Misleading Videos Research Articles

ARE YOUTUBE VIDEOS QUALIFIED AND RELIABLE AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR MENTAL HEALTH DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN TURKEY?

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the quality, reliability, and comprehensiveness of content for YouTube videos in the Turkish language as a source of information for mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: "Coronavirus Mental Health" was searched as a subject in the YouTube channel in the Turkish language on April 11th, 2020. The first 100 videos were taken into consideration. Two independent reviewers classified videos as useful or misleading. The inter-observer agreement was evaluated with the kappa coefficient. Modified DISCERN index for reliability and Global Quality Scale for quality were used. The content was evaluated with a checklist developed by the researchers. Results: The mean number of views was 1442.42±3042.49 for useful videos and 1044±1471.83 for misleading videos. The mean Global Quality Scale was 2.68±0.96 for useful videos and 1±0 for misleading videos. The mean DISCERN score was 2.8±1.09, 2.72±0.75, and 3.12±0.66 for shared by independent/professional users, government/news agencies, and universities/professional organizations respectively. Conclusions: The quality and reliability level of mental health videos in the Turkish language for the COVID-19 pandemic were found out moderate. Moreover, the comprehensiveness of the contents didn’t include enough detailed information in regards to protecting mental health.

Content Analysis of Korean Videos Regarding Restless Legs Syndrome on YouTube.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy and quality of Korean videos associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS) on YouTube.Methods A YouTube search was performed on April 1, 2020 using the term “restless legs syndrome” in the Korean language. Two reviewers coded the source, content, and demographics of the included videos. Video quality was assessed using the modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) instrument.Results Among the 80 videos analyzed, 44 (55.0%) were reliable, and 36 (45.0%) were misleading. There was a trend toward a higher number of mean daily views in the misleading videos than in the reliable videos. Most of the misleading videos (72.2%) advocated complementary and alternative medicine as a primary treatment for RLS. Although the reliable videos had higher mDISCERN scores than the misleading videos, the overall quality of the reliable videos was low.Conclusion Many Korean videos regarding RLS on YouTube involve a risk of exposure to misinformation and are of unsatisfactory quality.

Is YoutubeTM an accurate source of patient-information for awareness about periodontal diseases?

Objectives: Oral hygiene education and patient awareness are crucial for prevention and the sustainability of its treatment because of high prevalence of periodontal diseases. This study aimed to evaluate YouTube videos related to periodontal diseases and assess them comprehensively, reliability, and quality for non-professional internet users.Methods: YouTube search was performed using the three keywords: ‘periodontal disease’, ‘gingival disease,’ and ‘gum disease’. Video lengths, duration, numbers of total views, likes, dislikes, comments values were recorded. The interaction index, viewing rates and video power index (VPI) were calculated. Comprehensiveness tailor-made index was assessed for content, Global Quality Scale (GQS), and DISCERN scales were used for reliability and quality of videos.Results: A total of 210 videos were evaluated, and 79 videos were included in the study. While 69 of the videos are useful videos, 9 of them have misleading video content. VPI values were found 2.88±0.67 for useful videos and 1.78±0.66 for misleading videos. The mean GQS value of the videos has seen as 2.76±0.7. According to the DISCERN score, 41.8% of the videos show poor quality. The number of videos with comprehensiveness value (2) score is 44 and the number of videos (1) score is 35.Conclusions: YouTube videos may be used as an education source about periodontal disease for non-professional users; however, videos need to be improved in terms of content and quality. These and similar publications may be supported for the optimization of videos to be shared on YouTube with periodontal disease and oral hygiene education.

YouTube as a source of information on gout: a quality analysis

YouTube is a popular video-sharing platform commonly visited by patients and healthcare professionals for medical information. Gout is the most frequent cause of inflammatory arthritis in adults. However, the accuracy and quality of gout-related information on YouTube are not fully known. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the reliability and quality of YouTube videos pertaining to gout. A YouTube search was conducted using the keywords “gout”, “gout arthritis”, “gout treatment”, and “gout diet”. Of the 240 videos screened, 114 that met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The number of days since upload, number of views, likes, dislikes, comments and duration of the videos were recorded. A Modified DISCERN tool and the Global Quality Scale (GQS) were used to evaluate the reliability and quality of the videos. Of the 114 analyzed videos, 87.72% were deemed as useful while 12.28% contained misleading information with higher viewership. The most common topic was “gout diet”. The majority of the videos demonstrated high quality (57.89%), followed by intermediate quality (28.95%) while the percentage of low-quality videos was 13.16%. Videos posted by academic institutions/professional organizations and physicians had higher modified DISCERN and GQS scores indicating higher reliability and quality. This study demonstrated that the majority of YouTube videos on gout provide useful information. However, physicians should be aware of the limited nature of YouTube and correct any misinformation during face-to-face meetings. YouTube should consider avoiding misleading videos using validity scales such as modified DISCERN and GQS.

A unified approach for detection of Clickbait videos on YouTube using cognitive evidences.

Clickbait is one of the form of false content, purposely designed to attract the user’s attention and make them curious to follow the link and read, view, or listen to the attached content. The teaser aim behind this is to exploit the curiosity gap by giving information within the short statement. Still, the given statement is not sufficient enough to satisfy the curiosity without clicking through the linked content and lure the user to get into the respective page via playing with human psychology and degrades the user experience. To counter this problem, we develop a Clickbait Video Detector (CVD) scheme. The scheme leverages to learn three sets of latent features based on User Profiling, Video-Content, and Human Consensus, these are further used to retrieve cognitive evidence for the detection of clickbait videos on YouTube. The first step is to extract audio from the videos, which is further transformed to textual data, and later on, it is utilized for the extraction of video content-based features. Secondly, the comments are analyzed, and features are extracted based on human responses/reactions over the posted content. Lastly, user profile based features are extracted. Finally, all these features are fed into the classifier. The proposed method is tested on the publicly available fake video corpus [FVC], [FVC-2018] dataset, and a self-generated misleading video dataset [MVD]. The achieved result is compared with other state-of-the-art methods and demonstrates superior performance.

YouTube as a source of patient information for Diabetes: Evaluation of Arabic content

Background and Aim: We aimed in this study to evaluate the Arabic content related to diabetes mellitus, assess its accuracy, and viewers’ responses. Methods: Using the search term “diabetes mellitus” in Arabic with the filter by relevance function, a YouTube search was performed on May 15, 2018. The first 200 videos were retrieved, and video demographic assessment was recorded (likes, dislikes, and upload dates). The content of videos was classified in three groups as 1) reliable, meaning scientifically accurate for diabetes; 2) misleading, which means the information contained scientifically inaccurate or unproven information; and 3) patient experiences, where the content pertained to the personal experiences of patients and did not provide diabetes medical information. Results: A total of 1,27,000 videos were retrieved, the first 200 videos were evaluated, and 71 videos were excluded. In the classification for accuracy, the researchers showed a very good inter-rater agreement (k = 0.84). Overall, more than half were considered reliable (n = 78; 61%), (n=47; 36%) were determined misleading, and (n= 4; 3%) videos as patient experiences. Regarding misleading videos, the treatment of diabetes using alternative medicine comprised the largest group of users at 74.5%, n=30. Of those, 23 of the misleading videos promoted herbal medicine. Conclusions: This study supports that YouTube videos in Arabic are not very helpful. Overall, reliable content videos received fewer views than those determined to be misleading. Professional institutions, health care providers, and academic sources need more encouragement to develop and upload videos on the management and evidence-based treatment of diabetes.

YouTube as a Source of Medical Information About Spinal Cord Stimulation

BackgroundSocial media platforms may play an important role in the dissemination of medical information on interventional pain procedures. This cross-sectional study quantitatively assessed the reliability and quality of information from YouTube regarding spinal cord stimulation. Materials and MethodsYouTube was queried on May 20, 2020 using keywords “spinal cord stimulator,” “spinal cord stimulation experience,” and “spinal cord stimulation risks.” The top 50 viewed videos from each search were analyzed. The primary outcome was video quality, which was analyzed using the modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) criteria. ResultsSeventy-nine of 103 (77%) videos were classified as useful. Fifteen of 103 (14%) videos were classified as misleading and contained nonfactual information on spinal cord stimulation. Hospitals, group practices, or physicians produced a greater proportion of useful videos compared to misleading videos (63.3% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.008). Nonmedical independent users produced a greater proportion of misleading videos compared to useful videos (73.3% vs. 16.4%, p < 0.001). Useful videos had significantly higher mDISCERN scores compared to misleading videos (2.6 vs. 1.9, p = 0.009). Nonmedical independent users produced a greater proportion of low-quality videos (mDISCERN score < 3) than high-quality videos (mDISCERN score ≥ 3; 50.8% vs. 2.4%, respectively, p < 0.001). Educational videos from professional pain medicine societies were not captured. ConclusionYouTube is an accessible platform for medical information on spinal cord stimulation, yet a significant amount of nonfactual information is present. As social media platforms continue to gain prominence in health care, future efforts to appraise the quality of medical content delivered to the public are warranted. In addition, reputable sources including professional pain medicine societies should consider collaborating with producers to disseminate high-quality video content that reaches a wider audience.

Youtube as an Information Source During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic: Evaluation of the Turkish and English Content

Introduction: YouTube is an important online source of information and has two billion users globally. Its viewing numbers tend to increase exponentially in extraordinary global situations. Our aim in this study was to review and evaluate the contents of the most frequently viewed YouTube videos during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: In this qualitative study, contents of the most frequently viewed Turkish and English YouTube videos regarding the COVID-19 pandemic were examined and scored with modified DISCERN, medical information and content index (MICI), and video power index (VPI) during April 2020.Results: The mean DISCERN score of Turkish videos was similar to that of English videos (2.55±1.40 and 2.43±1.25, respectively). The total MICI score tended to be higher in Turkish videos. News channels released 86.9% of all 168 videos and 65.2% of all 23 misleading videos. When the descriptive characteristics of videos were compared in terms of their content category, average view counts, view ratios, and VPIs of misleading videos were higher than those of the useful videos. Only, the likes ratio of useful videos was higher than that of the misleading videos.Conclusions: Since there is no peer-review system on YouTube, people can almost release every type of video. It is very important for the content of videos that are released through news channels to be accurate because the important messages can be spread among people in society through them. In our study, especially some Turkish videos included many different rumors and faulty statements. During the extraordinary situations such as the pandemic, the videos of official health authorities and international institutions should be more visible on YouTube.

Analysis of YouTube as a source of information for restless leg syndrome.

YouTube is one of the major resources for health related videos around the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of information available on YouTube about restless leg syndrome (RLS). A YouTube search was carried out on https://www.youtube.com for videos pertaining to "restless leg syndrome" by using the keyword "restless leg syndrome". The first 100 relevant videos were included in the study. The videos were accepted as "useful" if they provided scientifically correct information about any aspect of RLS. The videos containing scientifically unproven information are defined as "misleading". The overall quality of all videos was subjectively graded using the global quality scale (GQS), a 5-point Likert scale. The median video length for the included videos was 3.39 (0.11-85) minutes, and the median views were 6,055 (32-2351490). The median GQS of useful videos was 3 (1-5). The median number of likes and the median number of comments of personal experience videos were significantly higher than that of the useful and misleading videos. Videos uploaded by the university hospitals frequently issued pharmacological treatment of the RLS; however, those uploaded by practitioners, individual users, and TV or social media accounts were about the non-pharmacological treatment of the RLS. This study demonstrates that 77% of the videos uploaded on YouTube regarding RLS are in the useful category, whereas only 16 videos were providing misleading information. However, even videos in the useful category do not provide a full and complete description of the RLS.

The usefulness and validity of English-language videos on YouTube as an educational resource for spondyloarthritis.

YouTube is a popular online platform where patients often visit for information. However, the validity of the content on spondyloarthritis (SpA) on YouTube is not known. To evaluate the content, reliability, and quality of the most viewed English-language YouTube videos on SpA. Keywords "spondyloarthritis," "spondyloarthropathy," and "ankylosing spondylitis" were searched on YouTube on October 7, 2019. The top 270 videos were screened. Videos were excluded if they were irrelevant, in non-English language, or if they had no audio. Total number of views, duration on YouTube (days), video length, upload date, and number of likes, dislikes, subscribers, and comments were recorded for videos. A modified 5-point DISCERN tool and the 5-point Global Quality Scale (GQS) score were used to assess the reliability and quality of the videos. Two hundred videos were included in the final analysis (62% from healthcare professionals, 37% from patients, and 2% from news channels). Useful information, useful patient opinion, misleading patient opinion, and misleading information comprised o60%, 26%, 11%, and 3% of videos respectively. Majority of misleading videos were uploaded by patients (82%). Misleading videos commonly included wrong clinical features and unproven alternative treatments of SpA. Videos by healthcare professionals had more useful information, higher reliability, and GQS scores. Majority of YouTube videos have useful information on SpA and are important educational sources to patients. However, rheumatologists should be aware that misleading patient opinions on alternative therapies can contain inaccurate information and should hence actively correct these misinformation during their clinic consults Key Points • The majority of videos on Spondyloarthritis found on YouTube are deemed useful and are uploaded by healthcare professionals. • The majority of misleading videos were uploaded by patients and the main theme of misinformation was on clinical features and treatment of spondyloarthritis.

YouTube as a source of medical information on the novel coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic

ABSTRACT Media coverage on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been extensive, yet large gaps remain in our understanding of the role of social media platforms during worldwide health crisis. The purpose of this study was to assess the most viewed YouTube videos on COVID-19 for medical content. We coded video characteristics, source, and medical content of the 113 most-widely viewed videos about COVID-19. Seventy-nine (69.9%) videos were classified as useful, and 10 (8.8%) videos were classified as misleading. Independent users were more likely to post misleading videos than useful videos (60.0% vs 21.5%, P = 0.009). News agencies were more likely to post useful videos than misleading videos (72.2% vs 40.0%, P = 0.039). Useful videos were more likely to present any information on prevalence or incidence (79.7% vs 20.0%, P < 0.001), as well as information on outcomes or prognosis (84.8% vs 30.0%, P < 0.001) compared to misleading videos. The World Health Organization contributed one useful video (1.3%), while no videos from the Center for Disease Control were included. Although YouTube generally is a useful source of medical information on the COVID-19 pandemic, increased efforts to disseminate accurate information from reputable sources is desired to help mitigate disease spread and decrease unnecessary panic in the general population.

Post-event misinformation effects in a language-trained chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).

Errors of source monitoring are widespread human memory challenges, and our memories are subject to distortion upon the presentation of subsequent misinformation. Less is known about if and when misinformation effects occur in nonhuman species' memory. Here we tested a symbol-trained chimpanzee's recall memoryof a hidden food item's identity after a 10-min delay. During this delay, the subject was sometimes (depending onthecondition) shown consistent or inconsistent video information about the identity of the food, before being asked to name the item to a second experimenter blind to the reward and condition. Across all conditions, our subject, Sherman, correctly named the food item at above chance levels. In the Inconsistent condition, in which Sherman was shown a video with misleading information, his performance was the worst of all conditions (although accuracy was still high). Interestingly, however, during three of the four trials in this condition in which Sherman made a mistake, he incorrectly named the food item shown during the misleading video information. These results provide evidence that chimpanzees, like humans, may be vulnerable to misinformation effects, even when that misleading information is presented in a different modality (video) than the original live event memory, demonstrating further commonality between human and ape memory systems.

YouTube as source of information on 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak: a cross sectional study of English and Mandarin content.

BackgroundThe current 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is rapidly evolving. YouTube has been recognized as a popular source of information in previous disease outbreaks. We analyzed the content on YouTube about n-CoV in English and Mandarin languages.MethodsYouTube was searched using the terms ‘2019 novel coronavirus’, ‘Wuhan virus’ and ‘武汉病毒’ (Mandarin for Wuhan virus) on 1st and 2nd February 2020. First 50 videos in each group were analyzed. Videos in other languages, duplicate videos, those without an audio and duration >15 min were excluded .72 videos in English and 42 in Mandarin were reviewed. 2 reviewers classified the videos as useful, misleading or news based on pre specified criterion. Inter-observer agreement was evaluated with kappa coefficient. Modified DISCERN index for reliability and medical information and content index (MICI) score were used for content analysis.ResultsThese videos attracted cumulative 21,288,856 views. 67% of English and 50% Mandarin videos had useful information. The viewership of misleading Mandarin videos was higher than the useful ones. WHO accounted for only 4% of useful videos. Mean DISCERN score for reliability was 3.12/5 and 3.25/5 for English and Mandarin videos respectively. Mean cumulative MICI score of useful videos was low (6.71/25 for English and 6.28/25 for Mandarin).ConclusionsYouTube viewership during 2019 n-CoV outbreak is higher than previous outbreaks. The medical content of videos is suboptimal International health agencies are underrepresented. Given its popularity, YouTube should be considered as important platform for information dissemination.

2876 YouTube Videos on Irritable Bowel Disease: A Qualitative Analysis of Views and Content

INTRODUCTION: IBS is a functional disorder of the GI tract. It accounts for 25-50% of all referrals to gastroenterologists in the US, ranking it as the second highest cause of work absenteeism. Patients tend to use the internet, and particularly social media sites, to learn more about their medical condition. YouTube being one of the largest search engines, has grown its popularity as a go-to health-related source of information. This study aims to evaluate the quality of material available for IBS patients. METHODS: Youtube.com main page was queried for the search term “Irritable Bowel Disease”. The resulting videos were evaluated for content, duration, source, and audience interaction: number of views, likes, and dislikes. Content was classified as useful, misleading or patient’s views/experience. Useful videos were further analyzed for content using the published DISCERN instrument with 16 questions each consists of 5-point scale for assessing the quality of health information. RESULTS: The search phrase “Irritable Bowel Disease” recaptured thousands of videos sorted by default filter of “relevance.” The top 20 videos were analyzed as these are the videos that patients were likely to view by visitor statistics. On average, videos had 5:41 minutes duration, 184892 views, 1471 likes, and 81 dislikes. 50% of videos were from health care professionals, 30% from health care organizations, 10% from individuals/patients, 5% clips from TV shows, and 5% non-professional educational groups. 60% of the videos were classified as useful. Wheres 25% were misleading, 10% were irrelevant, and 5% were patient experience. Useful videos scored an average of 2.8 out of 5 on the DISCERN scale indicating fair quality. 66% of the useful videos were from health care professionals with average DISCERN score of 2.6 out of 5. 33% were from health care organizations with an average score of 3.3 out of 5. CONCLUSION: Despite YouTube being the fastest growing shared videos website, it lacks qualitative videos about a very common disease such IBS. As one of the largest online references for many patients, healthcare organizations can utilize this platform to correct misconceptions about the disease. Although the majority of the top 20 videos were created by healthcare professionals, it is advisable to improve their content quality and given the prevalence of misleading videos, patients should exercise extra caution towards these information and verify it directly from a healthcare provider.

YouTube as a source of information in retinopathy of prematurity.

We aimed to evaluate the quality of information available on YouTube regarding the basic information, examination, diagnosis, and the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). A YouTube search was performed on https://www.youtube.com / for videos pertaining to "retinopathy of prematurity" and "ROP." The first 100 relevant videos were included in the study. Two ophthalmologist reviewers independently evaluated and classified the videos as useful or misleading. The videos were accepted as "useful," if they provide scientifically correct information about any aspect of ROP: cause, pathogenesis, symptoms, findings, treatments, procedure details of the treatment, epidemiology, and prognosis. The videos contain scientifically unproven information are defined as "misleading." Videos were also classified according to the source: surgeon/practitioner, independent user, hospital/free clinic, social media/TV, medical site, university, and advertisement. The mean duration, the mean days on YouTube, the mean comments per videos, and the mean dislikes per video were similar in useful and misleading videos. However, the mean likes per day, mean view per video, and mean view per day were significantly higher in useful videos than those of misleading videos (p = 0.004, p = 0.022, and p = 0.011, respectively). Most of the useful videos were uploaded by healthcare professionals including source from university, hospital/free clinic, and surgeon/practitioner (48/64). The videos uploaded by healthcare professionals were more useful compared to those of non-healthcare professionals (p = 0.029). YouTube could be used as an important tool for patient information in ROP. However, one third of the YouTube videos regarding ROP are misleading and may present a risk of harmful consequences. In this aspect, authoritative videos by healthcare professionals should be uploaded for dissemination of reliable information on ROP.

English-language videos on YouTube as a source of information on self-administer subcutaneous anti-tumour necrosis factor agent injections.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability, content, and quality of videos for patients available on YouTube for learning how to self-administer subcutaneous anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) injections. We searched for the terms Humira injection, Enbrel injection, Simponi injection, and Cimzia injection. Videos were categorised as useful information, misleading information, useful patient opinion, and misleading patient opinion by two physicians. Videos were rated for quality on a 5-point global quality scale (GQS; 1 = poor quality, 5 = excellent quality) and reliability and content using the 5-point DISCERN scale (higher scores represent greater reliability and more comprehensive videos). Of the 142 English videos, 24 (16.9%) videos were classified as useful information, 6 (4.2%) as misleading information, 47 (33.1%) as useful patient opinion, and 65 (45.8%) as misleading patient opinion. Useful videos were the most comprehensive and had the highest reliability and quality scores. The useful information and useful patient opinion videos had the highest numbers of views per day (median 8.32, IQR: 3.40-14.28 and 5.46, IQR: 3.06-14.44), as compared with 2.32, IQR: 1.63-6.26 for misleading information videos and 2.15, IQR: 1.17-7.43 for misleading patient opinion videos (p = 0.001). Almost all (91.5%) misleading videos were uploaded by individual users. There are a substantial number of English-language YouTube videos, with high quality, and rich content and reliability that can be sources of information on proper technique of anti-TNF self-injections. Physicians should direct patients to the reliable resources of information and educate them in online resource assessment, thereby improving treatment outcomes.

Does Interest in Smoking Affect Youth Selection of Pro-smoking Videos? A Selective Exposure Experiment.

Many pro-smoking videos on YouTube reach view counts in the hundreds of thousands and more. Yet, there is limited information on who is viewing these potentially misleading videos. This study attempts to understand the viewership of online pro-smoking videos to examine if youth at high risk for smoking are more likely to watch these videos. We conducted a selective exposure experiment with a national sample of youths (ages 15-21 years; n = 614) to identify characteristics that make individuals more likely to select pro-smoking videos. During a 10-min browsing session, participants were given a set of 16 videos (eight smoking and eight nonsmoking) and were asked to view video(s) of their choice. Exposure to videos was unobtrusively logged. View count was manipulated such that smoking videos had either high or low views. Behavioral data revealed that youth with higher interest in smoking were more likely to select and spend more time watching pro-smoking videos than youth with lower interest in smoking. The view count manipulation did not affect selection patterns. However, exposure to high view count smoking videos was associated with more positive attitudes toward smoking. The findings of this study call into question the existence and prominence of pro-smoking videos on YouTube and bring to attention the need for regulatory or monitoring efforts of such content. Given the presence and prevalence of misleading pro-smoking videos online, this is the first study to ask the practical and important question of who is viewing these videos. Using behavioral data, we are able to demonstrate that youth who are high at risk for smoking are more susceptible to select and spend more time viewing pro-smoking videos than youth who are low at risk for smoking. Findings also show that when pro-smoking videos appear to be "popular," they affect attitudes toward smoking. Our findings provide policy implications regarding regulation of smoking promotion videos online.

Is YouTube Useful as a Source of Health Information for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes? A South Asian Perspective.

To investigate the content, quality and popularity of information about type 2 diabetes available on YouTube. We searched YouTube with the terms Diabetes, Diabetes type 2, Diabetes South Asians, Diabetes Punjabi and Diabetes Hindi to identify videos concerning type 2 diabetes. A team of health-care providers independently classified the first 20 videos from each search as useful, misleading, or personal experience, rated them on a 5-point global quality scale (GQS) and categorized their content on a 26-point scale in duplicate. Useful videos were rated for reliability by using a 5-point modified DISCERN scale. Higher scores represent better quality, reliability and comprehensiveness. Of 100 videos, 71 met the inclusion criteria; 45 (63.4%) were rated as useful (median GQS, 3; interquartile range [IQR], 2 to 4); and 23 (32.4%) were deemed misleading (median GQS, 1; IQR, 1 to 2). Median reliability and content scores for useful videos were 3 (IQR, 2 to 3) and 5 (IQR, 3 to 10), respectively, and 6 videos met ≥ 4 of 5 reliability criteria. Overall, misleading videos were more popular than useful videos (median, 233 views/day; IQR, 26 to 523; vs. 8.3 views/day; IQR, 0.4 to 134.6; p<0.01). Culturally tailored videos were just as likely to be misleading and had similar GQS scores in comparison to nonculturally tailored videos (32.1% vs. 32.6% and 3 vs. 3, respectively). The quality of identified videos concerning type 2 diabetes was variable, and misleading videos were popular. Further creation and curation of high-quality video resources is required.

Dry facts are not always inviting: a content analysis of Korean videos regarding Parkinson’s disease on YouTube

This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of Korean videos regarding Parkinson’s disease (PD) on YouTube and viewers’ responses to them. YouTube search was performed using the search term “Parkinson disease” in Korean language on March 28, 2017. Two independent neurologists categorized the videos into “reliable”, “misleading” or “patient experiences”. The number of views, days since upload, video length, number of “likes” and “dislikes”, and upload source were collected for each video. A total of 138 videos were included in this study. Of these, 91 videos (65.9%) were reliable; 31 (22.5%) were misleading, and 16 (11.6%) were of patient experiences. The videos with patient experiences had the highest number of mean views with 9710.4±3686.9, followed by misleading videos with 5075.0±1198.6, and reliable videos with 2146.8±353.4 (ANOVA, p<0.001). The number of mean views per day was 4.0±0.6 for the reliable videos, which was significantly lower than the misleading videos (9.7±3.4, p=0.020) and the videos of patient experiences (11.3±4.6, p=0.023). The reliable videos were mostly uploaded by university hospitals (46.2%) and misleading videos by health-related commercial entities (74.2%). The misleading videos as well as the videos of patient experiences advocated “diet” asa treatment of PD. The current study found that only two-thirds of the Korean videos regarding PD on YouTube provide reliable information. More importantly, the videos with reliable contents were less popular than videos with misleading contents. Further efforts are warranted to effectively increase the dissemination of accurate and scientifically proven PD information to YouTube users.

Fast and Furious Palliative Care Education: Utilizing Fast Facts and Concepts to Deliver Just in Time Teaching (FR470)

Results. N1⁄4300. There were 88 videos described as ‘‘good quality’’ and 212 videos described as ‘‘misleading.’’ Videos were on YouTube for 1,006 days (mean); duration of time on YouTube did not influence video quality. 69% of the misleading videos were amateur vs. 18.2% useful videos; 81.8% of useful videos were made by professional organizations (p<0.0001). Viewership of misleading videos was considerably greater (average of 348,115) when compared to useful videos (26,293). 72.7% of useful videos were uploaded by an IO, as opposed to hospices (3.4%), universities (3.4%), and healthcare institutions (13.6%). 99% of misleading videos were uploaded by an IO. Useful videos were uploaded by an IO and professionally made, though viewership was considerably smaller for these videos than for the misleading and usually amateur-made videos. Conclusion. This study provides information available on YouTube with the search terms ‘‘grief’’ and ‘‘bereavement.’’ Though there is a massive amount of misleading videos, there is also significant information related to educational/self-help resources, spiritual guidance, and personal experiences. It was surprising to find how vast an amount of helpful information came from an IO. Implications for Research, Policy, and Practice. Given the potentially substantial audience that remains untapped, YouTube is an underutilized resource for the dissemination of information by hospices and healthcare organizations.