Miscibility Behavior Research Articles

Comparative study on aqueous acid free UO2 dissolution-extraction using DHOA adduct into room temperature ionic liquid/supercritical carbon dioxide/n-hexane

Abstract Feasibility was established for direct dissolution-extraction of uranium employing adduct of N,N-dihexyl octanamide (DHOA), thus eliminating discrete aqueous phase and free acid usage. Various aspects of dissolution of solid uranium dioxide and extraction of uranium into molecular diluent viz. n-hexane and neoteric solvents viz. room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) were studied. The organic adduct was found to have composition DHOA.(HNO3)0.78(H2O)0.4. Adduct miscibility and UO2 dissolution behavior was markedly different for RTIL and n-hexane. The dissolution process, studied by monitoring UV–Vis spectra, was found to be pseudo first order with a rate constant of of 0.074 min−1 and 0.036 min−1 for n-hexane and RTIL respectively. Irrespective of medium, dissolution-extraction efficiency of ≥90% was achievable. Using RTIL for dissolution-extraction medium and SC CO2 for stripping is promising in terms of overall efficiency as well as RTIL recovery by avoiding aqueous cross contamination.

Correlationship of Drug-Polymer Miscibility, Molecular Relaxation and Phase Behavior of Dipyridamole Amorphous Solid Dispersions.

In present work, a correlationship among quantitative drug-polymer miscibility, molecular relaxation and phase behavior of the dipyridamole (DPD) amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), prepared with co-povidone (CP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMC P) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMC AS) has been investigated. Miscibility predicted using melting point depression approach for DPD with CP, HPMC P and HPMC AS at 25°C was 0.93% w/w, 0.55% w/w and 0.40% w/w, respectively. Stretched relaxation time (τβ) for DPD ASDs, measured using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) at common degree of undercooling, was in the order of DPD- CP>DPD-HPMC P>DPD-HPMC AS ASDs. Phase behavior of 12 months aged (25±5°C and 0% RH) spray dried 60% w/w ASDs was tracked using MDSC. Initial ASD samples had homogeneous phase revealed by single glass transition temperature (Tg) in the MDSC. MDSC study of aged ASDs revealed single-phase DPD-CP ASD, amorphous-amorphous and amorphous-crystalline phase separated DPD-HPMC P and DPD-HPMC AS ASDs, respectively. The results were supported by X-ray micro computed tomography and confocal laser scanning microscopy studies. This study demonstrated a profound influence of drug-polymer miscibility on molecular mobility and phase behavior of ASDs. This knowledge can help in designing "physical stable" ASDs.

Theoretically predicting the feasibility of highly-fluorinated ethers as promising diluents for non-flammable concentrated electrolytes

The practical application of nonflammable highly salt-concentrated (HC) electrolyte is strongly desired for safe Li-ion batteries. Not only experimentalists but also theoreticians are extensively focusing on the dilution approach to address the limitations of HC electrolyte such as low ionic conductivity and high viscosity. This study suggests promising highly-fluorinated ethers to dilute the HC electrolyte based on non-flammable trimethyl phosphate (TMP) solvent. According to the quantum mechanical and molecular dynamics calculations, the fluorinated ether diluents showed a miscibility behavior in HC TMP-based electrolyte. While such miscibility behavior of the diluent with TMP solvent has been significantly enhanced by increasing its degree of fluorination, i.e., the “fluorous effect”, it is remarkable that the self-diffusion constant of Li+ and the ionic conductivity should be significantly improved by dilution with bis(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro ethyl) ether (B2E) and bis(pentafluoro ethyl) ether (BPE) compared to other common hydrofluoroether diluents. In addition, the fluorinated-ether diluents have high ability to form a localized-concentrated electrolyte in HC TMP-based solution, leading to high expectation for the formation of a stable and a compact inorganic SEI film.

Equilibrium solubility of kojic acid in four binary solvents: Determination, model evaluation, Hansen solubility parameter, thermodynamic properties and quantum chemical calculations

Using the laser monitoring method, the solubility of kojic acid (KA) in the four binary solvents {[(N, N-dimethylformamide) DMF, (N, N-dimethylacetamide) DMAC, (dimethyl sulfoxide) DMSO and (N-methylpyrrolidone) NMP] + ethyl acetate} was measured at various temperatures. The results revealed that the experimental solubility values of KA have positive correlations with mass fraction of co-solvents and temperature in investigated four binary solvents. The solubility order of KA with mass fraction of co-solvents being w1 = 0.2000, 0.4000 and 0.6000 is: DMSO + ethyl acetate > NMP + ethyl acetate > DMAC+ ethyl acetate > DMF + ethyl acetate, respectively. However, in DMAC (w1 = 0.8005) + ethyl acetate, the solubility values of KA overtook that in NMP (w1 = 0.8004) + ethyl acetate at the higher temperature. The miscibility behaviors of KA with tested four binary solvents was revealed by the Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs). According to the calculated interaction energy, KA can be more easily dissolved in the solvent which has larger interaction energy with KA. Additionally, the measurement solubility data was mathematically correlated by the NRTL, Three-Suffix Margules, UNIQUAC models and Apelblat equation. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔdisGo, ΔdisHo, ΔdisSo, ζH, ζTS) of KA dissolution processes in investigated four binary solvents were evaluated utilizing the van't Hoff equation. The positive ΔdisHo and ΔdisSo, indicate that the dissolution processes of KA are endothermic and entropy-driven in all chosen binary solvents. And the main contributor of ΔdisGo is positive enthalpy.

Aggregation behavior of solubilized meat - Potato protein mixtures

Knowledge on the mixing behavior of meat and plant proteins is of importance for the manufacture of so-called hybrid products, a product category that is becoming of interest to food manufacturers. The aim of this study was to assess the pH-dependent miscibility and aggregation behavior in combinations of solubilized pork meat and potato tuber proteins. Analysis on their individual pH-dependent surface charge and size were followed by a visual and microscopic evaluation of their mixtures. Image analysis was used to obtain separation indices, aggregate areas, and aggregate aspect ratios and FTIR spectra were recorded to obtain insights into secondary structural elements. Net zero charge transition points differed, with a higher value for potato (pH 6.8) compared to meat proteins (pH 5.7). In mixtures, homogeneous solutions (pH 5.8 and 7.0) abruptly changed to phase-separated ones at low (pH 3) to medium (pH 5.5) pH. Here, anisotropic, clustered aggregates at high meat protein contents were exchanged for smaller, irregularly-shaped and sized microstructures at low ones and image analysis suggested a perturbing effect of potato on meat proteins to associate and form fibrous aggregates. The isoelectric point of salt-soluble meat proteins (pH ~ 5.5) was described as defining boundary value for co-solubility or interaction in between individual meat and meat and potato proteins. FTIR results confirmed alterations as a function of mixing ratio and pH. Results indicate that significant textural changes can be expected to occur in hybrid matrices, with plant proteins impeding the structural-self-association of meat proteins.

Dynamics and miscible behaviors of hydrocarbon gas and crude oil in nanoslits: Effects of light gas type and crude oil components

It is of importance to uncovering miscible behavior of hydrocarbon gas and crude oil in nanoslits for enhanced oil recovery. The comprehensive MD simulations are performed to investigate the miscible process of different hydrocarbon gas and crude oil in nanoslits under reservoir conditions. For the first time, absolute solubility of crude oil is calculated to estimate its miscibility with gas phase. The simulation results manifest that a longer chain length of hydrocarbon gas could help to increase its miscibility with crude oil due to the increasing interaction strength between them. Additionally, the miscibility of hydrocarbon gas and crude oil is reduced due to the increasing polarity of crude oil. Because the larger polarity could strengthen the interactions between crude oil and rock surface and then correspondingly reduce its solubility of crude oil in hydrocarbon gas. This investigation introduces a novel method to evaluate of miscibility of fluids in naoslits and contributes to more general applications of hydrocarbon flooding in reservoirs.

Effect of Poly (vinyl methyl ether) on the Miscibility, Crystallization and Rheology of Poly(L-lactide)/Poly (methyl methacrylate) Blends

The effect of poly (vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) on the miscibility, crystallization and rheological behavior of a 50/50 poly(L-lactide) (PLLA)/poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend was investigated. The PLLA/PMMA blend, with compositional symmetry, was immiscible at room temperature when prepared by solution casting. However, it became miscible when heated to a high temperature, indicating an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior. With the addition of PVME, whose glass transition temperature was much lower than those of PMMA and PLLA, the thermodynamic miscibility was improved for the PLLA/PMMA/PVME blend, all components being miscible at a low temperature. The crystallization kinetics of the blends was studied by observing the PLLA spherulite growth with annealing time at 100 °C via polarized optical microscopy; the addition of PVME accelerated the crystallization kinetics of the PLLA. Rheological sweep results confirmed this conclusion. The reason for this acceleration effect on the crystallization was explored by etching the PVME in the PLLA/PMMA/PVME blends. The participation of PVME in the crystallization of PLLA played a crucial role in the crystallization process.

Advance application of Raman spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of noncrystalline components in thin films of poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(butadiene) blends

AbstractA quantitative analysis method for the distribution of noncrystalline poly(butadiene) component in poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(butadiene) (PCL/PB) binary blends have been analyzed by advance application of Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Thin films of different compositions of PCL/PB binary blends were prepared from solution and isothermally crystallized at a certain temperature. After calibration with real data, quantitative analyses by Raman spectroscopy revealed the amorphous PB are trapped inside the PCL crystals. Polarized optical microscopy and real time atomic force microscopy were used to collect data for the crystal morphology and crystal growth rate. For pure PCL crystals, a morphology of truncated lozenge shape was observed, independent of crystallization temperature and regardless of the blends compositions. For the pure PCL and their blends, almost unique crystal growth rate was found. The miscibility behaviors using DSC were drawn through melting point depression method. The Hoffman‐Weeks extrapolations of the blends were found to be linear and identical with those of the neat PCL. The interaction parameter for the blends indicating that the PCL and PB blends have no intermolecular interaction, confirming the blends are immiscible. Despite the immiscibility of the blend, the PCL crystals do not bend during the growth process and do not reduce the growth rate as they do for miscible blend systems.

Solubility measurement, solubility behavior analysis and thermodynamic modelling of melatonin in twelve pure solvents from 278.15 K to 323.15 K

Solubility of melatonin in twelve mono-solvents including seven alcohols {methanol (MT), ethanol (ET), n-propanol (n-PrA), n-butanol (n-BT), i-butanol (i-BT), n-pentanol (n-PT) and n-hexanol (n-HeA)} and five esters {methyl acetate (MeAC), ethyl acetate (EtAC), n-propyl acetate (n-PrAC), n-butyl acetate (n-BtAC) and n-pentyl acetate (n-PtAC)} was determined by laser monitoring approach from 278.15 K to 323.15 K under 0.1 MPa. The experimental results indicate that the mole solubility of melatonin shows a positive relation with temperature variation. The solubility of melatonin in the twelve pure solvents at 298.15 K has order: MT (0.03570) > ET (0.02536) > n-PrA (0.01965) > n-BT (0.01524) > n-PT (0.01450) > i-BT (0.01267) > n-HeA (0.01136) > MeAC (0.008498) > EtAC (0.006587) > n-PrAC (0.004280) > n-BtAC (0.003410) > n-PtAC (0.02990). Moreover, the miscibility behavior of melatonin was further analyzed by the Hansen solubility parameter (HSP). The solvent effect of melatonin in tested pure solvents was investigated by using the KAT-LSER model. The four thermodynamic models including two-Suffix Margules, NRTL, NRTL-SAC and UNIQUAC models were applied to correlate the experimental solubility data of melatonin. Furthermore, the dissolution thermodynamic properties including the apparent standard dissolution enthalpy (ΔdisHo), the apparent standard dissolution entropy (ΔdisSo) and the apparent standard Gibbs energy change (ΔdisGo) of melatonin in investigated solvents were calculated by van't Hoff equation.

Unravelling the Miscibility of Poly(2-oxazoline)s: A Novel Polymer Class for the Formulation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions.

Water-soluble polymers are still the most popular carrier for the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). The advantage of this type of carrier is the fast drug release upon dissolution of the water-soluble polymer and thus the initial high degree of supersaturation of the poorly soluble drug. Nevertheless, the risk for precipitation due to fast drug release is a phenomenon that is frequently observed. In this work, we present an alternative carrier system for ASDs where a water-soluble and water-insoluble carrier are combined to delay the drug release and thus prevent this onset of precipitation. Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s were selected as a polymer platform since the solution properties of this polymer class depend on the length of the alkyl sidechain. Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) behaves as a water-soluble polymer at body temperature, while poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (PPrOx) and poly(2-sec-butyl-2-oxazoline) (PsecBuOx) are insoluble at body temperature. Since little was known about the polymer’s miscibility behaviour and especially on how the presence of a poorly-water soluble drug impacted their miscibility, a preformulation study was performed. Formulations were investigated with X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PEtOx/PPrOx appeared to form an immiscible blend based on DSC and this was even more pronounced after heating. The six drugs that were tested in this work did not show any preference for one of the two phases. PEtOx/PsecBuOx on the other hand appeared to be miscible forming a homogeneous blend between the two polymers and the drugs.

Demonstration of X-ray Thomson scattering as diagnostics for miscibility in warm dense matter

The gas and ice giants in our solar system can be seen as a natural laboratory for the physics of highly compressed matter at temperatures up to thousands of kelvins. In turn, our understanding of their structure and evolution depends critically on our ability to model such matter. One key aspect is the miscibility of the elements in their interiors. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of X-ray Thomson scattering to quantify the degree of species separation in a 1:1 carbon–hydrogen mixture at a pressure of ~150 GPa and a temperature of ~5000 K. Our measurements provide absolute values of the structure factor that encodes the microscopic arrangement of the particles. From these data, we find a lower limit of 2{4}_{-7}^{+6}% of the carbon atoms forming isolated carbon clusters. In principle, this procedure can be employed for investigating the miscibility behaviour of any binary mixture at the high-pressure environment of planetary interiors, in particular, for non-crystalline samples where it is difficult to obtain conclusive results from X-ray diffraction. Moreover, this method will enable unprecedented measurements of mixing/demixing kinetics in dense plasma environments, e.g., induced by chemistry or hydrodynamic instabilities.

Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium Data Correlation Using NRTL Model for Different Types of Binary Systems: Upper Critical Solution Temperature, Lower Critical Solution Temperature, and Closed Miscibility Loops

In this work, liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data at different temperatures have been correlated for 30 binary systems that presented different miscibility behaviors: 15 upper critical solution te...

COSMO-RS predicted 1-octanol/water partition coefficient as useful ion descriptor for predicting phase behavior of aqueous solutions of ionic liquids

Abstract 1-Octanol/water partition coefficients (log P) of 450 cations and 132 anions composing ionic liquids (ILs) were estimated with the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS). For each cation-anion combination mixed with water, the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) compositions at T = 308.15 K and T = 373.15 K were calculated using COSMO-RS. An influence of cation and anion hydrophobicity (measured by log P) on the phase behavior of the {IL + water} mixture. Distinct domains of log P values corresponding to miscible, immiscible and partial solubility behavior, were observed, in particular those with upper and lower critical solution temperature (UCST/LCST). 18 ILs were chosen from different regions of the resulting plot. The ILs were synthesized and their LLE with water has been measured. The predicted phase behavior is in good agreement with the observed data as well as with the literature data in general. The proposed method is simple and allows for rapid and straightforward evaluation of the phase behavior of {IL + water} systems.

Employing a Narrow-Band-Gap Mediator in Ternary Solar Cells for Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance.

Ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) provide a convenient and effective means to further improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of binary ones via composition control. However, the role of the third component remains to be explored in specific binary systems. Herein, we report ternary blend solar cells by adding the narrow-band-gap donor PCE10 as the mediator into the PBDB-T:IDTT-T binary blend system. The extended absorption, efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer, enhanced charge dissociation, and induced tighter molecular packing of the ternary blend films enhance the photovoltaic properties of devices and deliver a champion PCE of 10.73% with an impressively high open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.03 V. Good miscibility and similar molecular packing behavior of the components guarantee the desired morphology in the ternary blend films, leading to solar cell devices with over 10% PCEs at a range of compositions. Our results suggest that ternary systems with properly aligned energy levels and overlapping absorption among the components hold great promises to further enhance the performance of corresponding binary ones.

Possibility of non-Fickian mixing at concentration interface between stratified suspensions

HypothesisRelative motion of micro-sized particles suspended in liquid is governed by hydrodynamic effect, in contrast to nano-sized particle suspension in which thermal effect is significant. As a result, the mixing behavior of stratified suspensions with micro-sized particles is totally different from those obeying Fick's diffusion law for nano-sized particles. Such a “non-Fickian” mixing of micro-sized particles is determined not only by the concentration difference but also the physical properties of suspensions. ExperimentsWe conducted an experimental study of gravitational settling of stratified suspensions of micro-sized particles with concentration gradients opposed to gravity. We also performed point-force-type numerical simulations under the same conditions as those in the experiment. Particularly, we focused on the relative motion of particles near the concentration interface, which is an apparent interface between the upper and the lower suspensions having different concentrations. FindingsThe experimental and numerical results indicate that, if the number density of particles in suspension is sufficient, the concentration interface seemingly behaves immiscibly and the interface prevents particle mixing. However, a small number of particles cannot maintain the seal of the concentration interface then demonstrates miscible behavior. The mixing mechanism of the suspended particles at the concentration interface is strongly related to the miscible and immiscible characteristics of the interface.

Polymorphism and crystallization in poly(vinylidene fluoride)/ poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)–block–poly(dimethylsiloxane)–block–poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) blends

AbstractThe miscibility, crystallization kinetics and crystalline morphology of a new system of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐block‐poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PVDF/PCL‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PCL) triblock copolymer were investigated by a variety of techniques. The miscibility and phase behaviour of PVDF/PCL‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PCL were studied by determination of the melting point temperature, crystallization kinetics and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) mapping. Chemical imaging was used as a new technique to characterize the interaction of polymer blends in crystalline morphology. The results demonstrate the existence of characteristic peaks of both PVDF and PCL in the chosen crystalline area. The crystalline structures of PVDF were affected by the PCL‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PCL triblock copolymer and facilitate the formation of the β polymorph which was illustrated by FTIR analysis. The β crystal phase fraction increases significantly on increasing the composition of the PCL‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PCL triblock copolymer. In addition, confined crystallization of PCL within PVDF inter‐lamellar and/or inter‐fibrillar regions was confirmed through polarizing optical microscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and small‐angle X‐ray scattering analysis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Phase Morphology and Performance of Supertough PLA/EMA-GMA/ZrP Nanocomposites Prepared through Reactive Melt-Blending.

Nanofiller zirconium phosphate (ZrP) and ethylene-methyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (EMA–GMA) were introduced into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) through reactive melt-blending method to improve its toughness. The impact strength of PLA/EMA–GMA/ZrP (82/15/3) nanocomposites was improved about 22 times that of pure PLA to 65.5 kJ/m2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated there were compatibilization reactions between the components. The miscibility and thermal behavior of the blends were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to observe the fractured surface and phase morphology to study the toughness mechanism. A typical core–shell morphology, ZrP wrapped by EMA–GMA phase, was observed in the nanocomposites, which can cause plastic deformations. The supertough effect of the compound was mainly confirmed by effective interfacial compatibilization and massive shear-yielding deformation achieved by the synergy of EMA–GMA with ZrP in the PLA matrix.

Miscibility behavior of hydroxyethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blends in the presence of some imidazolium based ionic liquids

In this study, the effect of 1–butyl–3–methyl imidazolium bromide ([BMIm]Br); 1–hexyl–3–methyl imidazolium bromide ([HMIm]Br) and 1–octyl–3–methyl imidazolium bromide ([OMIm]Br) ionic liquids on the miscibility of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and hydoxyethyl cellulose (PVP/HEC) blends were examined. The polymer solvent method was used to study miscibility of PVP/HEC blends. Two miscibility criterions on the based Δ[η] and ΔK were used to evaluate miscibility. Both Δ[η] and ΔK miscibility criterions confirmed that the PVP/HEC blends are miscible. PVP/HEC blends in the solid state were characterized with attenuated total reflective-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The miscibility of PVP/HEC blends was confirmed by ATR-FTIR, DSC and FE-SEM results. This miscibility was attributed to the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between the –OH groups of HEC and –C = 0 groups of PVP.

Influence of ultrasound irradiation on the intrinsic viscosity of guar gum–PEG/rosin glycerol ester nanoparticles

Novel Guar Gum (GG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer blends with rosin glycerol ester (RE) nanoparticle was synthesized under ultrasonic irradiation at different composition ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 2:1, and 4:1). The intrinsic viscosities of the nanoparticles were investigated using ultrasound irradiation to determine the miscibility of the blends in solution as affected by salt, sonication time, temperature, and pH. The intrinsic viscosities of the nanosystems were compared with five different models, including Huggins, Kraemer, Tanglertpaibul-Rao, Higiro, and Rao. The Tanglertpaibul-Rao was the best model and the intrinsic viscosities of 138,27, 142,94 and 163,29 dl/g were reported for GG–PEG/RE (1:1,1:2,1:4), respectively. The viscosity results reveal that the blend containing 1:2 (GG–PEG/RE) was an optimum miscible blend. The miscibility behaviour of the polymeric nanoparticles was investigated using the voluminosity (VE), shape factor (υ), creaming index (CI) parameter, and the Krigbaum and Wall parameter (Δb), which account for the intermolecular interactions. When compared to the intrinsic viscosity results of the nanoparticles, the miscibility-improving effect of sub-300 nm GG-PEG/RE nanoparticles is clearly proven due to the ultrasonic effect. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used for characterization of the polymeric nanoparticles.

Improving Chemical-Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Simulations and Reducing Subsurface Uncertainty Using Downscaling Conditioned to Tracer Data

SummaryChemical–enhanced oil–recovery (CEOR) mechanisms are strongly influenced by gridblock size and reservoir heterogeneity compared with conventional waterflooding (WF) simulations. In WF–simulation models, simulation grids are commonly upscaled (coarsened) on the basis of a single–phase flow to perform history matching and sensitivity analyses within affordable computational times. However, this coarse–grid resolution (typically, approximately 100 ft) is insufficient for CEOR, and hence usually fails to capture key physical mechanisms. These coarse models also tend to increase numerical dispersion, artificially increase the level of mixing, and have inadequate resolution to capture certain geological features to which EOR processes can be highly sensitive. Thus, coarse models often overestimate the sweep efficiency as a result of numerical dispersion, and underestimate the displacement efficiency as a result of the artificial dilution of chemicals.Therefore, grid refinement is necessary for CEOR simulations when the original (fine) Earth model is not available or when major disconnects occur between the original Earth model and the history–matched coarse WF model. However, recreating the fine–scale heterogeneity without degrading the history match from the coarse grid remains a challenge. Because of the different recovery mechanisms involved in CEOR, such as miscibility and thermodynamic phase behavior, the impact of grid downscaling on CEOR simulations is not well–understood.In this work, we introduce a geostatistical downscaling method that can be conditioned to tracer data, for refining coarse history–matched WF models. The proposed downscaling method refines the coarse grid and populates the relevant properties in the newly created, finer gridblocks, reproducing the fine–scale heterogeneity while retaining the fluid material balance. The method treats the values of rock properties in the coarse grid as hard data, and the corresponding variograms and property distributions as soft data. We outline a work flow that reduces uncertainties in the geological properties by integrating dynamic data such as sweep efficiency from the interwell tracers. We provide several test cases, and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method to improving the history match of a CEOR pilot.