgs 12:31-32 and 13:31-32 function as a redactional frame), is directed not against the Bethel cult and its bull image but rather against the cult of the Samaritans of the Persian era with its central Yahwistic sanctuary on Mount Gerizim, which, from the Judean perspective, was viewed as an offense against the sole legitimacy of the Jerusalem sanctuary.—C.T.B. [End Page 135] 406. [Joshua–Judges; Divine and Human Kingship] Sarah Dalrymple, "Ephraim or Judah? Divine Sovereignty and the Potential for Kingship in Joshua–Judges," The Seed of Promise, 50-74 [see #797]. From which of the twelve tribes would God's promised messiah come? One place where we might begin to look is in the story of Joseph (Genesis 37–50). The narrative of Joseph and his brothers is suffused with themes of divine sovereignty, wise leadership, and royal power. Or we might follow a thread that runs through the story of Joshua, from the tribe of Ephraim. Joshua was the warrior and shepherd-leader chosen to follow Moses. How about Caleb, who was from the tribe of Judah? Joshua and Caleb were eager to settle in the Promised...

The Image of God in the Theology of Gregory of Nazianzus by Gabrielle Thomas

Reviewed by: The Image of God in the Theology of Gregory of Nazianzus by Gabrielle Thomas Ilaria Vigorelli Gabrielle Thomas The Image of God in the Theology of Gregory of Nazianzus Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019 Pp. 196. $99.99. Gabrielle Thomas’s book is a text that helps us to understand the development of Christian anthropology in the fourth century, especially how it expanded enormously with the development of Trinitarian theology and, with it, the discovery of the relational dynamism present in the beginning and end of creation. No longer was change the central problem of thinking about being, but the divinization of created being: theosis. Being created in the image and likeness of God is the starting point for any biblical anthropology, but the Trinitarian and christological development of the fourth century, mainly due to the Cappadocians, contributed to a definitive differentiation of Christian anthropology from Old Testament and pagan anthropology. Although it remains evident that the theological language is indebted to many forms and images taken from the philosophy of the Mediterranean koiné, this was done by means of an accurate chrêsis, as Christian Gnilka (Chrēsis: Die Methode der Kirchenväter im Umgang mit der antiken Kultur [Basel: Schwabe, 1984]) has demonstrated, in contrast to Harnack’s theses. The author, following the school of Lewis Ayres, recognizes all this, but seems to leave it behind as a debate belonging to the last century, and proposes to take a further step: placing herself already within the horizon of Christian anthropology, she wants to show the historical and eschatological dimension of the eikon theoû (Genesis 1.26–27) in its existential dynamism, in what can rightly be called a human drama: “for Gregory this relates to being and becoming a divine image” (3). In fact, in the reading of Thomas, “rather than simply focusing upon the question, ‘what is human eikon?’ Gregory depicts the human eikon in her day-to-day existence; this involves struggling with the ‘world,’ ‘flesh,’ and the ‘devil’” (154). The book is structured in five chapters, which seem to retrace a tale in three acts: (a) the origins, in which the doctrine of creation “in Christ” is expounded: (1) “Being an Image of God,” (2) “Jesus Christ, the Identical Image”; (b) the development, in which we see how human reality differs from the purely spiritual: (3) “Creation of the Image of God”; (c) the decisive test, thanks to which vulnerability and the eikon’s restoration emerge in sequence: (4) “The Image of God and the Devil,” and finally the overcoming of the conflict in the happy ending: (5) “Theosis and the Divine Image.” [End Page 449] The composition is very well constructed and leads to the most relevant ontological question: What understanding of the image of God did Gregory of Nazianzus develop in the final resolution of the eschatological theosis? In what does the final resolution of the human drama consist? Since, as is demonstrated throughout the text, for Gregory the eikon refers not only to the spiritual soul, but to the whole human person, including the flesh, just as in Christ the flesh makes God visible, so the identical Eikon transforms the flesh as it is assumed by the Word. “Gregory describes Christ as a unified, visible eikon, which sets the stage for the entrance of a visible human eikon. [. . .] This results in human eikones being, quite literally, visible divine eikones who bear the presence of God. This also means that they are dynamic, not static; thus they have the potential for spiritual growth and theosis” (155). What ontological effect on human nature, then, is to be attributed to theosis? After having gone through the texts of the Nazianzen with order and accuracy and having analyzed the state of the different interpretations among contemporary theologians, the author shows that one cannot understand theosis in the texts of the Nazianzen as a metaphor, nor in the light of the Platonic homoiosis expressed by the Theaetetus (176a), but as a reality. She assumes “the ‘divinity’ of the human eikon as ontological, functional, ethical, relational, experiential, since the human eikon participates in, and is created to function like, the identical Eikon, Christ” (156). Thus, ontology...

Is the Covid‐19 Pandemic a Game Changer in GMO Regulation?

SummaryThe Covid‐19 pandemic has the potential to act as a much‐needed trigger for changes to the European Union regulations around genetically modified organisms (GMOs). There are two main reasons for this potential development. Firstly, the majority of vaccines under development would fall under Directive 2001/18 on the release of GMOs into the environment. The European Parliament and Council agreed that, in Recital 17 of Regulation 2020/1043, the current approval procedure for GMOs is not well‐suited to improving public health. This was driven in particular by the need for vaccine approval in the context of the Covid‐19 pandemic; and a more appropriate approval procedure would be applied. Secondly, several studies have shown that the Covid‐19 crisis reduces the purchasing power of households and increases their vulnerability in the case of food shortages; and consequent increases in food prices further exacerbate the nutritional problems of vulnerable groups. Modern plant breeding has the potential to provide less expensive solutions to support vulnerable groups. As the Covid‐19 crisis drains government budgets, views around GMOs in the EU may change in the light of positive experiences from the approval of Covid‐19 vaccines.

Potential influences of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity on COVID-19 severity.

Citation:McSharry D, Malhotra A. Potential influences of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity on COVID-19 severity. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(9):1645.

Mystik und jouissance als „ex-sistenter“ Gottesbezug bei Jacques Lacan. Im Vergleich mit der Radikalisierten Phänomenologie als „Lebensmystik“

Rolf Kühn, “Mystik und jouissance als „ex-sistenter“ Gottesbezug bei Jacques Lacan. Im Vergleich mit der Radikalisierten Phänomenologie als „Lebensmystik“,” Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 76, no. 2–3 (2020): 1091–1136, https://doi.org/10.17990/RPF/2020_76_2_1091.

Living with Chronic Disease. A Portrait of Karl Jaspers

Living with Chronic Disease. A Portrait of Karl Jaspers

"Am liebsten wäre mir Rom!": Stefan Zweig und Italien ed. by Arturo Larcati and Klemens Renolder

Reviewed by: "Am liebsten wäre mir Rom!": Stefan Zweig und Italien ed. by Arturo Larcati and Klemens Renolder Cynthia A. Klima Arturo Larcati and Klemens Renolder, eds., "Am liebsten wäre mir Rom!": Stefan Zweig und Italien. Schriftenreihe des Stefan Zweig Zentrum Salzburg 9. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2019. 216 pp. As well known as Stefan Zweig is in the German-speaking world, little is [End Page 110] known about his love and admiration for Italian culture. Italy was a place in which he saw European culture rooted, as a place that cultivated and expressed beauty in both prose and poetry. Indeed, it is interesting to note that Italy became Zweig's "Wahlheimat" of sorts, in that during the course of his relatively short life, he came into contact with many Italian artists and intellectuals who further spurred his love for and interest in the country. It comes as little surprise as well that Zweig chose Rome to be his city of exile in 1934, the year he departed Salzburg. The collection of essays in this volume is the result of a Stefan Zweig symposium that took place in Meran, South Tyrol, in 2011. It documents the Italian side of Zweig culturally, linguistically, politically, and personally. The purpose of the collection is to "discover" Zweig's admiration for Italy, as stated in the foreword of the work, "Zweigs Verhältnis zu Italien ist noch zu entdecken" (7). This "Entdeckung des Südens" developed during the course of several phases. As Arturo Larcati emphasizes in his essay Stefan Zweigs heimliche Liebe zur italienischen Literatur, "Mit keiner anderen Literatur, wenn man von der französischen absieht, hat sich Stefan Zweig so intensiv und kontinuierlich beschäftigt wie mit der italienischen" (31). Larcati explains Zweig's interests in the classicists, his contemporaries, and the writers of the younger generation, respectively, Dante Alighieri, Gabriele D'Annunzio, and Ignacio Silone. Larcati's contribution to this volume provides a good discussion of Zweig's intellectual activities in Italy during Mussolini's dictatorship and Zweig's own fascination with Silone, who operated as a strict anti-Mussolini activist, as evidenced in his novels. The theme flows further in the essay "Briefe über den italienischen Faschismus: Rainer Maria Rilke und Stefan Zweig" by Walter Busch und Isolde Schiffermüller. It is noted how little Zweig and Rilke actually wrote about Italian fascism and how both remained politically unmotivated by the political actions surrounding them, mostly out of fear for their own safety. Indeed, Zweig's own dramas and comedies enjoyed much more popularity during his lifetime than they do today. His dramas are seldom seen on the stage; his comedies remain virtually unknown since his death. In fact, he also translated Luigi Pirandello's play Non si sa come as Man weiß nicht wie, which was requested of Zweig by Pirandello. This translation is discussed thoroughly by Fausto de Michele in his article "Etappen einer Rezeptionsgeschichte: Stefan Zweig übersetzt Luigi Pirandello." In this article, de Michele discusses the original source work for this play and how [End Page 111] the play came to be. The process of the translation of the play is discussed in detail. In addition, de Michele provides attentive analysis of the translation, which differs wildly from the original Italian-language play. Because of the precarious political situation, Zweig kept his relationship with Pirandello completely professional. However thrilled he was by the opportunity to translate Pirandello's work, the political situation hindered Zweig's desire to participate in a theater congress organized by Pirandello, for fear of angering fascist authorities. De Michele provides an excellent description of this entire translation dilemma, something that remains virtually unknown about Zweig's professional life. In the contribution "Strategeien der Komik in Volpone und Die Schweigsame Frau: Stefan Zweig und die Commedia dell'arte," Monika Meister provides a discussion of Zweig's talent as a writer of comedy. Although his play Volpone is rarely seen on the stage, Zweig remains revered as a writer who reestablished the Italian tradition of Commedia dell'arte and opera buffa. Meister discusses Zweig's use of both English and Italian theatrical models and the mixture he used to produce highly unusual...

"Ich schreibe, also bin ich": Schreibweisen bei Barbara Frischmuth ed. by Anna Babka, Silvana Cimenti, and Peter Clar

Reviewed by: "Ich schreibe, also bin ich": Schreibweisen bei Barbara Frischmuth ed. by Anna Babka, Silvana Cimenti, and Peter Clar Pamela S. Saur Anna Babka, Silvana Cimenti, and Peter Clar, eds., "Ich schreibe, also bin ich": Schreibweisen bei Barbara Frischmuth. Vienna: Sonderzahl, 2019. 253 pp. This charming and informative volume is quite similar to the 2016 volume on Barbara Frischmuth, Im Liegen ist der Horizont immer so weit weg, also edited by Anna Babka and Peter Clar. The present volume also has a third editor, Silvana Cimenti. Both books are imbued with affection and esteem for Frischmuth, the person and the author, as well as her books and literary theories. The two volumes are physical twins in terms of size, cover design, organization, and contents featuring intriguing colored photographs (although the second volume includes an additional essay, "Traum der Fotografie—Fotografie des Traums" by Aleksandra Pawloff). Both feature poems, creative prose pieces, and diverse essays by many authors. Over a dozen writers contributed articles or creative pieces to both books. The two interrelated projects exert a unique appeal by embedding scholarly essays in the context of more creative and personal pieces. Both volumes also are based on and named for conferences, this one held in Mürzzuschlag in 2017. Another source of pieces in this volume was the "Fest für Barbara Frischmuth" at the Salzkammergut Festwochen Gmunden, also in 2017. In the foreword of this collection, the editors comment on the two volumes: "Beide Bände verstehen sich ganz grundsätzlich als einander ergänzend mit dem Ziel der Impulsgebung und Erschreiben neuer Zugänge und Lektüreverfahren" (7–8). They extend thanks to Frischmuth herself, "für die, über die und mit der wir alle an diesem Buch geschrieben haben" (8). Not only an overview of Frischmuth's life and writings, but also the spirit of the project, establishing a connection to the living author herself, is conveyed in the first article, authored by editor Anna [End Page 121] Babka, titled "Laudatio für Barbara Frischmuth: 'Nicht nur als Beschriebene, sondern als Schreibende …' eine biobibliographische Würdigung" (9). Many aspects of the concept named in the title, "Schreibweise," are addressed throughout the book. In the foreword the term is defined as "Poetik(en)" and the "besonderen écritures, die das Werk kennzeichnen" (7). This broad term opens up consideration of issues facing Frischmuth and many other authors: relationships between dream or fantasy and reality, whether conceived as autobiography, mimesis or otherwise, and stances on the significance of language and writing, as well as connections to other arts, other authors and genres, and, particularly in her case, contrasting and interacting genders, cultures, peoples, and homelands. Editor Peter Clar, in his opening article, considers Frischmuth's poetics as explicated in her Munich lectures, asserting that she does not advance a theory of poetics in terms of rules for writing. Rather, she emphasizes crossing borders and weaving various influences together. Clar also highlights the importance of the powers of language to Frischmuth and the multifaceted associations of literature and dreams in her fiction. Likewise, Thomas Stangl explores language as "Schrift" and the medium of expressions of possibility as well as realms of dream, reality, and perception, the worldly and otherworldly in several of Frischmuth's novels. Dreams are featured in other studies in the collection as well. In her article, Silvana Cimenti identifies "das Traumhafte" as a significant point of access to Frischmuth's "Schreibkosmos" and cites examples of "Traumsequenzen, Traumberichte, Alpträume," and "Traumentwicklungstendenzen." Using developmental psychological theories, she interprets the dreams of a number of young girls in Frischmuth's fiction. In another study, Almut Tina Schmidt explicates "Traumkommunikation" in Frischmuth's novel Das Verschwinden des Schattens in der Sonne. Several of the essays collected here concern Frischmuth's early publications, and they take a variety of pertinent approaches. The earliest texts, the stories "Otter" and "Und ich sah, und siehe, eine weiße Wolke," are analyzed in an essay by the author Julian Schutting. Stefan Krammer contributed a study of "Poetik der Iteration. Ritual und/als Performanz" in Frischmuth's breakthrough publication, Die Klosterschule. (1968). Three essays discuss Das Verschwinden des Schattens in der Sonne. (1973). In addition to...