Mist Spray Research Articles

Modeling of Sprinkler skipping for the suppression of large-scale rack-storage fires

A sprinkler skipping model is developed and implemented into FireFOAM. The model considers spray impingement and water accumulation on the sprinkler thermal link. A sub-grid spray impingement model is developed assuming a simplified link geometry, i.e., a sphere. Both the impinged cold water and the water evaporative cooling reduce the sprinkler thermal response. The model is calibrated with the plunge tunnel tests in the presence of water mist sprays and validated against a large-scale fire suppression test using Class 2 commodity. The skipping model improves the sprinkler activation prediction. With the skipping model, the second sprinkler activation is delayed, and the activation time is close to the test. The predicted number of activations and the activation pattern also show good agreement with the measurement, which improves the prediction of the fire suppression performance. The model is applied using different rack array heights (7.6, 10.7 and 13.7 m) under a 15.24 m high ceiling at two injection pressures. The model predicts that the highest array at the low injection pressure has several sprinklers skipped, which causes the failure of fire suppression.

Optimizing Mist-Based Ablution: A Comprehensive Study of Water Distribution and Conservation Using Watercolour Visualization and Thermal Imaging Techniques

Conducting ablution constitutes a prerequisite for Muslims prior to engaging in prayer. This ritualistic practice involves the cleansing and wiping of specific body parts, including the hands, face, arms up to the elbows, head, and feet. Ensuring comprehensive water coverage of the aforementioned areas is a crucial criterion during ablution. However, excessive water consumption often occurs when Muslims perform ablution to achieve full coverage. Consequently, a more ecologically sustainable approach to ablution is necessary to minimize water wastage. A proposed water mist spray device aims to optimize water usage while adhering to the Islamic jurisprudence requirements of complete water coverage on ablution parts.To assess water coverage using the mist spray, an evenness distribution profile is employed through atomized mist colorization on paper and thermal imaging of ablution parts. An appropriate spray nozzle is chosen based on an analysis of spray distribution and coverage patterns on the target surface, utilizing image processing techniques. The proposed methodology involves mixing water with red watercolour and manually pumping it through the selected nozzle using an off-the-shelf water sprayer, thereby atomizing the coloured water to stain white paper. Subsequently, the paper is converted into a digital image and analysed using ImageJ software to determine the mist spray coverage percentage, spatial spread at various distances, and the extraction of stain and droplet sizes. This technique is applied to different types and sizes of spraynozzles to identify the most suitable nozzle for the prototype.The findings demonstrate that nozzles with smaller exit holes and higher water pressure yield more extensive spray coverage on the target surface. Upon selecting the appropriate nozzle, a Portable Ablution Mist Spray Device prototype is employed to evaluate water coverage for the ablution body parts. Thermal images of the ablution parts are captured before and after the ritual, with the temperature differences being analysed. The thermal images reveal a comprehensive and uniform spray distribution on the ablution body parts, accompanied by a temperature difference ranging from 0.9°C to 3.8°C among various participants.

Evaluation of effectiveness and resources consumption of water mist spray systems in Mediterranean areas by predictions based on LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks

To counter the increasing urban overheating, climate adaptation solutions are proposed. Among them, water mist spray recently acquired particular attention, due to its efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and versatility. However, spray devices require a large amount of water and energy to cool even limited areas, thus their environmental costs/benefits ratio should be carefully evaluated. This study analyses cooling benefits and resources consumption of mist devices in 11 cities within 3 climate contexts, through Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) trained with experimental data. RNNs predict the expected time series of thermal benefits and of energy and water consumptions, also considering different design solutions of devices. Results show that when sun/wind shielding is used in the sprayed area, or the height of nozzles is limited, higher cooling results are obtained. However, energy and water consumption are extremely high if misting systems are perennially active during the day. Considering all simulated conditions, the predicted average daily energy to obtain a unitary variation of the Mediterranean Outdoor Comfort Index is 4,17 Wh/m2, while the corresponding average daily volume of water is 0,56 l*h/m2. These results confirm the need for applications managed by control logics based on the acquisition of real-time climatic data to reduce the environmental loads.

Design and Spray Performance Evaluation of an Air–Ground Cooperation Stereoscopic Plant Protection System for Mango Orchards

With the aim of solving the problems of high labor intensity, low operational efficiency, and poor deposition distribution uniformity in the mango canopy associated with traditional plant protection devices, an air-ground co-operation stereoscopic plant protection system consisting of an orchard caterpillar mist sprayer and a six-rotor plant protection UAV was designed to jointly undertake plant protection operations in mango orchards. We tested the spraying performance of the system on mango trees, compared with the single-machine operation, the air–ground co-operation system could significantly increase the droplet coverage on the upperside of mango leaves in each part of the canopy (a 14.7% increase for the mist sprayer and 12.9% for the UAV). This increased the active component deposition distribution uniformity in the mango canopy but could not significantly improve the deposition and coverage of droplets on the underside of leaves compared with the mist sprayer and plant protection UAV. Due to the characteristics of the mango canopy such as large leaf length and thickness and complex leaf inclination distribution, this led to poor deposition distribution uniformity of the two spray units, and the overall CV was over 150%. The pesticide active ingredients were almost uniformly distributed in the vertical direction when the application ratios (ground implements/plant protection drones) were 8/2 and 7/3, offering a promising protocol for reduced pesticide application in mango orchards. This study presents promising data that support the innovative integration of drones into crop protection programs for large canopy crops (e.g., mango) and provides guidance for the ACSPPS system in reduction and precision application research.

A Study of Expiratory Droplet Dispersion and Deposition Density in an Enclosed Residential Space

This study attempts to compare the density of human expiratory droplet deposition on commonly exposed/used surfaces of an indoor residential setting by simulating the droplet exhalation using mist sprays filled with a colored medium. The simulation is not an exact replica of a human exhale but is designed to reveal the variations between surfaces. The droplets dispersed in expiratory air in an indoor environment can carry microorganisms, both bacteria and viruses, causing respiratory infections. The process involved a human actor performing predefined daily tasks and was followed around by a second actor, who mimicked breath exhalation using mist sprays. The activities included reading a magazine, watching TV, using a mobile phone, a laptop, making tea, receiving visitors, and talking to a friend. Paper surfaces were used to collect the spray pigment. The results were scanned and analyzed by a computer. The output was in the form of percentage and pixel count of colored pigment on each paper. The results showed that the most significant percentage of pigment was received on the surfaces that simulated activities performed closest to the face. The top recipient of pigment by far was the mobile phone, followed by the remote controller, laptop, keyboard, and mouse. The surfaces farthest from the face, such as the floor, received little to no detectable pigment.

Development of solar radiation measurement sensor with added value to promote wide-area solar power prediction technology

In this study, we investigated a scenario where the prediction technology for the total output of distributed photovoltaic power generation over a wide area could be more efficiently disseminated by sharing the costs with society, rather than burdening only specific companies with the costs. To achieve this goal, we not only focused on measuring the amount of solar radiation but also incorporated additional parameters into the solar radiation sensor, which is essential for improving the accuracy of the prediction technology. The fundamental configuration of the developed sensor consists of an organic thin film solar cell (OPV), and the output is utilized to transmit the output data externally. Utilizing the surplus power from the OPV, we examined and produced three types of sensors: 1) a sensor with a CO2 measurement function, 2) a sensor with a mist spray function, and 3) a sensor with a photography function using a drive recorder. As a result, all sensors met the predetermined functions and target specifications.

Combined Application of Tank-mix Adjuvants, Mist Sprayer and Nano-selenium Promoted Pesticide Reduction and Enhanced Strawberry Quality.

In this paper, several technologies suitable for strawberry crops, such as armyworm boards, tank-mix adjuvants, mist sprayers combined with pesticide reduction, and biostimulant nano-selenium, were comprehensively applied and evaluated. The combined use of 60% etoxazole and bifenazate, bucket mixing additives, nano-selenium, and mist sprayers achieved an 86% prevention effect on red spiders. The prevention effect of pesticides according to the recommended dosage was 91%. Similarly, the disease index of strawberry powdery mildew in the green control group (60% carbendazim, bucket mixing additives, nano-selenium, and mist sprayer) decreased from 33.16 to 11.11, with a decrease of 22.05. The disease index of the control group decreased from 29.69 to 8.06, with a decrease of 21.63. Additionally, the combination of pesticide reduction and nano-selenium significantly improved the antioxidant activity and soluble sugar level of strawberry fruit and reduced water loss during storage. Therefore, the integrated application of green control technologies is beneficial for reducing the amount of chemical pesticides and improving their effectiveness, while enhancing the quality of strawberry fruits in disease and pest control.

Automatic Mist Sprayer for Oyster Mushroom Cultivation Using Thingspeak IoT Platform and R Analytical Tool

In mushroom greenhouses at IKM Simbang Maros, watering is currently done manually using a hose and scheduled twice daily, without considering the optimal temperature and humidity for mushroom growth. This study aims to develop an automatic watering system for oyster mushroom cultivation using a DHT22 sensor to monitor temperature and humidity. The system is equipped with a NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller and a mist sprayer, triggered by a relay to activate the water pump. An IoT platform using Thingspeak allows farmers to monitor temperature and humidity data in real-time on their smartphones. In a real case study, the device effectively maintained optimal humidity levels for mushroom growth, with the pump activating when humidity was below 85%. Data from 10 observations showed that the pump was active for 7 times. Data processing using R Studio showed the system's ability to stabilize humidity levels. The proposed system could help farmers optimize mushroom growth and reduce the labor required for manual watering.

Simulation Study on Suppressing Shielded Fires by Water Mist Systems

This article presents a numerical analysis of the performance of three water mist fire suppression systems, with different characteristics, on shielded fires as representing more realistic fire scenarios in an enclosure. A diesel pool fire with a peak heat release rate (HRR) value of 75 kW is covered by an obstacle above it with different shielding conditions to investigate the influence of the obstacle size and the vertical distance between the obstacle and the nozzle on the efficiency of the water mist systems. The obstacle prevents a large number of droplets from directly reaching the fuel surface and flames. The modeling and numerical analysis of this study were carried out by the fire dynamics simulator (FDS) programming tool, and the designed model was validated against the experimental data for both dry and wet tests. The results show that two of the analyzed mist sprays could successfully extinguish the shielded fires in a short time with an obstacle size of 25 cm × 25 cm and 50 cm × 50 cm, placed at two heights. However, the third mist system had a longer extinguishing time compared to the first two nozzles. All three nozzles failed to suppress the fire covered by the largest obstacle (1 m × 1 m). The shielding conditions and nozzle characteristics can affect the performance of water mist systems to some extent.

The antimicrobial effects of mist spraying and immersion on beef samples with plasma-activated water

The use of plasma-activated water (PAW) as an antimicrobial agent to inactivate Salmonella Typhimurium on chilled beef during meat washing was evaluated. Two meat washing methods, spraying and immersion, were evaluated at contact times of 15, 30 and 60 s and meat storage times of 0, 1 and 7 days. The temperature of PAW was elevated to 55 °C for washing as it increased the microbial inactivation compared to ambient temperature. At the contact time of 60 s and meat storage time of 7 days, PAW spraying and immersion achieved 0.737-log10 and 0.710-log10 reductions against Salmonella Typhimurium, respectively; there were no significant differences between both washing methods, with spraying being preferred for commercial implementation. Compared to untreated and water-treated samples, meat washing with PAW alone improved the S. Typhimurium inactivation and did not cause negative impacts on the lightness and hue angle values, TBARS value, water holding capacity and pH. However, PAW reduced the redness, yellowness and chroma values with the decreased oxymyoglobin values of 44.1% at the storage time of 1 day. PAW spraying at 55 °C followed by additional water washing at 25 °C for 60 s achieved 0.696-log10 reduction and mitigated a reduction in (i) the redness value, from 11.3 to 18.2, (ii) the yellowness value, from 9.19 to 11.1, and (iii) the chroma value, from 14.5 to 21.3, without displaying colour differences (∆E), as detected by human eyes, compared to water-treated samples. Moreover, the content of myoglobin forms was maintained by additional water washing.

Experimental Verification of Mist Cooling Effect in Front of Air-Conditioning Condenser Unit, Open Space, and Bus Stop

Mist spraying is a technique for locally lowering air temperature by spraying fine mist into the air and using the latent heat of evaporation immediately after spraying. This study focuses on the conditions under which mist spraying contributes to the increase in sensible heat release from the human body, using the ratio of air temperature decrease and humidity increase in the space where mist is sprayed. From the measurement results in front of the air-conditioning condenser unit, humidity increased by about 10 g/kg(DA), while air temperature decreased by about 10 °C. From the measurement results in an open space in a park, air temperature decreased by about 0.5 to 1 °C within 2 m of the mist spray and humidity increased by about 0.5 to 1 g/kg(DA) at the height of the mist spray, regardless of the distance from the mist spray. From the measurement results at semi-open bus stops, air temperature decreased slightly to 1 °C and humidity increased slightly to 1 g/kg(DA) under low-wind conditions. Unfortunately, the measured results of air temperature decrease in relation to humidity increase, which the human body perceives as cooler, were not available.

Evaluation of an intermittent mist spray cooling system for improving greenhouse eggplant cultivation

Cultivation of crops in greenhouses faces the issue of overheating, which can harm yields. A low-cost solution is evaporative cooling, which also reduces the vapor pressure deficit. Fine mist sprays can significantly reduce temperature and vapor deficit. However, the fast evaporation rate could cause air saturation and wetting of plants, causing damage. A simple method to control the effect is intermittent spraying. In this research, air temperature was continuously measured at 20 locations for a misted 98m2 greenhouse during eggplant cultivation, as well as a control greenhouse without mist, while also evaluating the resulting crops. An array of 28 high pressure hydraulic nozzles, spraying 2.6kg/h each, intermittently sprayed 20 seconds on, then 10 seconds off throughout the day. The temperature in the misted greenhouse averaged 2.2K to 4.8K cooler than the control greenhouse. In the misted greenhouse, the total yield (+26%) and marketable fruits (+143%) were higher than the control. The cooling effect of the misted greenhouse compared to the control case tended to correlate with outdoor wind speed. The comparison of the misted greenhouse to its own initial condition did not. Evaluations of evaporation cooling may yield better understanding if compared to a control greenhouse at the same site.

EFFECT OF AUTOMATED CONTROLLING SYSTEM USING RASPBERRY-PI MICROPROCESSOR ON GROWTH PARAMETERS OF EGGPLANT IN GREENHOUSE

To bridge up the quality gaps and excel in the production of eggplant there is a need to switch the conventional production system to smart greenhouse house monitoring system. The study was designed to evaluate the growth parameters using smart greenhouse monitoring system designed with Raspberry-Pi microprocessor and sensors to control the microclimate (temperature and humidity) of a prototype greenhouse. A set of experiment was designed, one in a smart greenhouse system and the 2nd in the conventional greenhouse system to evaluate the growth parameters of eggplant. In a microclimate of smart greenhouse the temperature and humidity was set controlled using two sensors and automation system to control the mist spray and heating/cooling system inside the prototype greenhouse. Standard production technology was adopted in both the experiments and the experiment was replicated thrice. It was observed that the smart greenhouse monitoring system maintained the microclimate inside the prototype greenhouse ultimately effect the growth and yield parameters. The results predicted a progressive increase in growth parameter upto 10-20% in plant height, flowers per plant, fruits per plant and weight of fruit in automated greenhouse using microcontroller. Similarly quality of fruit was significantly affected as maximum fruit diameter 35 mm and fruit firmness 6.9 libre was recorded that was significantly higher than the fruit in the conventional greenhouse. The over average yield of eggplant per plant was recorded 5.6 kg/plant in automated greenhouse while 4 kg/plant fruit yield was recorded in conventional greenhouse that was significantly higher. The findings of current study predicted that the overall yield of eggplant was significantly higher and the growth and quality parameters were also higher in automated greenhouse using microcontroller and can be used for the potential eggplant production in urban agriculture.

Study on Multi-Factor Optimization and Application for Water Mist of a Wetting Dust Suppressant.

Aiming at the problem of low efficiency of capturing respirable and hydrophobic dust in water mist dust removal technology, a chemical dust suppression method is adopted. Based on the research idea of improving the wetting efficiency of water mist, prolonging the droplet retention time, and improving the contact opportunity with dust, the experiments of dust sedimentation time, solution spreading area, and water loss rate are selected to evaluate the wetting efficiency and anti-evaporation performance of dust suppression water mist. Considering the special double-chain structure of the Gemini surfactant and its high wettability, it is preferred as the main dust suppression component. Based on the indoor experimental data, the optimized formula of the composite wet water mist dust suppressant was obtained by CCD-RSM(central composite design-response surface methodology). The comparison of indoor experimental data shows that the sedimentation time of the dust sample in the water mist dust suppressant is 5.0 times faster than that of pure water, the spreading area of the dust suppressant solution is 1.8 times that of pure water, and the water loss rate of the dust sample treated by the dust suppressant is 70% that of pure water. The field investigation results show that compared with pure water mist, the dust removal rates of the Gemini wetting dust suppressant for respirable dust and total dust are 90.3 and 71.1%, respectively, which are 10.5 and 22.5% higher than that of pure water mist. It can be proved that improving the wetting efficiency and anti-evaporation performance of spray mist will increase the dust removal efficiency.

Wide-Area Larviciding with a Buffalo Turbine® Mist Sprayer and Vectolex® WDG.

Wide-Area Larviciding techniques (WALS™) using aqueous suspensions of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and various types of mist sprayers have typically been employed against container-inhabiting species of mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti in urban peridomestic environments. However, relatively little work has been done to examine the use of WALS-applied aqueous suspensions of Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Ls) against susceptible species of mosquitoes in larger natural habitats such as forest pools, floodwaters, and marshes. This study characterized the spray of an aqueous suspension of VectoLex® WDG (Ls) dispersed with a Buffalo Turbine® Mist Sprayer retrofitted with a Micronair rotary atomizer. The results indicate that when VectoLex WDG is applied similarly to traditional urban WALS methodologies, this material is highly effective at reducing larval mosquito populations in areas holding floodwater (an average 88.5% reduction over 6 wk).

Effect of Installation Conditions of Water Mist Nozzle on Thermal Radiation Attenuation Performance

In this experimental study, the effect of installation conditions of a water mist nozzle on thermal radiation attenuation performance was investigated. Two types of nozzles (Small_nozzle and Large_nozzle) were used. Experiments were conducted under conditions in which the nozzle was installed near the heater and heat flux sensor (Position_NH and Position_NS, respectively), and water mist was discharged from one and two nozzles (Case_ID and Case_SD, respectively). To characterize the water mist spray, the water supply pressure and droplet size were measured, and visualization of the sprayed water mist was performed. The thermal radiation attenuation performance improved with an increase in the water flow rate, and Small_nozzle showed higher thermal radiation attenuation performance than Large_nozzle. Moreover, Case_SD showed lower thermal radiation attenuation performance than Case_ID_Sum (that is, the Sum of Case_ID & Position_NS and Case_ID & Position_NH) and the difference in thermal radiation attenuation performance between Case_SD and Case_ID_Sum at a higher water flow rate was more significant than that at a lower water flow rate. These might be attributed to the wide overlapping area of water mist discharged from two nozzles in Case_SD and at a higher water flow rate, narrowing the overall width of the water mist.

IoT-based Automatic Dust Monitoring and Suppression System for Coal Warehouses and Processing Areas with a Reduction in Water Consumption

Dust is a serious problem at coal warehouses and processing areas of coal mines in Vietnam. At present, almost coal mines use high pressure mist machines to suppress dust. Several coal mines build fixed mist spray systems for dust suppression. These systems are manually controlled. This could lead to use too much water for suppressing dust and affect negatively coal quality. IoT is a new technology and applied to various fields such as smart home, smart city, smart agriculture, smart retail, smart health as well as in industry etc. This article presents a new IoT model for automatically monitoring and suppressing dust with a reduction in water consumption. Specially, the proposed model not only automatically monitoring dust density and warning when it is greater than the limit value but also automatically adjust open angle of water valve to save water according to the measured dust density.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model stably operates and uses less water for suppressing dust. In addition, the system allows to automatically/manually turn on/off the water pump as well as water valve according to the dust density. This will save more water and even energy. Furthermore, in order to protect sensor data when transmitted over wifi network, we use WPA wifi security protocol, and to reduce effects of noise, Kalman filter is applied to the proposed system.

Study on mechanism of spray-mist-assisted laser processing of carbon fiber reinforced plastic

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) have wide application prospects due to its excellent mechanical properties. However, laser processing of CFRP will lead to a series of thermal damages, resulting in the mechanical properties being eroded. In this study, a method of spray mist to impact the wall to form a flowing and thin water film to assist laser low thermal damage processing for CFRP is carried out. Based on the oxidation reaction of oxygen to accelerate the etching efficiency of CFRP, a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen is used to assist the siphon nozzle to generate spray mist.The design of experiments (DOE) is used to study the influence of process parameters on machining, and the process parameters were optimized. The loss characteristics of spray mist on laser energy transmission were studied by the beam analyzer and the laser power meter. The dynamic ablation process of CFRP was photographed in situ by a high-speed camera, and the mechanism of spray mist-assisted laser processing of CFRP was studied by X-ray diffraction. The results show that the offset distance determines the machining quality, and the machining quality is significantly affected by laser power and cutting speed. When the oxygen content is 30%, a relative balance of cold and heat can be achieved, and a higher processing quality can be obtained. Spray mist causes laser scattering; the irradiated area and the energy loss increase; the smaller the offset distance, the larger the laser energy loss and the irradiated area. Most importantly, compared to the direct impact of the spray, the directional flow of the water film is beneficial to ensuring the quality and continuity of the laser processing.

A New Model Algorithm for Estimating the Inhalation Exposure Resulting from the Spraying of (Semi)-Volatile Binary Liquid Mixtures (SprayEva).

The spraying of liquid multicomponent mixtures is common in many professional and industrial settings. Typical examples are cleaning agents, additives, coatings, and biocidal products. In all of these examples, hazardous substances can be released in the form of aerosols or vapours. For occupational and consumer risk assessment in regulatory contexts, it is therefore important to know the exposure which results from the amount of chemicals in the surrounding air. In this research, a mechanistic mass balance model has been developed that covers the spraying of (semi)-volatile substances, taking into account combined exposure to spray mist, evaporation from droplets, and evaporation from surfaces as well as the nonideal behaviour of components in liquids and backpressure effects. For wall-spraying scenarios, an impaction module has been developed that quantifies the amount of overspray and the amount of material that lands on the wall. Mechanistically, the model is based on the assumption that continuous spraying can be approximated by a number of sequentially released spray pulses, each characterized by a certain droplet size, where the total aerosol exposure is obtained by summation over all release pulses. The corresponding system of differential equations is solved numerically using an extended Euler algorithm that is based on a discretisation of time and space. Since workers typically apply the product continuously, the treated area and the corresponding evaporating surface area grows over time. Time-dependent concentration gradients within the sprayed liquid films that may result from different volatilities of the components are therefore addressed by the proposed model. A worked example is presented to illustrate the calculated exposure for a scenario where aqueous solutions of H2O2 are sprayed onto surfaces as a biocidal product. The results reveal that exposure to H2O2 aerosol reaches relevant concentrations only during the spraying phase. Evaporation from sprayed surfaces takes place over much longer time periods, where backpressure effects caused by large emission sources can influence the shape of the concentration time curves significantly. The influence of the activity coefficients is not so pronounced. To test the plausibility of the developed model algorithm, a comparison of model estimates of SprayExpo, SprayEva, and ConsExpo with measured data is performed. Although the comparison is based on a limited number (N = 19) of measurement data, the results are nevertheless regarded as supportive and acceptable for the plausibility and predictive power of SprayEva.

Experimental evaluation of individual effects of water mist spray characteristics on thermal radiation attenuation using twin‐fluid nozzles with full‐cone spray pattern

AbstractIn this study, the effects of water mist spray characteristics on thermal radiation attenuation were experimentally investigated using five types of external and internal mixing twin‐fluid nozzles with a full‐cone spray pattern. To the best of our knowledge, this may be the first attempt to experimentally examine the separate effects of water mist spray characteristics on thermal radiation attenuation. Water and air supply pressures were measured, and their values were 1.3–55.5 and 29.8–316 kPa, respectively. The Sauter mean diameter and volume median diameter of the water mist were measured to be 20–99 μm and 21–108 μm, respectively. The spray angle and width of the water mist were approximately 20° and 110 mm, respectively. The thermal radiation attenuation afforded by the water mist discharged from the twin‐fluid nozzle increased with increasing water and air flow rates and decreasing droplet sizes. Within the experimental range, the thermal radiation attenuation was approximately 6.9%–28.4%. Based on experimental data, the effects of the water flow rate and droplet size on thermal radiation attenuation were examined independently. The dependence of the thermal radiation attenuation on the droplet size was greater than that on the water flow rate.