Missile Warning Research Articles

Infrared Background and Missiles Signature Survey

The proliferation of the missile threats in the existing threat scenario for airborne platform is a serious point of consideration for any mission planning. Missile warning system is an electronic warfare support system which gives warning to the pilot when a missile is detected in the scenario. The airborne platform has to be installed with missile warning sensors to give a spherical coverage, so that the sensors can detect the IR intensity variation in the ground scenario. This IR intensity variation has to be further analysed to differentiate the raising missile intensity from the varying background clutter. In order to differentiate the threat from the background clutter, the system should have sufficient background data set for online comparison thereby having less false alarm rate. The efficiency and performance of any missile warning system is validated with respect to its probability of declaration against the false alarm rate. Hence, to realize an efficient functioning of missile warning system, building IR background data base and missile signature database are the primary task. This paper details the methodology to be adapted for the building of tactical missile IR signatures and background data. Defence Science Journal, 2013, 63(6), pp.611 -615 , DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.63.5762

Approximation and Filtering Techniques for Navigation Data in Time-critical Electronic Warfare Systems

This paper presents a holistic solution to the navigation requirements in a time critical electronic warfare systems like missile warning systems (MWS). In a passive MWS using IR sensors the efficiency of the system is determined by attributes such as low false alarm rate, minimal response time and ability to track different IR radiating objects by association and correlation of consecutive detections through time. Such a system is required to be supported by a navigation system capable of accurate estimation of the aircraft position, attitude angles and altitude. In this paper, estimation techniques used to accurately calculate aircraft navigation data at the time of capture of IR frames are discussed. The paper discusses about synchronization of INGPS, IR sensors & Processor on to same timeline. The paper also intends to evaluate the performance of wavelet transform filter in effective elimination of noise in navigation parameters like acceleration and attitude angle rates for a better estimation of position and attitude. Defence Science Journal, 2013, 63(2), pp.204 -209 , DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj. 63.4265

Research of Ballistic Missile early Warning System

To develop a lift early warning infrared device, as a part of land or boat (ship) early warning system, the system has the ability to target pre-discovery and instructions invasion. Methods: In support of distant air situation, alerts the enemy aircraft, missiles and other long-range goals, obtain the target type and preliminary judgment of grade, deliver the alarm information to the command system. The infrared alarm device detects the target's own infrared radiation passively, alarms the incoming targets at low altitude and low altitude remote, when radar and other equipment is out of work. Results: The accuracy of entire system reached 20" according the analysis. Conclusions: The device has a full range of complex background, with high sensitivity, high resolution, anti-jamming, fast response time and other characteristics

Precession missile feature extraction using sparse component analysis of radar measurements

According to the working mode of the ballistic missile warning radar (BMWR), the radar return from the BMWR is usually sparse. To recognize and identify the warhead, it is necessary to extract the precession frequency and the locations of the scattering centers of the missile. This article first analyzes the radar signal model of the precessing conical missile during flight and develops the sparse dictionary which is parameterized by the unknown precession frequency. Based on the sparse dictionary, the sparse signal model is then established. A nonlinear least square estimation is first applied to roughly extract the precession frequency in the sparse dictionary. Based on the time segmented radar signal, a sparse component analysis method using the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm is then proposed to jointly estimate the precession frequency and the scattering centers of the missile. Simulation results illustrate the validity of the proposed method.

High Responsive ZnO Nanowire UV Sensor

UV (ultraviolet) sensor is widely used in many fields such as missile early warning, spacecraft autonomous navigation, global positioning and so on. Comparing with other semiconductor based UV sensor, ZnO nanowire (NW) UV sensor have many unique advantages including visual light blind, biocompatible, low cost and so on. But, two main shortages, low photo response () and long recover time, embarrass the application of single wire ZnO UV sensor. In this paper, we introduce the working principle of ZnO NW UV sensor and expound some methods for increasing photo response, enhancing sensitivity and shortening response and reset time of ZnO NW UV sensor. Besides this, we introduce a kind of UV sensor fabricated by integrated ZnO NWs recently. The photo response of this UV sensors reaches the order of mA, when exposed to UV light at 4.5 mW/cm2. It also has perfect stability and reliability. Because of these properties, this new kind of UV sensors has a great potential for application.

이기종 다중센서 위협데이터 통합 및 대응책 선정 알고리즘

The Electronic Warfare Computer for the Aircraft Survivability Equipment will improve the ability for countermeasures by analysis about threat information. This paper suggests method that threat data integration of multiple sensors(Radar Warning Receiver, Laser Warning Receiver, Missile Warning Receiver). The algorithm of threat data integration is based on detected threat sequence and azimuth information. The threat sequence information is analyzed in advance and the azimuth data is received from sensors. The suggested method is evaluated through simulation under the environment like real helicopter.

지상 기동 장비용 펄스 도플러 레이더의 방위각 계산 알고리즘

지상 기동 장비용 펄스 도플러 레이더에서 표적에 대한 위협 판단이 매우 중요하다. 위협 판단은 방위각 변화율에 따라 결정되고, 정확한 방위각 계산에 의해 위협 판단 성능이 좋아지기 때문에 방위각 계산 알고리즘이 매우 중요하다. 방위각 변화율은 접근하는 표적의 방향에 관계되며, 표적은 방위각 변화율의 경계 값에 따라 위협 또는 비위협으로 구분된다. 본 논문은 8개의 방위각 계산 방법을 제시하고, 결과를 비교하였다. The decision of threat target in the MWR(Missile Warning Radar) of GVES(Ground Vehicle Equipment System) such as MBT(Main Battle Tank) is very important. Threat decision is judged by angular rate and the accurate azimuth calculation for good threat decision is very important. The angular rate is dependent upon the direction of an approaching target. The target is classified into a threat or non-threat using a boundary condition of the angular rate. This paper presents the eighth azimuth calculation methods and compares the results.

지상 기동 무기 체계 탑재 미사일 경고 레이더 시뮬레이터 설계

지상 기동 무기 체계에 탑재되는 미사일 경고 레이더(MWR: Missile Warning Radar)의 성능을 분석하고 검증하기 위해서는 모의 신호를 생성하여 가상의 연동/교전 시험을 수행할 수 있는 시뮬레이터가 필요하다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 MWR 시뮬레이터의 설계 기법을 제안한다. 모의 신호를 생성하고 알고리즘을 분석하는 신호처리부와 생성된 모의 신호를 고주파 신호로 변환/방사하고 MWR과의 연동을 제어하는 고주파부의 설계에 대해 설명한다. 주 장비인 MWR의 개발에 대한 기여 결과를 제시함으로써 본 시뮬레이터의 실용성을 입증한다. To analyze and verify the performance of a MWR(Missile Warning Radar) of a GVWS(Ground Vehicle Weapon System), there is a need to make a simulator which can conduct the linked and engaged test virtually using the simulated signals. In this paper, a method of the simulator design for MWR is proposed to solve the above need. The SP(Signal Processor) part which generates the simulated signals and analyzes the algorithms is explained. The RF(Radio Frequency) part which transforms IF(Intermediate Frequency) signals into RF signals, radiates RF signals, and controls the linked equipments is also explained. The utility of the proposed design is proved by presenting the results of the contributions to the development of MWR.

Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems cryocooler overview

Mechanical long life cryocoolers are an enabling technology used to cool a wide variety of detectors in space applications. These coolers provide cooling over a range of temperatures from 2 K to 200 K, cooling powers from tens of mW to tens of watts. Typical applications are missile warning, Earth and climate sciences, astronomy and cryogenic propellant management. Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) has delivered many of the US flight cooler systems and has 12 long life pulse tube and Stirling coolers on orbit with two having over 11 years of continuous operation. This paper will provide an overview of the NGAS cryocooler capabilities.

지상기동 장비용 미사일 경고 레이더의 성능 평가

A MWR(Missile Warning Radar) of GVES(Ground Vehicle Equipment System) has to effectively decide the threat for a detected target. Linear Approximation Fitting(LAF) and Weighted Linear Approximation Fitting(WLAF) algorithm is proposed as algorithm for a threat decision method. The target is classified into a threat or non-threat using a boundary condition of the angular rate, and the boundary condition is determined using probability model simulation. This paper confirms the performance of proposed threat decision algorithm using measurement.

고속 Multi-DSP를 이용한 전차 탑재 펄스 도플러 레이더 신호 처리기 개발

전차 탑재 레이더는 기상에 관계없이 전천후로 대전차 미사일을 탐지하는 능동 방호 장치의 필수적인 센서이다. 본 논문에서는 전차 탑재 미사일 경고 레이더를 소개하고, 주요 핵심 기술로 고속의 멀티 DSP를 이용한 신호 처리기를 설계 및 제작 결과를 제시하였다. 핵심 알고리즘으로는 어댑티브 CFAR, 가중 선형 근사 알고리즘, 소프트웨어 추적, 위협 분석 등을 구현하였으며, 시험 결과를 제시하였다. A missile warning radar is an essential sensor for active protection system to detect antitank missile in all weather environments. This paper introduces missile warning radar for main battle tank and presents the results of the design and implementation of the radar signal processor using high speed multi-DSP. The key algorithms include adaptive CF AR, weighted linear fitting algorithm, S/W tracking capability, and threat decision and present test result.

확률 모델을 이용한 미사일 경고 레이다의 효과도 분석

미사일 경고 레이다의 위협 판단 성능을 분석하기 위해서는 과대응률/미대응률 측면에서 얼마나 효과적으로 위협을 판단하는지를 분석해야 한다. 이러한 효과도 분석을 위해 Monte-Carlo 기법을 이용하여 시뮬레이션을 수행해 왔으나 시뮬레이션 수행 시간이 많이 걸리는 단점이 있었다. 본 논문에서는 단점을 보완하기 위해 확률 모델을 이용한 효과도 분석 기법을 제안하였다. 확률 모델을 설정하는 방법과 실제 시뮬레이션을 통해 전차에 장착한 레이다의 효과도를 분석한 결과를 보인다. 또한, Monte-Carlo 기법과 제안하는 확률 모델 이용 기법에 대한 시뮬레이션 수행 시간의 비교 결과를 제시하고자 한다. To analyze the threat decision performance of MWR(Missile Warning Radar) give analysis on condition that we decide the effective threat using the POC(Probability of Over Countermeasure)/PUC(Probability of Under Countermeasure). Thus, we execute the simulation using the Monte-Carlo method to analyze effect, but the execution time of simulation took longer than we expected. In this paper, the effect analysis is proposed using the probability model to reduce the execution time of simulation. We present the setting method of parameter for probability model and the effect analysis result of MWR using the simulation. Also, we present the comparison result of simulation execution time for Monte-Carlo and probability model.

전차 탑재 L-밴드 펄수 도플러 레이더 설계 및 제작

전차 탑재 레이더는 기상에 관계없이 전천후로 대전차 미사일을 탐지하는 능동 방호 장치의 필수적인 센서이다. 본 논문에서는 전차 탑재 레이더의 설계, 제작 및 시험 결과를 제시한다. 레이더 시스템은 안테나부, 송수신부, 신호처리부의 3개의 LRU로 구성되며, 개발 기술은 패치 안테나, SSPA 송신기, coherent I/Q detector, DSP기반 도플러 FFT 필터, 적응 CFAR, TWS 추적기 및 위협 판단을 포함한다. 개발된 레이더 시스템의 설계 성능은 고정 및 기동 시험을 통하여 확인한다. A Missile Warning Radar is an essential sensor for active protection system to detect antitank missile in all weather environments. This paper presents the design, development, and test results of L-band pulsed Doppler radar system for main battle tank. This radar system consists of 3 LRUs, which include antenna unit, transmitter and receiver unit and radar signal & data processing unit. The developed core technologies include the patch antenna, SSPA transmitter, coherent I/Q detector, DSP based Doppler FFT filter, adaptive CFAR, SIW tracking capability, and threat decision. The design performance of the developed radar system is verified through various ground fixed and moving vehicle test.

High-performance IR detectors at SCD present and future

AbstractFor over 27 years, SCD has been manufacturing and developing a wide range of high performance infrared detectors, designed to operate in either the mid-wave (MWIR) or the long-wave (LWIR) atmospheric windows. These detectors have been integrated successfully into many different types of system including missile seekers, time delay integration scanning systems, hand-held cameras, missile warning systems and many others. SCD’s technology for the MWIR wavelength range is based on its well established 2D arrays of InSb photodiodes. The arrays are flip-chip bonded to SCD’s analogue or digital signal processors, all of which have been designed in-house. The 2D focal plane array (FPA) detectors have a format of 320×256 elements for a 30-μm pitch and 480×384 or 640×512 elements for a 20-μm pitch. Typical operating temperatures are around 77–85 K. Five years ago SCD began to develop a new generation of MWIR detectors based on the epitaxial growth of antimonide based compound semiconductors (ABCS). This ABCS technology allows band-gap engineering of the detection material which enables higher operating temperatures and multi-spectral detection. This year SCD presented its first prototype FPA from this program, an InAlSb based detector operating at a temperature of 100 K. By the end of this year SCD will introduce the first prototype MWIR detector with a 640×512 element format and a pitch of 15 μm. For the LWIR wavelength range SCD manufactures both linear Hg1−xCdxTe (MCT) detectors with a line of 250 elements and time delay and integration (TDI) detectors with formats of 288×4 and 480×6. Recently, SCD has demonstrated its first prototype uncooled detector which is based on VOx technology and which has a format of 384×288 elements, a pitch of 25 μm, and a typical NETD of 50 mK at F/1. In this paper, we describe the present technologies and products of SCD and the future evolution of our detectors for the MWIR and LWIR detection.

Design and Deployment of a Satellite Constellation Using Collaborative Optimization

A study of collaborative optimization as a systematic, multivariable, multidisciplinary method for the conceptual design of satellite constellations is presented. Collaborative optimization was selected because it is well suited to a team-oriented environment, such as often found in the constellation design process. The method provides extensive and formal exploration of the multidisciplinary design space and a scalable formulation of the problem without compromising its subsystems’ flexibility or eliminating opportunities for collaboration. The feasibility and benefits of the collaborative optimization architecture are highlighted by the successful convergence of an application notional problem to design and deploy elements of a space-based infrared system that provides early missile warning. Furthermore, this study contributes to the existing knowledge of the collaborative optimization method by verifying the feasibility of nongradient optimization algorithms as both system and subsystem optimizers within the architecture. Finally, the demonstrated convergence of this problem, which involves integer variables, also demonstrates the flexibility of the architecture for handling mixed-discrete nonlinear multidisciplinary problems.

Wavelength band selection method for multispectral target detection.

A framework is proposed for the selection of wavelength bands for multispectral sensors by use of hyperspectral reference data. Using the results from the detection theory we derive a cost function that is minimized by a set of spectral bands optimal in terms of detection performance for discrimination between a class of small rare targets and clutter with known spectral distribution. The method may be used, e.g., in the design of multispectral infrared search and track and electro-optical missile warning sensors, where a low false-alarm rate and a high-detection probability for detection of small targets against a clutter background are of critical importance, but the required high frame rate prevents the use of hyperspectral sensors.

Al xGa 1− xN for solar-blind UV detectors

There has been a growing interest in the development of solar-blind, ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors for use in a variety of applications, including early missile threat warning, flame monitoring, UV radiation monitoring and chemical/biological reagent detection. The Al x Ga 1− x N material system has emerged as the most promising approach for such devices. However, the control of the material quality and the device technology are still rather immature. We report on the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of high quality AlGaN thin films on sapphire substrates over a wide range of Al concentrations. The quality of these AlGaN materials was verified through a demonstration of high performance visible and solar-blind UV p–i–n photodiodes with peak cutoff wavelengths ranging from 227 to 364 nm. External quantum efficiencies for these devices reached as high as 69% with over five orders rejection ratio from the peak to visible wavelengths. For the development of UV photodiode arrays, back illuminated photodiodes were also fabricated and measured. External quantum efficiencies of up to 15% were achieved with rejection ratios greater than four orders of magnitude, demonstrating the feasibility of AlGaN, solar-blind devices for use in photodetector array applications.

Process control for error-free software: a software success story

Can you develop a bug-free mission-critical system on time? This author's customized approach delivered a highly sensitive missile warning system to NORAD's Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center within budget and meeting all the customer requirements.

Painting Rack

Mechanical long life cryocoolers are an enabling technology used to cool a wide variety of detectors in space applications. These coolers provide cooling over a range of temperatures from 2 K to 200 K, cooling powers from tens of mW to tens of watts. Typical applications are missile warning, Earth and climate sciences, astronomy and cryogenic propellant management. Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) has delivered many of the US flight cooler systems and has 12 long life pulse tube and Stirling coolers on orbit with two having over 11 years of continuous operation. This paper will provide an overview of the NGAS cryocooler capabilities.

Two color temporally correlated infrared background measurements

The use of high speed multicolor imaging sensors provides a valuable tool for characterizing both the infrared signatures of missiles as well as clutter. Over 14 flight hours worth of collections were made of difficult to characterize clutter. This additional data can be utilized to develop and improve missile warning algorithms for better false alarm rates. These analyses show that although a two color staring system could have multiple advantages over a single color system in false alarm rejection, the clutter rejection capabilities can be limited by the relatively low inter-band correlations between the red and blue bands.