Miscible Oil Research Articles

Numerical study of crude oil batch mixing in a long channel

The main objective of this work is to predict the mixing of two different miscible oils in a very long channel. The background to this problem relates to the mixing of heavy and light oil in a pipeline. As a first step, a 2D channel with an aspect ratio of 250 is considered. The batch-mixing of two miscible crude oils with different viscosities and densities is modeled using an unsteady laminar model and unsteady RANS model available in the commercial CFD solver ANSYS-Fluent. For a comparison, a LES model was used for a 3D version of the 2D channel. The distinguishing feature of this work is the Lagrangian coordinate system utilized to set no-slip wall boundary conditions. The global CFD model has been validated against classical analytical solutions. Excellent agreement has been achieved. Simulations were carried out for a Reynolds number of 6300 (calculated using light oil properties) and a Schmidt number of ~10^4. The results show that, in contrast to the unsteady RANS model, the LES and unsteady laminar models produce comparable mixing dynamics for two oils in the channel. Analysis of simulations also shows that, for a channel length of 100 m and a height of 0.4 m, the complete mixing of two oils across the channel has not been achieved. We showed that the mixing zone consists of the three different mixing sub-zones, which have been identified using the averaged mass fraction of the heavy oil along the flow direction. The first sub-zone corresponds to the main front propagation area with a length of several heights of the channel. The second and third sub-zones are characterized by so-called shear-flow-driven mixing due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices occurring between oils in the axial direction. It was observed that the third sub-zone has a steeper mass fraction gradient of the heavy oil in the axial direction in comparison with the second sub-zone, which corresponds to the flow-averaged mass fraction of 0.5 for the heavy oil.

Performance Evaluation of Novel Sunflower Oil-Based Gemini Surfactant(s) with Different Spacer Lengths: Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery

A series of novel, nonionic gemini surfactants (GSs) with varying spacer lengths were synthesized from sunflower (Helianthus) oil for application in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The surfactants were characterized by 1H-NMR and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Critical micelle concentration values increased with temperature due to a delay in micellization of GS molecules in bulk phase. Hydrolytic stability studies revealed that GS solutions possess the ability to displace acidic crude oil through reservoir pores. Crude oil miscibility studies showed the formation of stable emulsion systems. Ultralow interfacial tension was achieved at the oil–aqueous interface in the presence of salt. Surfactant solutions exhibited good tolerance to varying salinity and hardness conditions. GS solutions showed favorably low lime soap dispersion requirement, indicating improved dispersing ability. GS-based foam systems showed enhanced kinetic stabilities with increasing concentration and pseudoplastic flow character that a...

Determination of CO2-Live Oil Miscibility Condition Using Vanishing Interfacial Tension Method

Determination of CO2-Live Oil Miscibility Condition Using Vanishing Interfacial Tension Method

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTED FROM SCHINUS MOLLE OF ALGERIA

The work in hand was aimed mainly to highlight the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of the essential oils and the hydrolate of the aromatic plant Schinus molle. The findings confirmed that both extracts of the studied species involve important biological actions on the tested pathogenic germs. The essential oil resulted from hydro-distillation has undergone GC/MS technique analysis. 28 components were detected representing 99.98% of the total oil. The foremost components are: 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9-hexahydro-2-methoxy-3-methyl-6-6-diispropylnaphthalene 16.03%, β-phelandrene 13.17%, α-phelandrene 12.83%, δ - cadiene 6.48%, camphene 6.04%, β-myrcene 5.20%, α-pinene 5.10%, Elemol 4.74%, α-cadinol 4.09% presenting 73.68% of the total oil. The good miscibility of the essential oil shows the opportunity to use it in cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations.

Development and characterization of clove oil nanoemulsions and self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems

This study was carried out to develop clove oil nanoformulations with reduced or no ethanol to increase the aqueous miscibility of clove oil for use in fish anesthesia. The droplets of clove oil nanoemulsion (C-NE) and self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (C-SMEDDS) were characterized using photon correlation spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope. The droplet size of C-NE containing 10–20% clove oil and 5–15% polysorbate 20 was 23–133 nm, whereas that of C-SMEDDS composed of 10% clove oil and 90% polysorbate 20 or 10% clove oil and 60% polysorbate 20 and 30% ethanol or isopropanol was 11–44 nm. The droplets were roughly spherical. After stored for 90 days, at 4 °C, most C-NE and C-SMEDDS showed no change in appearance and droplet size. Low degradation rate of eugenol, a major compound of clove oil, was found at this temperature. Anesthesia induction times of C-NE composed of 10–20% clove oil and 5–10% polysorbate 20, and C-SMEDDS composed of 60% polysorbate 20 and 30% co-solvent in goldfish were 4.0 ± 0.6 min and 3.8 ± 0.9 min, respectively, significantly shorter than that of clove oil ethanolic solution (5.0 ± 0.9 min), but there was no significant difference in the recovery time.

PH-Responsive Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Copolymer Decorated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Remotely Controlled Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Separation.

A smart and recyclable oil absorber based on pH-responsive block copolymer modified magnetic nanoparticles is constructed for effective separation of oil-in-water emulsions. Superparamagnetic iron(III) oxide (Fe3 O4 ) nanoparticles are designed as the core materials for providing the separation force, and surface modification with poly(4-vinylpyridine-b-dimethyl siloxane-b-4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP-PDMS-P4VP) block copolymer is performed to supply switchable oil wettability. The mean hydrodynamic radius of the nanoparticles increases from 43.8 ± 3.6 to 75.2 ± 5.3 nm when the neutral pH is reduced to 3, due to the protonation and subsequent swelling of P4VP segments at lower pH. The nanoparticles show excellent separation performance and can absorb octadecene up to 78.2 times of their own weight, simply by switching the pH of the oil-in-water emulsion treated with the nanoparticles and using a magnetic field. The different dipole of P4VP-PDMS-P4VP and protonated P4VP-PDMS-P4VP, as confirmed by density functional theory calculations, is responsible for the different oil miscibility and wettability of the nanoparticles.

Isotope tracing study on hydrogen donating capability of supercritical water assisted by formic acid to upgrade heavy oil: Computer simulation vs. experiment

Due to the increasing attention of the experts working in refineries on innovative techniques for heavy oil upgrading, the current research is focused on in-situ upgrading of heavy oil in supercritical water (SCW) assisted by formic acid. In dry condition, formic acid (FA) decomposes by two parallel paths, namely decarboxylation (HCOOH → H2 + CO2) and dehydration (HCOOH → CO + H2O) to produce hydrogen and carbon mono oxide, respectively. Water-gas shift (WGS) reaction which is taken place by SCW and carbon monoxide provides active hydrogen (AH) as a more favorable hydrogen source for upgrading heavy oil in SC condition. In the current study, first, thermodynamic simulation of FA decomposition in SCW was studied to evaluate the contribution of hydrogen from water in Aspen suite environment by performing sensitivity analysis. Here, the effects of operational parameters (temperature, pressure, FA to water ratio) were studied on the above-mentioned reaction. The simulation results as well as experimental data show that the increase of FA to water ratio (FA/W) enhances the contribution of dehydration path, which means that SC works better as a precursor of hydrogen due to the higher concentrations of CO at SC condition. In order to specify the portion of hydrogen from WGS and decarboxylation reaction, the isotope labeling technique was applied by replacing ordinary water (H2O) with heavy water (D2O) in SC condition in the presence of heavy oil and FA. After combining the experimental data and Hansen solubility parameter of water (δH), it was revealed that temperature has dual effects which can influence on coking reaction by physical and chemical reaction. It means that an increasing in temperature can suppress the coke formation due to better miscibility of oil with water, while at an extreme temperature condition (500 °C), the dominant condensations of polycyclic aromatics are conspicuous; consequently the rate of coking is enhanced. High pressures (∼45 MPa) also lead to the more coking reaction through the influence on the phase behavior of oil-water (δH and AH%) in which asphaltene conversion path is converted to coke rather than light products. Accordingly, T = 450 °C and Pw = 27 MPa were proposed respectively as an appropriate temperature and pressure for heavy oil upgrading in supercritical water assisted by FA to cause less coke and produce more light liquid products.

Assessment of miscible light-hydrocarbon-injection recovery efficiency in Bakken shale formation using wireline-log-derived indices

High original oil-in-place estimates accompanied by low primary recovery potential of organic-rich shale formations make them suitable candidates for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects. The organic-rich shale formation under investigation in this paper is the Bakken shale formation that exhibits significant variations in lithology, rock texture, clay content, porosity, and total organic carbon (TOC). Three wireline-log-derived EOR-efficiency indices are generated across the 200-feet-thick Upper, Middle, and Lower Bakken formations to identify flow units suitable for EOR using light, miscible hydrocarbon injection.R-index is one of the three EOR-efficiency indices. R-index is calculated using kerogen content, water saturation, permeability, principal pore throat diameter, and porosity. Microscopic Displacement (MD) Index computes the microscopic displacement efficiency for the miscible gas injection. An important step in computing MD-index is to decompose NMR T2 distribution at each depth using factor analysis to compute the free oil, movable water, and bound fluid volumes. Moreover, the MD-index accounts for the effect of pore confinement on miscible oil volume and the effect kerogen content on the displacement efficiency. MD-index relies on a novel method to calculate the miscible free-oil volume from subsurface NMR T2-distribution logs. Lastly, k-means clustering method was used to generate the third index, referred as the KC-index, which is in the form of a step-wise curve. KC-index partitions the entire formation into four groups, representing miscible-gas-injection recovery potentials at discrete levels. The method uses water saturation, porosity, permeability, bound fluid volume, and principal pore throat diameter derived from various logs.The proposed log-derived EOR-efficiency indices generate consistent predictions of miscible light-hydrocarbon injection performance in the Bakken shale formation at various resolutions. Indices indicate that several formation zones in the middle section of the formation will have much higher recovery potential in comparison to the upper and lower sections of the formation. At a resolution of 1-foot depth interval, several flow units were successfully identified in the middle section that exhibit high miscible-gas-injection recovery potential.

Enhanced Oil Recovery in Liquid–Rich Shale Reservoirs: Laboratory to Field

Summary Production of tight oil from shale reservoirs in North America reduces oil imports and has better economics than natural gas. Currently, there is a strong interest in oil production from Bakken, Eagle Ford, Niobrara, and other tight formations. However, oil-recovery fraction for Bakken remains low, which is approximately 4–6% of the oil in place. Even with this low oil-recovery fraction, a recent United States Geological Survey study stated that the Bakken and Three Forks recoverable reserves are estimated to be 7.4 billion bbl; thus, a large volume of oil will remain unrecovered, which was the motivation to investigate the feasibility of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in liquid-rich shale reservoirs such as Bakken. In this paper, we will present both laboratory and numerical modeling of EOR in Bakken cores by use of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane/ethane-solvent mixture (C1/C2), and nitrogen (N2). The laboratory experiments were conducted at the Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC). The experiments recovered 90+% oil from several Middle Bakken cores and nearly 40% from Lower Bakken cores. To decipher the oil-recovery mechanisms in the experiments, a numerical compositional model was constructed to match laboratory-oil-recovery results. We concluded that solvent injection mobilizes matrix oil by miscible mixing and solvent extraction in a narrow region near the fracture/matrix interface, thus promoting countercurrent flow of oil from the matrix instead of oil displacement through the matrix. Specifically, compositional-modeling results indicate that the main oil-recovery mechanism is miscible oil extraction at the matrix/fracture interface region. However, the controlling factors include repressurization, oil swelling, viscosity and interfacial-tension (IFT) reduction, diffusion/advection mass transfer, and wettability alteration. We scaled up laboratory results to field applications by means of a compositional numerical model. For field applications, we resorted to the huff ’n’ puff protocol to assess the EOR potential for a North Dakota Middle Bakken well. We concluded that long soak times yield only a small amount of additional oil compared with short soak times, and reinjecting wet gas, composed of C1, C2, C3, and C4+, produces nearly as much oil as CO2 injection.

Property and Recyclability Change of Corrosion-Inhibition-Improved Amine-Free Water-Soluble Cutting Fluid with Repeated Recycling

Cutting fluid is commonly used during metal cutting process for cooling and lubrication. Fluid types are generally classified into mineral or fatty oils and water miscible oils. In Japan, the former is called water-insoluble coolants, and the latter is called water-soluble coolants. Water-insoluble coolants are specified as dangerous material by the Japanese law due to its flammability. Therefore, the water-insoluble coolants are not appropriate for unmanned operation of machine tools. Therefore, the usage rate of water-soluble coolants is increasing. Water soluble coolants are diluted with a water by several ten times. The waste management of the water-soluble coolant become important for environment-conscious green manufacturing. We have been developing a recycling system for water-soluble coolants. In the recycle system, water is extracted from the waste coolant and the water is then reutilized as a diluent of a new coolant. We have developed various types of chemical or bio-chemical water recovery methods for recycling systems. We found a commercially available amine-free water-soluble coolant is suitable for the recycling system. The processing time, processing cost, and the biochemical and chemical oxygen demand of the extracted water are improved by the amine-free water soluble coolant compared with a conventional amine-containing coolant. However, its corrosion inhibition performance was poor in general machining applications. Our cooperative company developed a prototype of a corrosion-inhibition-improved amine-free water-soluble cutting coolant. The prototype coolant showed a good stability and cooling and lubricating performances, and its recyclability was as good as that of conventional amine-free coolants. In this study, we focused on repeated recycling of the prototype coolant. We repeatedly applied the water recycling process to the recycled coolant. The recyclability of the prototype coolant was not affected by repeated recycling; however, process residues increased with the number of recycles, and a deterioration was noticed in the corrosion-inhibition performance of the coolant diluted with recycled water.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DARI DESAIN MIKROEMULSI MINYAK ATSIRI KAYU MANIS

<span class="fontstyle0">This research focused on the study of the capability of cinnamon essential oil as antibacterial<br />agent, when it is made as a microemulsion solution. The study occupied further research on<br />specific type, concentration, and amount of emulsifier needed to make the cinnamon essential<br />oil miscible in water without causing destruction in its antibacterial activity. Four different<br />emulsifiers were tested, namely Tween 20, Tween 80, soya lechitin, and carboxymethyl cellulose<br />(CMC) to stabilize the essential oil in water. The emulsifiers were used at 2% w/w, while the<br />essential oil concentrations were varied at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. In this study, the antibacterial<br />activity of the microemulsion solution of cinnamon essential oil was tested against two types of<br />pathogenic bacteria commonly found in foods, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia<br />coli. Among the four types of emulsifiers, which are used, CMC showed the best results as an<br />emulsifier. The results of this study indicated that microemulsion solution has antibacterial<br />activity best is a combination between the CMC and the essential oil of cinnamon</span>

Nanoemulsion: A suitable nanodelivery system of clove oil for anesthetizing Nile tilapia.

Clove oil ethanolic solution (CL-EtOH) have always been used for fish anesthesia. However, ethanol causes major side effect of fish hypersensivity. In this study, clove oil loaded nanoemulsion (CLN) was developed in order to enhance water miscibility of clove oil without using ethanol in the preparations. The obtained CLN was characterized in terms of droplet size, size distribution expressed as polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. The anesthetic effect of CLN in comparison with CL-EtOH on Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) was investigated. The results showed that the best CLN was composed of 20% w/w clove oil and 15% w/w polysorbate 20. This CLN has internal droplet size of 63.2 ± 1.0 nm, PDI of 0.31 ± 0.04, and zeta potential of - 30.3 ± 8.1 mV. GC-MS analysis indicated that eugenol was the main compound in clove oil. It was found that the induction time to anesthesia for Nile tilapia that received this CLN was shorter than that received CL-EtOH at the same eugenol concentration. The results of this study showed the potential of nanoemulsion on water miscible and efficacy enhancing of clove oil without using ethanol. The obtained CLN from this study is a promising formulation for fish aquaculture where fish sedation is required.

Quantitative characterization of shale oil in different occurrence states and its application

Crude oils in shale systems exist in different modes, where only free oil could be a potential contributor to shale oil production. However, there is a general lack of analytical methods for quantitative characterization of free and adsorbed oils in organic-rich shale, and little is known of the interrelationships among different states of oils and porous media in shale. A modified Rock-Eval and pyrolysis-gas chromatographic method was established to quantify different modes of shale oil occurrence in various geological samples. In combination with solvent extraction, this technique was applied to analyze continuous shale core samples collected from exploration wells in the Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. The results showed a positive correlation between adsorbed oil content and total organic carbon abundance, and a pronounced decrease in the kerogen miscible oil content with increasing thermal maturity. On the other hand, the free/adsorbed oil ratio decreases with increasing TOC in a shale system, suggesting that free oil is associated mainly with inorganic mineral matrix and/or fractures. The study provides a rapid technique for the characterization of shale oil occurrence and the quantitative evaluation of shale oil resources.

Controlling drug release from non-aqueous environments: Moderating delivery from ocular silicone oil drug reservoirs to combat proliferative vitreoretinopathy

In a number of cases of retinal detachment, treatment may require the removal of the vitreous humour within the eye and replacement with silicone oil to aid healing of the retina. The insertion of silicone oil offers the opportunity to also deliver drugs to the inside of the eye; however, drug solubility in silicone oil is poor and release from this hydrophobic drug reservoir is not readily controlled. Here, we have designed a range of statistical graft copolymers that incorporate dimethylsiloxane and ethylene glycol repeat units within the side chains, allowing short chains of oligo(ethylene glycol) to be solubilised within silicone oil and provide hydrogen bond acceptor sites to interact with acid functional drug molecules. Our hypothesis included the potential for such interactions to be able to delay/control drug release and for polymer architecture and composition to play a role in the silicone oil miscibility of the targeted polymers. This strategy has been successfully demonstrated using both ibuprofen and all-trans retinoic acid; drugs with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferation activity. After the copolymers were shown to be non-toxic to retinal pigment epithelial cells, studies of drug release using radiochemical approaches showed that the presence of 10v/v% of a linear graft copolymer could extend ibuprofen release over three-fold (from 3days to >9days) whilst the release of all-trans retinoic from the silicone oil phase was extended to >72days. These timescales are highly clinically relevant showing the potential to tune drug delivery during the healing process and offer an efficient means to improve patient outcomes.

Extraction of crude oil from petrochemical sludge: Characterization of products using thermogravimetric analysis

In this study, solvent extraction was used to recover oil from petrochemical sludge. Three solvents were chosen to mix with petrochemical sludge to ensure adequate miscibility of crude oil in solvent under an appropriate condition. The petrochemical sludge, crude oil sample and residual petrochemical sludge were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The experiments were performed at three different heating rates (10, 20, 30°C/min) under nitrogen atmosphere. The aim of the study was to recover and evaluate crude oil from petrochemical sludge and assess the commercial potential of recycling the crude oil. Experimental results showed that the common temperature range of weight loss of the crude oil sample was about 200–550°C. The residual petrochemical sludge still remained the partial characteristics of petrochemical sludge, which demonstrated that the residual petrochemical sludge still had the value of exploiting and utilizing for further research.

Repartition of oil miscible and water soluble UV filters in an applied sunscreen film determined by confocal Raman microspectroscopy.

Photoprotection provided by topical sunscreens is expressed by the sun protection factor (SPF) which depends primarily on the UV filters contained in the product and the applied sunscreen amount. Recently, the vehicle was shown to significantly impact film thickness distribution of an applied sunscreen and sunscreen efficacy. In the present work, repartition of the UV filters within the sunscreen film upon application is investigated for its role to affect sun protection efficacy. The spatial repartition of an oil-miscible and a water-soluble UV filter within the sunscreen film was studied using confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Epidermis of pig ear skin was used as substrate for application of three different sunscreen formulations, an oil-in-water emulsion, a water-in-oil emulsion, and a clear lipo-alcoholic spray (CAS) and SPF in vitro was measured. Considerable differences in the repartition of the UV filters upon application and evaporation of volatile ingredients were found between the tested formulations. A nearly continuous phase of lipid-miscible UV filter was formed only for the WO formulation with dispersed aggregates of water-soluble UV filter. OW emulsion and CAS exhibited interspersed patches of the two UV filters, whereas the segregated UV filter domains of the latter formulation were by comparison of a much larger scale and spanned the entire thickness of the sunscreen film. CAS therefore differed markedly from the other two formulations with respect to filter repartition. This difference should be reflected in SPF when the absorption spectra of the employed UV filters are not the same. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy was shown to be a powerful technique for studying this mechanism of sun protection performance of sunscreens.

Working fluid charge reduction, part 1: CO2 fin-tube evaporator designed for light commercial appliances utilizing flow pattern based phenomenological prediction models

The present study focused on improving the thermal performance of CO2 evaporators while reducing their volume and thus significantly reducing the working fluid charge. To achieve this, the leading two-phase flow pattern and physically-based prediction models for flow boiling of CO2 and void fraction were selected from the literature, together with the leading air-side flow and heat transfer methods, and finally those for modelling oil effects on CO2 flow boiling. The effects of tube size, shape and wettability for significant performance improvements, miscible oil concentration, etc., were addressed while staying within the beverage industry's fabrication and operational limits. Compared to an actual existing design, the volume and refrigerant charge of the CO2 evaporator were reduced by 50% and 58.7%, respectively. The adverse influence of oil was found to reduce the mean CO2 side heat transfer coefficient and to increase the CO2 pressure drop by up to 11% and 94%.

Working fluid charge reduction. Part II: Supercritical CO2 gas cooler designed for light commercial appliances

The present study focused on the thermal hydraulic performance improvement of a CO2 gas cooler with the principal goal of reducing its volume, and consequently the necessary charge of the working fluid. To achieve this compactness, the leading methods for supercritical CO2 cooling (including oil effects) were taken from the literature and programmed into a very detailed simulation code, together with the leading air-side flow and heat transfer methods. The effects of tube size, volumetric flow of air, type of air-side fin, miscible oil concentration, etc. were addressed. Compared to an existing design, the volume and refrigerant charge of the CO2 gas cooler were reduced by at least 14%. The simulations with oil showed that there was up to 6% adverse influence on the size of the gas cooler and its CO2 side pressure drop increased up to 2.65 times when oil concentrations of up to 3% were considered.

Efficient dispersion of crude oil by blends of food-grade surfactants: Toward greener oil-spill treatments

Effectiveness of oil spill dispersants containing lecithin/Tween 80 (L/T) blends in ethanol was measured as a function of L:T ratio, surfactant:solvent ratio, solvent composition, and dispersant:oil ratio (DOR) using baffled flask dispersion effectiveness tests. Optimal L:T ratios are between 60:40 and 80:20 (w/w); at higher L:T ratios, effectiveness is limited by high interfacial tension, while at lower L:T ratios, insufficient lecithin is present to form a well-packed monolayer at an oil–water interface. These optimal L:T ratios retain high effectiveness at low DOR: 80:20 (w/w) L:T dispersant is 89% effective at 1:25 DOR (v/v) and 77% effective at 1:100 DOR (v/v). Increasing surfactant:solvent ratio increases dispersant effectiveness even when DOR is proportionally reduced to keep total surfactant concentration dosed into the oil constant. Replacing some of the ethanol with octane or octanol also increases dispersant effectiveness, suggesting that ethanol's hydrophilicity lowers dispersant–oil miscibility, and that more hydrophobic solvents would increase effectiveness.

Improved Method for Calculating Minimum Miscibility Pressure for Gas Flooding

Minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is a key parameter determining the feasibility of complete miscibility of oil and gas. Using a slim-tube model, we have experimentally established the MMP for gas and six oil samples. We propose an improved mathematical model for determining the MMP, designed using 97 groups of MMP data for hydrocarbons (18 groups for lean-gas flooding and 79 groups for rich-gas flooding). The model obtained is universal and is a function of the reservoir temperature, the average molecular weight of the C 7+ oil fraction, and the mole fraction of volatile components (CH 4 and N 2 ) and intermediate components (CO 2 , H 2 S, C 2 –C 6 ) in the crude oil and in the injected gas. We compare our proposed model with widely used empirical models, showing considerable convergence between the experimental data and the calculations; the percentage average absolute relative error (%AARE) is 7.11%.