Mission Operations Research Articles

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Peculiarities of the use of canine inspectors with mine detection dogs in the conditions of combat operations are being studied. The types of activities of a mine detection dog inspector during a combat mission are defined. The factors affecting the successful performance of a combat mission have been clarified. Taking into account the experience of using cynological calculations, the requirements that must be taken into account by the cynological inspector during the performance of combat tasks are outlined

International Space Station External Multi-payload Operational Mission Planning

International Space Station External Multi-payload Operational Mission Planning

영화 “히든 피겨스”에 나타난 소통과 정체성 회복

The purpose of this article is to investigate the relational communication, successful mission performance, and identity recovery process of the main character in the movie “Hidden Figures” to overcome workplace discrimination, focusing on the mathematical theory used in space development. First, the social atmosphere revealed in the spatial structure of the text was examined from a geometric perspective, the aspects of discrimination and relationships were approached through hermeneutical imagination, and the events unfolding at the border between oppression and freedom were analyzed from a dynamic perspective. In addition, the meaning and symbolism of the social atmosphere that changes depending on the intervention of external force by a white boss who opposes discrimination is presented in relation to Newtonian mechanics. And an attempt was made to semantically connect the scenes that reveal the mathematician's genius and passion using differential equation terms. At the level of academic convergence, this paper examines institutional improvement and communication methods for successful space development through geometry, analysis, and dynamics theory, and presents various analysis methods for the social success of minorities, overcoming discrimination, and factors in identity recovery.

The Essence of High-Tech Warfare in the Organizational and Institutional Security Theory of State Administration

At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, fundamental changes occurred in the field of international security. The world community faced fundamentally new challenges and threats. In many regions of the world, interstate rivalry was observed, which led to the outbreak of local wars and military conflicts, which mostly took the form of armed confrontation. Technological progress, the presence of significant military power, the demonstration of determination and its use transformed social relations into more conflictual ones. Gradually, more and more countries of the world are involved in local wars and military conflicts. In this context, it should be noted that the intensity and scale of hostilities during the last thirty years, which took place in different corners of the globe, testify to the growth of dynamic changes in the situation in the combat zone during the use of international coalition forces. At the same time, the strict implementation of the requirements for stable, continuous, operational and covert management of troops during their performance of combat missions prompts the world's leading countries to develop and implement new concepts of information networks and systems. It should be noted that future wars will depend on high-tech intelligence. The priority is to identify the enemy first, before he notices you; blind the enemy's sensors, be it drones or satellites; and disrupt their means and data channels, whether through cyberattacks, electronic warfare, or old-fashioned firepower. Armies will have to develop new forms and methods of application, relying on mobility, dispersion, camouflage and deception measures. Large armies that fail to invest in new technology or develop new doctrine will be overwhelmed by smaller ones that do. "We have to recognize that the old concepts of fighting large tank battles on European land are over," said Boris Johnson, the UK's prime minister, in November 2021. "There are other, more important things in which we should invest. Cyber technologies, this will be the war of the future." Three months later, Russia invaded Ukraine. So, the work defines the problem of incomplete compliance of the current state and readiness of the security and defense sector with regard to the requirements of effective countermeasures against threats to national security and their neutralization, the task of improving this activity, regarding the creation of unified management and communication systems, and horizontal connections are defined connections of these systems and electronic communication networks, which in the future will undoubtedly affect the safe functioning of the national segment of cyberspace.

군 위기협상 발전 방안에 대한 연구

Terrorism continues to occur in all parts of the world, unpredictable, and unpredictable. In addition, crimes against humanity continue, with terrorists planning negotiations for their own benefit and taking innocent people hostage in order to gain an advantage in those negotiations. On the other hand, in the event of such a terrorist attack, if the mission execution system and experts for crisis negotiations are not trained and prepared, the damage will not only end with our terrorism, but will also read the lives of people. However, in the case of terrorism that occurs in the military, the level of terrorism that occurs in the military causes more damage than that of the civilian sector, so it is necessary to prepare in advance for military crisis negotiations, but it has not developed beyond the simple theoretical part. In addition, since the methods of terrorism are constantly changing and are carried out in various ways, it is necessary to examine the specifics of crisis negotiation methods for the practical performance of missions, such as suppressing terrorism and preventing human casualties, through crisis negotiations in such a terrorist situation.

Mission Performance Assessment of the Recovery and Vertical Landing of a Reusable Launch Vehicle

This paper focuses on the mission analysis of the return trajectory of a Vertical Landing Reusable Launch Vehicle, both for Return-to-Launch-Site (RTLS) and DownRange Landing (DRL) recovery strategies. The main objective is to assess the mission performance of propellant-optimal re-entry and landing trajectories from the Main Engine Cut-Off (MECO) while considering propellant budget and peak entry conditions constraints. As a result, performance envelopes and feasibility regions are built to comprehensively assess the required propellant and compare recovery strategies across a broad spectrum of MECO conditions. The results show that the DRL strategy achieves higher efficiency concerning the propellant consumption and a larger robustness regarding the dispersed MECO conditions.

The resilience evaluation of unmanned autonomous swarm with informed agents under partial failure

The resilience analysis of unmanned autonomous swarms under various disturbances provides valuable insights for the design of unmanned swarms and mission planning. Current studies usually focus on the complete failure of the individual in the swarm where the individual and/or its connections are removed and/or rewired. In this paper, we study the issue of swarm resilience with some agents suffering partial failure. Three motion models and their corresponding resilience processes are proposed respectively given three partial failure modes. Furthermore, an improved resilience evaluation metric considering the absolute time scale and minimum mission performance requirement is proposed. The collective behavior and resilience process under different partial failures and strategies are studied through simulations. The results reveal the swarm resilience decreases as the swarm size increases, and the swarm resilience is sensitive to degree and location failure strategy.

Multi-objective distributed control of WT-PV-BESS integrated weak grid via finite time containment

This paper proposes a finite time containment control scheme to achieve distributed control of a weak grid which is integrated with photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT) and battery energy storage system (BESS). Taking advantage of the containment control in multi-dimensional control, we proposed a multi-objective control scheme of the WT-PV-BESS system in a weak grid, wherein four control objectives are specified, namely, bus voltage regulation, grid frequency control, peak load shaving and economic benefits optimization for the system operator. Firstly, the sizing approach of BESSs to fulfill the operation mission requirements is proposed; meanwhile, the general coordination strategy for the PV, WT and BESS to achieve the demand–supply balance is proposed. Subsequently, the predefined four control objectives are modeled and transferred into the long/short time frame operational constraints of the BESSs. Afterwards, the finite time containment control algorithm is proposed to force the BESSs into achieving containment status within prescribed time. Simulation case studies are conducted on a modified IEEE 9-bus system to show the effectiveness and performance of the proposed scheme.

Adaptive sensor management for UGV monitoring based on risk maps

Because of the recent advances in sensor technology, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are equipped with various high-performance sensors to improve their mission performance. The energy consumption of the sensors is a critical issue because most UGVs operate on rechargeable batteries while conducting their missions. In particular, efficient sensing has become a crucial challenge due to the growing demand for advanced intelligent monitoring missions. However, while previous studies have focused on power consumption models for vehicle locomotion, they have not fully addressed the high energy consumption of sensors.This study proposes an adaptive sensor-management algorithm to address the critical issue of energy consumption by considering the monitoring and navigation sensors that are widely used in UGV monitoring. After characterizing the proposed adaptive sensor-management strategy based on a risk map composed of monitoring and saving zones, we present a power consumption model to quantify the energy savings of the sensors. Furthermore, the optimal interval was derived to minimize power consumption during UGV monitoring. The proposed algorithm can minimize the energy consumption by adjusting the optimal interval according to the mission environment. We demonstrate the results of our analysis through various evaluations.

Simplified Maneuvering Strategies for Rendezvous in Near-Circular Earth Orbits

The development of autonomous guidance control and navigation systems for spacecraft would greatly benefit applications such as debris removals or on-orbit servicing, where human intervention is not practical. Within this context, inspired by Autonomous Vision Approach Navigation and Target Identification (AVANTI) demonstration, this work presents new guidance algorithms for rendezvous and proximity operations missions. Analytical laws are adopted and preferred over numerical methods, and mean relative orbital elements are chosen as state variables. Application times, magnitudes and directions of impulsive controls are sought to minimize propellant consumption for the planar reconfiguration of the relative motion between a passive target spacecraft and an active chaser one. In addition, simple and effective algorithms to evaluate the benefit of combining in-plane and out-of-plane maneuvers are introduced to deal with 3D problems. The proposed new strategies focus on maneuvers with a dominant change in the relative mean longitude (rarely addressed in the literature), but they can also deal with transfers where other relative orbital elements exhibit the most significant variations. A comprehensive parametric analysis compares the proposed new strategies with those employed in AVANTI and with the global optimum, numerically found for each test case. Results are similar to the AVANTI solutions when variations of the relative eccentricity vector dominate. Instead, in scenarios requiring predominant changes in the relative mean longitude, the required ΔV exhibits a 49.88% reduction (on average) when compared to the original methods. In all the test cases, the proposed solutions are within 3.5% of the global optimum in terms of ΔV. The practical accuracy of the presented guidance algorithms is also tested with numerical integration of equations of motion with J2 perturbation.

Analysis of Illumination Conditions in the Lunar South Polar Region Using Multi-Temporal High-Resolution Orbital Images

The illumination conditions of the lunar south pole region are complex due to the rugged terrain and very low solar elevation angles, posing significant challenges to the safety of lunar landing and rover explorations. High-spatial and temporal-resolution analyses of the illumination conditions in the south pole region are essential to support mission planning and surface operations. This paper proposes a method for illumination condition analysis in the lunar pole region using multi-temporal high-resolution orbital images with a pre-selected landing area of Chang’E-7 as the study area. Firstly, a database of historical multi-temporal high-resolution (0.69–1.97 m/pixel) orbital images, with associated image acquisition time, solar elevation angle, and azimuth angle, is established after preprocessing and registration. Secondly, images with the nearest solar elevation and azimuth at the planned time for mission operations are retrieved from the database for subsequent illumination condition analysis and exploration support. The differences in the actual solar positions at the mission moments from that of the nearest sun position image are calculated and their impact on illumination conditions is evaluated. Experimental results of the study area demonstrate that the constructed image database and the proposed illumination analysis method using multi-temporal images, with the assistance of DEM in a small number of cases, can effectively support the mission planning and operations for the Chang’E-7 mission in the near future.

SAVING LIVES FROM ABOVE: PERSON DETECTION IN DISASTER RESPONSE USING DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS

Abstract. This paper focuses on person detection in aerial and drone imagery, which is crucial for various operations such as situational awareness, search and rescue, and safe delivery of supplies. We aim to improve disaster response efforts by enhancing the speed, safety, and effectiveness of the process. Therefore, we introduce a new person detection dataset comprising 311 annotated aerial and drone images, acquired from helicopters and drones in different scenes, including urban and rural areas, and for different scenarios, such as estimation of damage in disaster-affected zones, and search and rescue operations in different countries. The amount of data considered and level of detail of the annotations resulted in a total of 10,050 annotated persons. To detect people in aerial and drone images, we propose a multi-stage training procedure to improve YOLOv3’s ability. The proposed procedure aims at addressing challenges such as variations in scenes, scenarios, people poses, as well as image scales and viewing angles. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed training procedure, we split our dataset into a training and a test set. The latter includes images acquired during real search and rescue exercises and operations, and is therefore representative for the challenges encountered during operational missions and suitable for an accurate assessment of the proposed models. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed training procedure, as the model’s average precision exhibits a relevant increase with respect to the baseline value.

Design and Dynamic Simulation Verification of an On-Orbit Operation-Based Modular Space Robot

Space robots have been playing an important role in space on-orbit operation missions. However, the traditional configuration of space robots only has a single function and cannot meet the requirements of different space missions, and the launch cost of space robots is very high. Thus, the reconfigurable modular space robot system that can carry multiple loads and own mission adaptability is of great significance. Based on the analysis of a robot space mission, combined with the existing reconfigurable robots, this paper develops a configuration design scheme for a modular reconfigurable space robot, and carries out the prototype design. According to the configuration characteristics of the module, the dynamic modeling of the space robot is based on the graph theory analysis and principle of virtual work. Related application scenarios are set up. Function and feasibility of the dynamic modeling methods are verified through assembly experimentation and dynamic simulation.

Preparation of Contingency Trajectory Operation for the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter

The Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), also known as Danuri, successfully entered its mission orbit on December 27, 2022 (UTC), and is currently performing its mission smoothly. To mitigate potential contingencies during the flight and to navigate the spacecraft into the desired lunar orbit, the KPLO flight dynamics (FD) team analyzed major trajectory-related contingencies that could lead to the violation of mission requirements and prepared operational procedures from the perspective of trajectory and FD. This paper presents the process of preparing contingency trajectory operations for the KPLO, including the identification of trajectory contingencies, prioritization results, and the development of recovery plans and operational procedures. The prepared plans were successfully applied to address minor contingencies encountered during actual operations. The results of this study will provide valuable insights to FD engineers preparing for space exploration mission operations.

Human–Robot Teaming Challenges for the Military and First Response

The integration of more artificial intelligence (AI)–enabled robots for the military and first response domains is necessary to support long-duration deployments in uncertain and dynamic environments while lessening humans’ exposure to threats and dangers. The effective integration of AI-enabled robots as teammates with humans will provide support and enhance overall mission performance; however, the majority of current research on human–robot interaction focuses only on the robot team supervisor. The true integration of robots into military and first response missions will require a breadth of human roles that span from the highest command level to the dismounted in situ personnel working directly with robots. All human roles within the hierarchy must understand and maintain direct control of the robot teammates. This article maps existing human roles from the literature to a military mission, presents technical challenges associated with this future human–robot teaming, and provides potential solutions and recommendations to propel the field forward toward human–robot teams that can achieve domain-relevant missions.

Choices for temporal gravity field modeling for precision orbit determination of CryoSat-2

In this paper we review the precision orbit determination (POD) performance of the CryoSat-2 mission where we used all tracking data between June-2010 and Jan-2023; with station and beacon coordinates provided in the ITRF2020 reference system, we use a mean gravity model, and we use spacecraft specific models for modeling drag and radiation pressure. To model time variable gravity (TVG) we distinguish between two components, there is a short term oceanic and atmospheric part for which we use the AOD1B model; for the longer term part we employ GRACE and GRACE-FO monthly potential coefficient solutions. Our experience is that adding TVG information is not necessarily successful during POD, and that attention must be paid to the proper processing of the GRACE and GRACE-FO data. To demonstrate this property we define four runs where we gradually implement TVG information. An evaluation criterion is the level of POD tracking residuals, the level of the empirical accelerations, and a comparison to precision orbit ephemeris provided by the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES). Unexplained empirical accelerations found during POD are on the level of 3 nm/s2 for the along-track component and 13 nm/s2 for the cross-track component. The laser residuals converge at approximately 1.02 cm and the Doppler residuals are on the level of 0.406 mm/s, the radial orbit difference to the CNES POE-F (Precision Orbit Ephemeris version F) orbits narrows to 6.5 mm. Tracking residuals are not evenly distributed for DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite) beacons, the South Atlantic Anomaly effect is for instance clearly visible in the first empirical orthogonal function EOF mode of monthly binned DORIS residuals. After consideration of all possible TVG approaches our conclusion is that 3 hourly AOD1B model fields result in a small but visible improvement. The addition of TVG from GRACE and GRACE-FO is implemented in two different ways from which we can select a version that does lead to a reduction in the Doppler tracking residuals and which does reduce the level of solved for empirical accelerations.

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In the context of collaborative robotics, distributed situation awareness is essential for supporting collective intelligence in teams of robots and human agents where it can be used for both individual and collective decision support. This is particularly important in applications pertaining to emergency rescue and crisis management. During operational missions, data and knowledge is gathered incrementally and in different ways by heterogeneous robots and humans. The purpose of this paper is to describe an RDF Graph Synchronization System called RGS⊕\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^\\oplus $$\\end{document}. It is assumed that a dynamic set of agents provide or retrieve knowledge stored in their local RDF Graphs which are continuously synchronized between agents. The RGS⊕\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^\\oplus $$\\end{document} System was designed to handle unreliable communication and does not rely on a static centralized infrastructure. It is capable of synchronizing knowledge as timely as possible and allows agents to access knowledge while it is incrementally acquired. A deeper empirical analysis of the RGS⊕\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^\\oplus $$\\end{document} System is provided that shows both its efficiency and efficacy.

A Mars quadcopter capable of autonomous flight and sample collection: Structure and avionics

The Mars rotorcraft is an aerial exploration platform capable of repeated take-offs and landings to extend the range of rover explorations. NASA’s Ingenuity helicopter is a full y functioning coaxial helicopter for technology demonstration. Increasing the rotor diameter or the number of blades can enhance the load capacity of the coaxial helicopter but would make it difficult to be folded. A more suitable configuration for Mars exploration is the multi-rotor aircraft, which has a stronger load capacity with the same rotor diameter. Although the aerodynamic performance and operational capabilities of the Mars multi-rotor aircraft have been partially considered, mechatronic system design and autonomous flight control have not been fully addressed. Harbin Institute of Technology and China Academy of Space Technology jointly proposed a deployable Mars quadcopter for air patrol and sampling with a sample mass of 100 g. This paper presents a concept for a Mars quadcopter and its mission operations, including operational procedures and flight modes, to provide a framework for future Mars flight sampling missions. We describe the structure and avionics architecture of the Mars quadcopter. Then, we present the hardware and software design of the guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) system to illustrate the autonomous flight control method. Finally, we introduce the deployment mechanism of the Mars quadcopter.

A Computational Study to Predict the Seakeeping Performance of a Surfaced Submarine in Irregular Waves

Abstract In general, submarines are designed to optimize operation below the water surface because they spend most of their time underwater. On the other hand, the performance in the free surface condition is also important because submarines face a variety of scenarios to complete operational missions, and the free surface condition is unavoidable for port departure and arrival. In the case of a submarine, the numerical accuracy of the potential theory for seakeeping analysis is excellent in submerged conditions, but it is poor in free surface conditions because of nonlinear effects near the free surface area. In this study, star-ccm+ was used as a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver to estimate the seakeeping performance of a Canadian Victoria Class submarine in irregular waves. The results were compared with those of model tests from a published paper. In addition, the potential theory code was also used to assess the seakeeping performance and compare it with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results. From the calculation results, the motion responses in irregular waves using CFD showed similar trends to the experimental results. In contrast, motion responses from potential code showed significantly larger values than the experimental results. In conclusion, CFD simulations with irregular waves can be a good solution to predict the seakeeping performance of submarines in free surface conditions.

The Sequence of Administrative Decisions Due the Organisation of Physical Training Process of Commissioned Officers

The article highlights a problematic issue and shows that management process is of decisive importance for the effective use of the combat capabilities of military formations during their performance of combat missions in modern warfire. The process of making management decisions, the ability to approve these decisions, which are necessary for the performance of management functions, is the basis of management theory. The commander needs to combine the skills of a qualified military specialist, leader and teacher, capable of making successful decisions in order to successfully manage all aspects of routine, moral, psychological and combat training of personnel. Many factors affect the process of making and implementing management decisions. They are the most significant: society and the environment in which the decision is made; compliance of the management elements with the purpose, vision and mission of the military unit; individual qualities of the leader (existence of life principles, value system, ideology, education, life experience, knowledge, habits, etc.); interdependence of decisions (one important decision entails the need to make a number of less important decisions); the risk and possibility of negative consequences due to wrong decisions; the degree of provision of modern technical, material means and weapons and the possibilities of their application in the decision-making process. An important role in the process of making a management decision by a commissioned officer is military internship. During this internship various combat situations are simulated under extreme conditions of training and combat activities with increased physical and psycho-emotional stress. Also, favourable conditions are created for commissioned officers to master the practical skills of performing there official duties, studying the content of commanders' activities to ensure a high level of combat readiness, organization and order in the real conditions of the functioning of military units.