Miscellaneous Methods Research Articles

Recent Progress in the Synthetic Methods of Pyrazoloquinoline Derivatives

Abstract: The focus of this review is on the synthetic routes available for different types of pyrazoloquinoline derivatives. There are three types of synthetic methods: i) from pyrazole derivatives; ii) from quinoline derivatives; and iii) miscellaneous methods. The position of the linkage between pyrazole and quinoline rings determines the seven isomers of pyrazoloquinolines. The purpose of this review is to provide a guide for both synthetic and medicinal chemists to discover and design new pyrazoloquinolines for medical purposes.

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Dialkyl (Aryl) α-(Aryl/Heterocyclic/Heteroaryl- α-(Aryl/Heteroarylamino)Phosphonates

Abstract: This review describes recent advances that are commonly applied in the synthesis of dialkyl (aryl) α-aminophosphonates containing heterocyclic compounds. The target structures are divided into three categories, which include α-aminophosphonic acids and their diesters bearing a heterocyclic or heteroaryl system at the α-carbon, nitrogen atom, or both. The synthetic protocols based on the Kabachnik-Fields and Pudovik reactions as the main pathways for the construction of these features, besides other miscellaneous methods. This review may be a useful resource for researchers and it will help them to work in this emerging research area.

THE EFFECT OF PUBLICITY ON THE DISIRE TO MAKE HAPPINISS

The subject of publicity is the most important topics that benefited from the digital. It is known that the publicity is one of the means influenoucing individuals. It uses all ways and means to convince the receiver or viewer.Away fom the use of logic, thinking and inference, this is used for publicity of multilingual miscellaneous methods in order to attact consumer attention. With him,we do not distinguish between the desire and need, between what is necessary and what is otherwise, our disires have become directed at the impact of publicity, it has deployed our will and our feedom and their actions, this is the purpose of this article is awareness communiy members of the risk of publicity and desire of individuals.

An R Package For Crossed Classification Credibility Model: Application Regarding Non-Performing Loan

Credibility theory, which is used to determine the premium in the non-life branches of insurance, is a calculation method which is used for making weighted estimation of balanced allocation between past and recent period data. The procedure of weighting is done with the Z credibility factor. There are miscellaneous methods which are named as credibility models to determine Z value. One of these models is Crossed Classification Credibility Model, which is introduced by Dannenburg (1995). In this model, an insurance portfolio is subdivided by two qualitative risk factors, modeled in symmetrical way. Especially, this model offers an alternative method when data are unclassifiable hierarchically. Simultaneously, this model considers the joint and separates the effects of risk factors. To predict the premiums in this model, variance components are obtained by solving the linear equation system must be calculated. However, this system cannot be solved explicitly. Also, too many parameters must be calculated for the premium estimation. Here, calculation errors can occur, and it is very difficult to find the correct results. Moreover, there is no tool that can easily perform these operations on a computer. In this study, the R package cccm has been developed to calculate the structural parameters easily, quickly, and accurately for Crossed Classification Credibility Model. Package cccm explained step by step for the users interested in to solve Crossed Classification Credibility problems.

EXPLORING THE LANDSCAPE OF SDN-BASED DDOS DEFENSE: A HOLISTIC EXAMINATION OF DETECTION AND MITIGATION APPROACHES, RESEARCH GAPS AND PROMISING AVENUES FOR FUTURE EXPLORATION

Over the course of time, a multitude of security solutions have been proposed in order to safeguard the Internet architecture from an extensive array of malware threats. However, the task of ensuring the security of the Internet and its associated applications remains an ongoing research challenge. Researchers persistently delve into the exploration of innovative network architectures, such as the utilization of HTTP as the narrow waist, the implementation of Named Data Networking (NDN), the development of programmable networks, and the adoption of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), with the aim of designing a more dependable and resilient network infrastructure. Among these alternative approaches, SDN has emerged as a robust and secure solution for countering malicious activities. By separating the control plane from the data plane, SDN provides an array of advantages, including enhanced manageability, improved control, dynamic rule updates, advanced analysis capabilities, and a comprehensive network overview facilitated by a centralized controller. Despite its superiority over conventional IP-based networks, SDN is susceptible to various network intrusions and encounters significant challenges in terms of deployment. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive review of approximately 70 prominent mechanisms employed for the detection and mitigation of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks in SDN networks. These mechanisms are systematically categorized into four main groups, namely information theory-based methods, machine learning-based methods, approaches based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and other miscellaneous methods. Furthermore, the paper identifies and discusses several unresolved research issues and gaps that exist in the deployment of a secure DDoS defense solution within SDN networks. The objective of this comprehensive review is to provide valuable insights to the research community, assisting in the development of more robust and reliable DDoS mitigation solutions that are specifically tailored for SDN networks.

A multi-omics framework reveals strawberry flavor genes and their regulatory elements.

Flavor is essential to consumer preference of foods and is an increasing focus of plant breeding programs. In fruit crops, identifying genes underlying volatile organic compounds has great promise to accelerate flavor improvement, but polyploidy and heterozygosity in many species have slowed progress. Here we use octoploid cultivated strawberry to demonstrate how genomic heterozygosity, transcriptomic intricacy and fruit metabolomic diversity can be treated as strengths and leveraged to uncover fruit flavor genes and their regulatory elements. Multi-omics datasets were generated including an expression quantitative trait loci map with 196 diverse breeding lines, haplotype-phased genomes of a highly-flavored breeding selection, a genome-wide structural variant map using five haplotypes, and volatile genome-wide association study (GWAS) with > 300 individuals. Overlaying regulatory elements, structural variants and GWAS-linked allele-specific expression of numerous genes to variation in volatile compounds important to flavor. In one example, the functional role of anthranilate synthase alpha subunit 1 in methyl anthranilate biosynthesis was supported via fruit transient gene expression assays. These results demonstrate a framework for flavor gene discovery in fruit crops and a pathway to molecular breeding of cultivars with complex and desirable flavor.

Cyclization Strategies Using Imide Derivatives for the Synthesis of Polycyclic Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds

AbstractCyclization strategies employing imides and their derivatives have attracted the attention of several organic chemists interested in synthesizing polycyclic alkaloids. Numerous strategies have been developed, mostly focused on i) the use of masked iminium ions, ii) addition of weak nucleophiles onto the carbonyl group of the imide being activated by a Lewis or Brønsted acid, iii) addition of strong nucleophiles onto the imide carbonyl, iv) radical‐based processes and v) miscellaneous methods. This review is not comprehensive. It aims to provide the reader with a selection of representative synthetic strategies available in the area up to date.

Toward deep observation: A systematic survey on artificial intelligence techniques to monitor fetus via ultrasound images

SummarySeveral reviews have been conducted regarding artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to improve pregnancy outcomes. But they are not focusing on ultrasound images. This survey aims to explore how AI can assist with fetal growth monitoring via ultrasound image. We reported our findings using the guidelines for PRISMA. We conducted a comprehensive search of eight bibliographic databases. Out of 1269 studies 107 are included. We found that 2D ultrasound images were more popular (88) than 3D and 4D ultrasound images (19). Classification is the most used method (42), followed by segmentation (31), classification integrated with segmentation (16) and other miscellaneous methods such as object-detection, regression, and reinforcement learning (18). The most common areas that gained traction within the pregnancy domain were the fetus head (43), fetus body (31), fetus heart (13), fetus abdomen (10), and the fetus face (10). This survey will promote the development of improved AI models for fetal clinical applications.

Models and Techniques to Study Aortic Valve Calcification in Vitro, ex Vivo and in Vivo. An Overview.

Aortic valve stenosis secondary to aortic valve calcification is the most common valve disease in the Western world. Calcification is a result of pathological proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of resident valve interstitial cells. To develop non-surgical treatments, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathological calcification must be revealed. In the current overview, we present methods for evaluation of calcification in different ex vivo, in vitro and in vivo situations including imaging in patients. The latter include echocardiography, scanning with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Particular emphasis is on translational studies of calcific aortic valve stenosis with a special focus on cell culture using human primary cell cultures. Such models are widely used and suitable for screening of drugs against calcification. Animal models are presented, but there is no animal model that faithfully mimics human calcific aortic valve disease. A model of experimentally induced calcification in whole porcine aortic valve leaflets ex vivo is also included. Finally, miscellaneous methods and aspects of aortic valve calcification, such as, for instance, biomarkers are presented.

Advances in the Synthesis of AmidesviaAlpha Oxygenation of Amines

Abstract:Amides are universal in nature. Proteins are polymers (polyamides) whose units are connected by amide (peptide) linkages. Proteins perform innumerable functions in the body. Important synthetic polymers (technology products) like nylon are also polyamides. Hence, amide is an important functionality in chemistry and biology and consequently synthesis of it has remained a focused research area. Many methods are available for the synthesis of amides. The classical methods involve making amides from carboxylic acids and amines. The energy unfavourable direct reaction between an acid and an amine is turned in to favourable pathway using coupling reagents. Coupling agents like DCC, HOBt, PyBOP, etc are used. However these reagents generate lots of waste. There are also other selective methods which include Beckmann rearrangement, Schmidt reaction, Willgerodt-Kindler reaction, Passerini reaction and so on. Recently there is surge of revelations regarding alternate pathways to synthesize amides focussing into green or catalytic approaches. In this review we have covered several such alternate methods which use amines as the precursors. Oxidation and reduction are the back bone of synthetic organic transformations. Several elegant oxidizing agents have been developed for the oxidation of alcohols and olefins with selectivity in mind. However, many of these oxidizing agents have potential to oxidize amines to amides but they were not studied earlier as green chemistry was not in much focus then. With present focus on sustainability and green chemistry, scientists have embarked to synthesise amides in greener way. One such way is to get amides in a cleaner way is to oxidize amines to amides. Hence, in this review we have endeavoured to compile all such methods which have been used to make amides or have the potential for such transformation. Other than use of several oxidizing reagents, tandem oxidation amidation and other miscellaneous methods are included in this review. The reactions which give amides as by-products are also included as such reactions are potential methods to synthesize amides. Mechanisms are also included at relevant places. The review is classified within the report available for the Oxidations of amines using transition metals, transition metal salts and transition metal oxides; Oxidations of amines using non-metals; Photocatalytic oxidations of amines; Air oxidation of amines; Electrochemical oxidations; Enzymatic conversions; Oxidative coupling of Aldehydes; Oxidative coupling of Alcohols; Oxidative amidation of Methylbenzenes; and Oxidation of aromatic nitrogen heterocycles.

Competence of tunable Cu2AlSnS4 chalcogenides hydrophilicity toward high efficacy photodegradation of spiramycin antibiotic resistance-bacteria from wastewater under visible light irradiation

Nowadays, removal of pollutants from urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) remains a big challenge. The macrolides antibiotics are particularly present in higher levels in unprocessed wastewater and are often partially reduced by conservative managements. The photocatalysis process was categorised amongst the miscellaneous progressive oxidation methods (AOPs) with high capacity for successful removal of pharmaceuticals from numerous aqueous matrices. In the present work and for the first time, chemical spray pyrolysis was used to synthesize Cu2Fe1-xAlxSnS4 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1) thin films. Sprayed films were investigated using many techniques such as: MAUD software (Material Analysis Using Diffraction), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), spectrophotometer and Hall effect and drop shape analysis system (DSA). MAUD software revealed a polycrystalline nature for Cu2AlSnS4 (CATS) with slight shift of diffraction peaks depicted at 2θ = 27.84°, 47.03° and 55.93°, which identified respectively to (002), (110) and (112) plans. In addition, SEM images show that Cu2AlSnS4 grows with many rod-shaped structures that closely attached to each other. It is clearly seen that CATS thin film exhibited the highest extinction coefficient value (Kext) than other CFATS films. Additionally, a special emphasis focused on surface wettability of CFATS films showing a hydrophilic character surface using spiramycin (SPY) macrolide antibiotic liquid. Its worth mentioning that the hydrophilic type has a distinguished helpful role on the photocatalytic process that may be associated with the active surface area and the high adsorption of liquid. Based on the relationships between photocatalysis and hydrophilicity, the behaviors of SnO2:F, CATS films and coupled CATS/SnO2:F photocatalysis were tested using 20 mg/L of spiramycin (SPY) macrolide antibiotic in aqueous solution. Spiramycin removal competence using SnO2:F, CATS films and coupled CATS/SnO2:F was increased after being reused 120 min. Consequently, the current work can open a new area for effectiveness of CATS/SnO2:F surface which recognized in order to manufacture a self-disinfecting and self-cleaning, removal of high antibiotics bacteria-resistance.

Manipulate organic crystal morphology and charge transport

Organic electronics has become one of the fastest developing fields with exciting advances in discovering novel organic semiconductors, enhancing charge carrier mobility, and exploring high-performance electronic device applications. Nevertheless, the solution-induced growth of small molecular organic semiconductors provokes predominant crystal misorientation, thermal cracks and grain boundary, which poses a tough challenge to maneuver the crystal alignment towards device fabrication. In this article, we conduct an in-depth review of external force-based, additive-based, and binary solvent-based techniques to effectively control the organic semiconductor crystallization, thin-film morphology, and crystal orientations. We first introduce the recent progress and the various challenges of flexible electronics, and discuss how these issues are correlated to charge carrier mobility variations. Next, we discuss the miscellaneous external force alignment methods based on the categories of slot-die coating, blade coating, substrate patterning, and air flow. Furthermore, we investigate the additive-based methods for controlling crystal growth and orientations, including polymeric additives, small molecular additives, and nanostructured additives. Finally, we discuss the binary solvent-based methods to control the crystal morphology and dimensionality. By correlating the charge transport characteristics with the intrinsic merits of those unique methods, this article shares a useful insight into maximizing the performance of organic semiconductors from a new perspective.

Buprenorphine initiation strategies for opioid use disorder and pain management: A systematic review.

Buprenorphine possesses many unique attributes that make it a practical agent for adults and adolescents with opioid use disorder (OUD) and/or acute or chronic pain. Sublingual buprenorphine has been the standard of care for treating OUD, but its use in pain management is not as clearly defined. Current practice guidelines recommend a period of mild‐to‐moderate withdrawal from opioids before transitioning to buprenorphine due to its ability to displace full agonists from the μ‐opioid receptor. However, this strategy can lead to negative physical and psychological outcomes for patients. Novel initiation strategies suggest that concomitant administration of small doses of buprenorphine with opioids can avoid the unwanted withdrawal associated with buprenorphine initiation. We aim to systematically review the buprenorphine initiation strategies that have emerged in the last decade. Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Databases were searched for relevant literature. Studies were included if they were published in the English language and described the transition to buprenorphine from opioids. Data were collected from each study and synthesized using descriptive statistics. This review included 7 observational studies, 1 feasibility study, and 39 case reports/series which included 924 patients. The strategies utilized between the literature included traditional initiation (47.9%), microdosing with various buprenorphine formulations (16%), and miscellaneous methods (36.1%). Traditional initiation and microdosing initiation were compared in the data synthesis and analysis; miscellaneous methods were omitted given the high variability between methods. Overall, 95.6% of patients in the traditional initiation group and 96% of patients in the microdosing group successfully rotated to sublingual buprenorphine. Initiation regimens can vary widely depending on patient‐specific factors and buprenorphine formulation. A variety of buprenorphine transition strategies are published in the literature, many of which were effective for patients with OUD, pain, or both.

Quantitative Mapping of Modeling Methods for Stability Validation in Microgrids

Although power electronic converters have been the key enablers for the the integration of renewable generation, heterogeneous controllers and lower inertia increase the complexity of microgrids, more likely to cause instability. Hence, it is significant to study the stability of microgrids using prospective modeling tools such as, bode plots, Nyquist plots, eigenvalue loci, etc. The modeling of microgrids is an important step of stability analysis, where state-space-based and impedance-based modeling are the two commonly used stability evaluation approaches in microgrids. Miscellaneous modeling methods have respective pros and cons, which have been investigated in the existing literatures to some extent. However, it is still critical to quantify the modeling techniques so as to formalize the stability validation in an intuitive way, which is not addressed in existing literatures. Therefore, in this paper, modeling methods for stability validation are mapped based on an order-indicated complexity, and a quantitative framework for the mapping is provided. The proposed framework can be instructive when modeling microgrid systems with different sizes, topologies or control strategies, etc., and it turns out to be well applicable as demonstrated by exemplified simulations and experimental tests.

Review on technologies to separate and purify ethyl alcohol from dilute aqueous solutions

Abstract Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is viewed upon as a fuel additive or even as an alternative fuel. Fermentation is used to produce dilute (<20 mass%) ethanol. This is needed to be concentrated to almost anhydrous, fuel grade ethanol (>99.5 mass%). The technologies used for concentration from dilute grade to fuel grade ethanol are summarized in this review. Thus, extraction; distillation; use of membranes; adsorption and some miscellaneous methods are discussed in detail. For each technique, the inlet and outlet concentrations; merits and demerits and scope for future work are indicated. Hybrid separations are discussed. In addition to technical feasibility, economic viability of the techniques is also discussed. A brief discussion on current industrial practice is also presented.

Frontispiece: Synthetic Approaches to Selenoesters

Selenoesters are compounds of great synthetic relevance, since they can be used in several chemical transformations and mainly due to their great capacity in the formation of acyl radicals. Therefore, the scientific community has been developing several methods for the synthesis of this class of molecules. The synthesis of these compounds is addressed from different starting materials, such as carboxylic acids derivatives (acid chlorides and anhydrides), aldehydes, selenoacetylenes and miscellaneous methods. For more information, see the Minireview by L. L. Baldassari and D. S. Lüdtke on page 8656 ff.

Lacidipine: review of analytical methods developed for pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids.

Lacidipine (LAC) is a calcium antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension. It is a lipophilic drug containing dihydropyridine ring that is responsible for the activity. This review article gives an overview of various analytical techniques proposed for the determination of LAC in pharmaceutical dosage forms, in pure form, in biological fluids and to determine characteristics of LAC in modified release dosage forms. Ultra violet/visible spectrophotometric, spectroflourimetric, high performance liquid chromatography, high performance thin layer chromatography, electro-analytical, bioanalytical and miscellaneous methods such as microbiological assay, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, were discussed. Various parameters such assystem suitability, selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness have been discussed for the employed methods.

Synthetic Approaches to Selenoesters.

Selenoesters are compounds of great synthetic relevance since they can be used in several types of chemical transformations and mainly due to their great capacity in the formation of acyl radicals. Therefore, the scientific community has been developing several methods for the synthesis of this class of molecules. This review will address the synthesis of these compounds from different starting materials, such as carboxylic acids derivatives (acid chlorides and anhydrides), aldehydes, selenoacetylenes and miscellaneous methods.

A New Generative Neural Network for Bearing Fault Diagnosis with Imbalanced Data

Intelligent bearing fault diagnosis has received much research attention in the field of rotary machinery systems where miscellaneous deep learning methods are generally applied. Among these methods, convolution neural network is particularly powerful because of its ability to learn fruitful features from the original data. However, normal convolutions cannot fully utilize the information along the data flow while the features are being abstracted in deeper layers. To address this problem, a new supervised learning model is proposed for small sample size bearing fault diagnosis with consideration of imbalanced data. This model, which is developed based on a convolution neural network, has a high generalization ability, and its performance is verified by conducting two experiments that use data collected from a self-made bearing test rig. The proposed model demonstrates a favorable performance and is more effective and robust than other deep learning methods.

Recent synthesis of thietanes.

Thietanes are important aliphatic four-membered thiaheterocycles that are found in the pharmaceutical core and structural motifs of some biological compounds. They are also useful intermediates in organic synthesis. Various synthetic methods of thietanes have been developed, including inter- and intramolecular nucleophilic thioetherifications, photochemical [2 + 2] cycloadditions, ring expansions and contractions, nucleophilic cyclizations, and some miscellaneous methods. The recently developed methods provide some new strategies for the efficient preparation of thietanes and their derivatives. This review focuses on the synthetic methods to construct thietane backbones developed during 1966 to 2019.