Supply Mismatch Research Articles

Study on home energy management system with battery storage for peak load shaving

Demand for electricity is increasing day-by-day for the development of new technological innovations. Because of an increase in demand, there are specific issues like demand and supply mismatch. To reduce the peak load demand, increasing of a generation with the help of fossil fuels may lead to the release of pollutant gases like NOx and SO 2 into the atmosphere. To reduce demand, renewable sources are playing a crucial part in the present power system scenario. These renewable energy sources with a battery storage system, used with particular control and energy management, are useful for peak load shaving. In this paper, we have modelled a Solar Photovoltaic system with battery storage for the residential load of 5KW as a complimentary supply and grid power as a primary supply, composed with power conditioning controller to reduce the load demand.

Grid-connected advanced energy storage scheme for frequency regulation

Secure and economic operation of the modern power system is facing major challenges these days. Grid-connected Energy Storage System (ESS) can provide various ancillary services to electrical networks for its smooth functioning and helps in the evolution of the smart grid. The main limitation of the wide implementation of ESS in the power system is the high cost, low life, low energy density, etc. However, improved battery technology is changing the scenario rapidly. Also, any mismatch in power demand and supply causes fluctuation in frequency. Therefore, this paper presents a way for reducing the frequency fluctuation using an Advanced Energy Storage System with utility inductors. To compensate for the mismatch of supply and demand, a new system is proposed so that the nominal frequency of the power system is maintained. Due to the very high penetration of energy systems, there is a need for frequency regulation, hence different control strategies are employed to overcome this problem. In case of extreme power supply, the ESS acts as a load and gets itself charged whereas during the power deficit the ESS supplies power to maintain balance in demand and supply, and hence it mitigates the frequency fluctuation. The simulation model contains an ESS connected to a grid with a varying commercial or residential load profile. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of grid-connected ESS in minimizing frequency variation.

The Biobjective Bike-Sharing Rebalancing Problem with Balance Intervals: A Multistart Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

The bike-sharing system (BSS), as a sustainable way to deal with the “last mile” problem of mass transit systems, is increasingly popular in recent years. Despite its success, the BSS tends to suffer from the mismatch of bike supply and user demand. BSS operators have to transfer bikes from surplus stations to deficit stations to redistribute them among stations by means of trucks. In this paper, we deal with the bike-sharing rebalancing problem with balance intervals (BRP-BIs), which is a variant of the static bike-sharing rebalancing problem. In this problem, the equilibrium of station is characterized by a balance interval instead of a balance point in the literature. We formulate the BRP-BI as a biobjective mixed-integer programming model with the aim of determining both the minimum cost route for a single capacitated vehicle and the maximum average rebalance utility, an index for the balanced degree of station. Then, a multistart multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MS-MOPSO) algorithm is proposed to solve the model such that the Pareto optimal solutions can be derived. The proposed algorithm is extended with crossover operator and variable neighbourhood search to enhance its exploratory capability. Compared with Hybrid NSGA-II and MOPSO, the computational experimental results demonstrate that our MS-MOPSO can obtain Pareto optimal solutions with higher quality.

Eye Banking: One Cornea for Multiple Recipients.

Corneal transplantation is the most frequently performed transplant procedure. In much of the world, the demand for donor tissue heavily outstrips supply. With developments within lamellar corneal graft surgery, the use of split corneal donor tissue to increase donor tissue supply seems a pragmatic solution to reduce the supply and demand mismatch. This is especially important with tissue supply expected to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. A literature review of techniques was performed, enabling multiple transplants to be derived from a single donor and simulation of a model to quantify the number of corneas potentially saved. Studies on splitting corneal donor tissue have demonstrated that up to 5 recipients may benefit from 1 donor scleral button. The impact of splitting donor tissue may provide a saving of up to 25.3% of donor graft tissue. Splitting and preparing the donor tissue within an eye bank will improve tissue validation and donor tissue availability and may increase surgeon efficiency.

American Society for Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Quality Initiative Joint Consensus Statement on the Role of Neuromonitoring in Perioperative Outcomes: Cerebral Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Some neurological complications following surgery have been related to a mismatch in cerebral oxygen supply and demand that may either lead to more subtle changes of brain function or overt complications like stroke or coma. Discovery of a perioperative neurological complication may be outside the treatment window, thereby making prevention an important focus. Early commercial devices used differential spectroscopy to measure relative changes from baseline of 2 chromophores: oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin. It was the introduction of spatially resolved spectroscopy techniques that allowed near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based cerebral oximetry as we know it today. Modern cerebral oximeters measure the hemoglobin saturation of blood in a specific "optical field" containing arterial, capillary, and venous blood, not tissue oxygenation itself. Multiple cerebral oximeters are commercially available, all of which have technical differences that make them noninterchangeable. The mechanism and meaning of these measurements are likely not widely understood by many practicing physicians. Additionally, as with many clinically used monitors, there is a lack of high-quality evidence on which clinicians can base decisions in their effort to use cerebral oximetry to reduce neurocognitive complications after surgery. Therefore, the Sixth Perioperative Quality Initiative (POQI-6) consensus conference brought together an international team of multidisciplinary experts including anesthesiologists, surgeons, and critical care physicians to objectively survey the literature on cerebral oximetry and provide consensus, evidence-based recommendations for its use in accordance with the GRading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria for evaluating biomedical literature. The group produced the following consensus recommendations: (1) interpreting perioperative cerebral oximetry measurements in the context of a preinduction baseline value; (2) interpreting perioperative cerebral oximetry measurements in the context of the physiologic variables that affect them; (3) using caution in comparing cerebral oximetry values between different manufacturers; (4) using preoperative cerebral oximetry to identify patients at increased risk of adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery; (5) using intraoperative cerebral oximetry indexed to preinduction baseline to identify patients at increased risk of adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery; (6) using cerebral oximetry to identify and guide management of acute cerebral malperfusion during cardiac surgery; (7) using an intraoperative cerebral oximetry-guided interventional algorithm to reduce intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay after cardiac surgery. Additionally, there was agreement that (8) there is insufficient evidence to recommend using intraoperative cerebral oximetry to reduce mortality or organ-specific morbidity after cardiac surgery; (9) there is insufficient evidence to recommend using intraoperative cerebral oximetry to improve outcomes after noncardiac surgery.

Abstract 260: Aortic Pulse Wave Characteristics and Coronary Blood Flow Responses to Plantar Flexion in Peripheral Arterial Diseases Patients

Peripheral arterial diseases (PAD) is an atherosclerotic occlusive disease in the periphery affecting 8-12 million U.S.adults. It has been reported that the PAD patients have attenuated coronary blood flow response to stress, however how the diseases influence aortic arterial pulse wave properties during exercise, and its relationship with coronary perfusion in this patient population is unknown. Accordingly, the primary aim of this study was to examine myocardial supply and demand relationship by investigating aortic pulse wave properties and their relationship with coronary perfusion during exercise in PAD. Methods: 13 PADpatients and 13 healthy (age, sex, BMI-matched) control subjects performed rhythmic plantar flexion for 14 minutes or until fatigue (30 contractions per minute). The workload started at 2 kg and increased by 1 kg every minute up to12 kg. Brachial (oscillometric cuff) and aortic (SphygmoCor, utilizing transfer function and brachial blood pressures) blood pressures were measured during supine rest and plantar flexion exercise as well as aortic pulse wave properties from derived-aortic pulse waveforms. On a separate visit, coronary blood flow velocity was measured non-invasively during rest and exercise. Results: Due to earlier arrival of reflected wave (140.9± 2.3 vs. 150.5± 3.4 ms; P =0.0289), baseline augmented pressure (15.9± 2.4 vs. 9.3± 1.7 mmHg; AP, P =0.0380), augmentation index (27.2± 2.7 vs. 19.1± 2.2 %; AI, P =0.0263), and cardiac wasted energy (4625± 590 vs. 2875± 491 s· dyne· cm 2 ; E w , P =0.0321) were greater compared to healthy control. During exercise, changes in aortic mean arterial pressure(21.90± 5.04 vs. 9.36± 2.20 mmHg; ΔaMAP, P =0.0041), end-systolic pressure (133.38± 4.85 vs. 111.46± 4.97 mmHg; ΔESP, P =0.0043), and the tension time index (1027± 216 vs. 504± 117 mmHg· S -1 · min -1 ; ΔTTI, P =0.0035) were significantly greater in PAD while ΔAI was not different. Intriguingly, despite the augmented TTI, the first and second peaks of CBV during exercise were not different between the groups leading to significantly attenuated subendocardial viability ratio responses to exercise (-34.66± 4.19 vs. -23.03± 3.37 %; ΔSEVR, P =0.0164). Conclusions: At this peak workload for PAD patients, the patients had a greater myocardial demand compared to healthy control. However, despite the increase in the myocardial demand and the accompanying increase in initial coronary perfusion pressure (ESP), CBV of PAD patients was not different from that seen in healthy control indicating limited myocardial supply during exercise in PAD. Consequently, PAD exhibited a greater mismatch of myocardial demand and supply at the peak workload. This suggests that, in PAD patients, there are mechanisms aside from changes in coronary perfusion pressure that limit myocardial supply during exercise (i.e. a greater coronary vascular tone and diastolic dysfunction).

Urban development and sustainability challenges chronicled by a century of construction material flows and stocks in Tiexi, China

Construction materials are considerable forces of global environmental impacts, but their dynamics vis‐a‐vis urban development are poorly documented, in part because their long lifespans require elusive and sometimes nonexistent decade‐long high‐resolution data. This study analyzes the construction material flow and stock trends that shaped and were shaped by the development, decline, and renewal of the Tiexi district of Shenyang, a microcosm of China's urban transformations since the early 20th century. Chronicling building‐by‐building the material flows and stock accumulations involved in the buildup of this area, we shed light on the physical resource context of its socioeconomic history. We find that 42 million tonnes of construction materials were needed to develop the Tiexi district from 1910 to 2018, and 18 million tonnes of material outflows were generated by end‐of‐life building demolition. However, over 55% of inflows and 93% of outflows occurred since 2002 during a complete redevelopment of the district. Only small portions of end‐of‐life materials could have been reused or recycled because of temporal and typological mismatches of supply and demand and technical limitations. Our analysis reveals a dramatic decrease in median building lifetimes to as low as 6 years in the early 21st century. These findings contribute to the discussion of long‐term environmental efficiency and sustainability of societal development through construction and reflect on the challenges of urban renewal processes not only in China but also in other developing and developed countries that lost (or may lose) their traditional economic base and restructure their urban forms. This article met the requirements for a Silver/Silver JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.

Matches and mismatches between the supply of and demand for cultural ecosystem services in rapidly urbanizing watersheds: A case study in the Guanting Reservoir basin, China

Evaluating the spatial relationship between the supply of and demand for cultural ecosystem services (CESs) in rapidly urbanizing watersheds is critical for landscape planning and the improvement of human well-being. However, few approaches can investigate relationships of multiple CESs in a spatially explicit way and involve different groups of stakeholders. In our study, we developed an integrated approach that combined a survey-driven model (SolVES) and a text analysis of the social media reviews, using the Guanting Reservoir basin as an example. Three CESs, including aesthetic service, historical and cultural service, and recreational and therapeutic service, were examined. The results showed that 80% of the total area of the basin exhibited a spatial mismatch between CES supply and demand. Among the three CESs, historical and cultural service had the largest mismatched area, which was dominated by a low supply and high demand. For the venue of the 2022 Winter Olympics, Chongli District, all three CESs exhibited spatial mismatches, while the main type of mismatch was low supply and high demand. Urbanization can either promote a match or worsen a mismatch. Therefore, place-based solutions, such as environmental monitoring and promoting tourism, are encouraged to mitigate the mismatch of CES supply and demand in rapidly urbanizing watersheds.

Innovation Dynamics of Socio-Technical Alignment in Community Energy Storage: The Cases of DrTen and Ecovat

With energy transition gaining momentum, energy storage technologies are increasingly spotlighted as they can effectively handle mismatches in supply and demand. The decreasing cost of distributed energy generation technologies and energy storage technologies as well as increasing demand for local flexibility is opening up new possibilities for the deployment of energy storage technologies in local energy communities. In this context, community energy storage has potential to better integrate energy supply and demand at the local level and can contribute towards accommodating the needs and expectations of citizens and local communities as well as future ecological needs. However, there are techno-economical and socio-institutional challenges of integrating energy storage technologies in the largely centralized present energy system, which demand socio-technical innovation. To gain insight into these challenges, this article studies the technical, demand and political articulations of new innovative local energy storage technologies based on an embedded case study approach. The innovation dynamics of two local energy storage innovations, the seasalt battery of DrTen® and the seasonal thermal storage Ecovat®, are analysed. We adopt a co-shaping perspective for understanding innovation dynamics as a result of the socio-institutional dynamics of alignment of various actors, their articulations and the evolving network interactions. Community energy storage necessitates thus not only technical innovation but, simultaneously, social innovation for its successful adoption. We will assess these dynamics also from the responsible innovation framework that articulates various forms of social, environmental and public values. The socio-technical alignment of various actors, human as well as material, is central in building new socio-technical configurations in which the new storage technology, the community and embedded values are being developed.

Land management to reconcile ecosystem services supply and demand mismatches—A case study in Shanghai municipality, China

AbstractCity managers need to understand how land use and land cover (LULC) change in an urban landscape can affect future land degradation and conditions for ecosystem services (ESs) supply and demand. Optimal land use and land management requires explicit spatial mapping of ESs supply and demand under alternative land use scenarios. In this study, we applied spatially explicit models to predict changes in ESs supply and demand, and their coupling mechanisms, under one baseline scenario and three stakeholder‐defined LULC change scenarios (developed, planning, policy) in Shanghai municipality, China. The results suggest that the policy scenario could significantly increase ESs supply and restore degraded urban areas, but would not guarantee that supply meets demand for four key ESs tested: water retention, particulate matter removal, carbon sequestration, and recreation. However, the policy scenario significantly reduced the shortfalls and spatial mismatches in water retention, particulate matter removal and recreation services, and also greatly restored deficit areas for all four ESs. This is valuable scientific evidence that ESs supply and demand information can be incorporated into urban land management planning in a spatially explicit manner, in order to control or prevent future potential land degradation.

Turning the Oxygen Dial: Balancing the Highs and Lows.

Oxygen is both vital and toxic to life. Molecular oxygen is the most used substrate in the human body and is required for several hundred diverse biochemical reactions. The discovery of the PHD-HIF-pVHL system revolutionized our fundamental understanding of oxygen sensing and cellular adaptations to hypoxia. It deepened our knowledge of the biochemical underpinnings of numerous diseases, ranging from anemia to cancer. Cellular dysfunction and tissue pathology can result from a mismatch of oxygen supply and demand. Recent work has shown that mitochondrial disease models display tissue hyperoxia and that disease pathology can be reversed by normalization of excess oxygen, suggesting that certain disease states can potentially be treated by modulating oxygen levels. In this review, we describe cellular and organismal mechanisms of oxygen sensing and adaptation. We provide a revitalized framework for understanding pathologies of too little or too much oxygen.

Potential of development of the professional (technical and vocational) educational services market in Ukraine

Potential of development of the professional (technical and vocational) educational services market in Ukraine

The welfare and price effects of sector coupling with power-to-gas

Abstract Electricity markets with high installed capacities of Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRES) experience periods of supply and demand mismatch, resulting in near-zero and even negative prices, or energy spilling due to surplus. The participation of emerging Power-to-X solutions in a sector coupling paradigm, such as Power-to-Gas (PTG), has been envisioned to provide a source of demand flexibility to the power sector and decarbonize the gas sector. We advance a long-run equilibrium model to study the PTG investment decision from the point of view of a perfectly competitive electricity and gas system where each sector's market is cleared separately but coupled by PTG. Under scenarios combining PTG technology costs and electricity RES targets, we study whether or not there is a convergence in the optimal deployment of PTG capacity and what is the welfare distribution across both sectors. We observe that PTG can play an important price-setting role in the electricity market, but PTG revenues from arbitrage opportunities erodes as more PTG capacity is installed. We find that the electricity and gas sector have aligned incentives to cooperate around PTG, and instead find an issue of misaligned incentives related to the PTG actor. Although not the focus of our analysis, in some scenarios we find that the welfare optimal PTG capacity results in a loss for the PTG actor, which reveals some intuition that subsidizing PTG can make sense to reduce the cost of RES subsidies. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to contextualize these findings for system specificities.

Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: An Analysis on Policy Variables in the Malaysian Manufacturing Industry

Using the current 2-digit levels of a panel data set during the period of 2000 to 2018, this study adds to the literature by investigating the determinants of policy variables that influence the increase of foreign direct investment (FDI) inward stock in nine manufacturing industries according to the industry classification. Applying the ordinary least square (OLS) estimator with a robust standard error, this study concludes that direct domestic investment from local investors and investment in employers’ training play a very significant role to influence FDI inward stock in the medium-high and low technology industries. The study also found that degree holders working in the electrical and electronics (E&E), chemical, and machinery and equipment industries negatively influence FDI inwards due to their perceived level of absorptive capacity. The result implies that there is a mismatch of supply and demand of labour force and skills in dealing with the rapidly changing labour-market conditions. This study thus suggests that courses offered at tertiary institutions undergo a revision to make them more industry- driven. Human capital investment needs to focus on in-demand skills rather than skills deemed obsolete in the industries. Graduates, therefore, need to be equipped with transferable skills that can be “transferred” across different industries.

The dynamics of energy supply and demand of foaling mares managed at pasture: a deterministic modelling approach

Context. At pasture, the nutritional status of mares will change due to a dynamic association between their energy requirements and the energy supply. Change in the plane of nutrition can influence reproductive performance measures in the mares. To help optimise nutritional and operational management of mares on stud farms, the nutritional status of Thoroughbred broodmares and the factors influencing the energy supply and demand were investigated. Aims. To assess nutritional status of the Thoroughbred broodmare herds under ‘normal’ New Zealand commercial stud-farm conditions. Methods. The energy intake, energy requirement and energy balance during the last 3 months of pregnancy and the first 5 months of lactation were modelled for mares with an initial bodyweight of 450 kg, 500 kg, 550 kg and 600 kg, and foaled at 0, 15, 50, and 90 days after 1 September. Key results. For all foaling dates and bodyweights, mares were in positive energy balance during the last 3 months of pregnancy (6.1–8.5%). Energy balance decreased as pregnancy progressed, followed by a large and acute energy deficit that was initiated soon after foaling and continued during lactation. The energy deficit during lactation varied between –8.6% and –12.4%, depending on the foaling date modelled. Mares foaling later in the season (50–90 days after 1 September) had greater and longer (30–50 days) postpartum energy deficit than did mares that foaled earlier in the season, who recovered within 20 days postpartum. The modelled changes in the energy balance would be large enough to initiate mobilisation of the fat reserve (body condition), and could, therefore, explain the observation of delayed postpartum to conception interval observed with later-foaling mares on commercial farms. Conclusions. There is a large and prolonged energy deficit soon after foaling and throughout 150 days of lactation in Thoroughbred mares managed under New Zealand commercial grazing conditions. Foaling later in the season can cause a mismatch in energy supply and demand that would increase and prolong the energy deficit. Implications. These findings suggest a need for stud farms to actively manage the pasture supply and monitor the mare’s BWT and BCS changes in an attempt to optimise the mare’s nutritional status and reproductive performance.

Overview of Affordable Housing from Supply and Demand Context in Malaysia

The increase in the number of rural populations migrated to the city has increased over the years. This led to the widespread of urbanisation in cities. As a developing country, this is also happening in major cities in Malaysia. In this regard, this also contributes to the needs of the residents to have affordable homes, especially in urban areas. Malaysia government is very serious in ensuring all its citizens towards owning their own homes. This can be seen clearly through the evolution of Malaysia's housing policy since the era of independence to the present. Therefore, this paper seeks to build theoretical understanding on affordable housing issues from supply and demand context. This was done based on findings by reviewing a thorough review of literature from local and global context pertaining to this issue. The findings from literature reveal that housing supply in Malaysia is leading by landed property development compare to high rise building. Most developers who developed the land with mixed development approach are having landed property housing for middle class and high-class income, while the high rise housing building is to cater the low income group. This could possibly become the main reasons for mismatch housing supply and demand in certain location. The conclusion from the literature help looking the issue of supply and demand mismatch from a broader view to help understand the underlying reason of housing supply by private sector as well as from the government sector. Furthermore, understanding Malaysian culture would also give an understanding on what are the factors that cause the buyer to buy a home.

Potražnja za radom u Hrvatskoj

U ovome radu opisujemo metodologiju razvoja indeksa online slobodnih radnih mjesta te dokumentiramo stanje, trendove i cjelokupno okruženje potražne strane tržišta rada u Hrvatskoj. Analizom individualnih oglasa za posao donosimo zaključke o trendovima na tržištu rada kroz više dimenzija: na razini zanimanja, geografije, razini traženog obrazovanja te vrsti ugovora koji se nudi. Rezultati pokazuju da konstruirani indeks relativno precizno pokazuje razmjere ekonomske krize koja je zahvatila Hrvatsku od 2008. do 2014. godine te da se regionalna tržišta rada značajno razlikuju. Analizirajući najtraženija zanimanja od 2015. godine na razini cijele Hrvatske zaključujemo da se najviše tražilo prodavača, konobara, kuhara, programera i vozača, što govori u prilog polarizaciji traženih zanimanja. Analizirajući dinamiku tražene razine obrazovanja dolazimo do zaključka da su radnici nižih kvalifikacija sve više traženi. Istovremeno je potražnja za visokoobrazovanim radnicima stabilna, dok udio oglasa za poslove koji traže srednju stručnu spremu značajno pada u promatranom razdoblju. Osim promjene u traženoj razini obrazovanja, tržište rada nakon krize karakterizira i rast nestandardnih tipova ugovora o radu. Analiza online oglasa slobodnih radnih mjesta pokazuje i potencijalnu prisutnost nesklada između ponude i potražnje kod određenih zanimanja, što dodatno upućuje na postojanje strukturne nezaposlenosti na hrvatskom tržištu rada.

ASSESSMENT OF DEMAND FOR PUBLIC GOODS IN THE NON-MARKET SERVICES SECTOR

The article is devoted to the development and approbation of approaches to the assessment of demand for public goods. It presents the results of the assessment of demand for civic education as a public good of the nonmarket services sector. The assessment is based on the application of various research methods: desk research (analysis of publications, reviews, reports), qualitative research (focus groups, in-depth interviews), quantitative research (sociological survey). In this article is carried out the analysis of scientific publications devoted to the analysis of demand for public goods, and the actual aspects of researches are allocated. The object of research is the process of forming and meeting the demand for civic education. For analysis of the market of educational needs was conducted a comparison of the population's requests for educational services and data of the number of activities carried out by providers of educational services. The result of research is the proof of hypotheses about low demand for civic education in the conditions of absence of high level of civic competence and in the conditions of mismatch of supply and demand in the field of civic education. Regarding various areas of civic education, the results of the analysis showed that the greatest demand is in creative studios, and this demand is quite satisfied. Next in the ranking are educational services in the field of leadership and personal development, but these needs are satisfied with less than half. The rest of the needs are unmet, and at the same time we see that due to the actions of service providers, the interest of citizens in political or civic education is approaching to satisfaction level. At the same time, low satisfaction of the needs in financial literacy, critical thinking, and media literacy indicates the necessity to develop and offer educational services of this type. Demand for family psychology, relationship psychology, public speaking and business education is also unmet. The conclusions of the study formulate proposals for matching demand and supply for civic education through non-market mechanisms. In particular, it is justified the need for the formation of effective demand from local authorities and local public institutions (local schools, universities, businesses, NGOs).

Development of Consumer Preference based Demand Response Model for Home Energy Management

Demand response has become an effective method for energy saving and to reduce the energy cost. By adjusting the residential loads, it reacts quickly for the mismatches of supply and demand. In this paper, the Internet of Things (IoT) based Demand Response (Load scheduling method) methodology is proposed to mitigate the energy waste and tariff. Two different alarm provisions are made at the consumer side to indicate the normal and demand modes operated by the supplier. The consumer is provided with a controller that read the market signal and answers with consumer preferences. Whenever demand mode arises, the consumer is completely free to change the load setting; also the developed system will propose the load pattern. The demand mode will be given during peak hour and the tariff will be high at that time and normal mode will consist of the minimum tariff. The consumer may control their load through cloud-MQTT by giving a specific command or from the MQTT dashboard android app. Based on the tariff, the consumption profile could be reduced

Lending To Lose: Who Buys Negatively Yielding Bonds And What It Means For Investors

I discuss the demand and supply of negatively yielding bonds, which is a recent and relatively unprecedented phenomenon in financial markets. To understand why one would lend to lose, I classify buyers into three categories, i.e. “forced buyers”, “speculators” and “non-financial government entities”. I conclude that the demand for bonds that are guaranteed to lose money can locally be justified by a variety of rational reasons. However, while locally rational, this conclusion raises important questions about global financial stability. Do negative yields mean that the bond market is distorted due to demand and supply mismatch, and if so what are the consequences if there are unforeseen macro-economic shocks?