Mirror Image Research Articles

Experimental investigation of thermal performance of novel type vortex generator in rectangular channel

Vortex generators are objects with geometries specifically designed to increase heat transfer. In this study, the thermal performance of a novel vortex generator that can generate longitudinal vortices in a common flow-down pattern was experimentally investigated with Reynolds numbers in the range of 5000–25,000. The vortex generators were placed on the base surface of the channel in such a way that they were mirror images of each other according to the geometric symmetry plane in the main flow direction. At a fixed inclination angle, the effects of the ratio of the transverse distance between two vortex generators in a row to the channel width (transverse pitch ratio) and the ratio of the longitudinal distance between two vortex rows to the channel height (longitudinal pitch ratio) on heat transfer were analyzed. First, the experiments were performed for a single row by increasing the number of the vortex generators in the row (2, 4, 6, and 8) so that the transverse pitch ratios were 0.50, 0.25, 0.16, and 0.12. According to the results, as the transverse pitch ratio decreased, the Nusselt number and friction factor increased, so the highest increases were realized at the transverse pitch ratio of 0.12, reaching 1.44 and 2.07 times greater values compared with the smooth channel, respectively. However, the highest thermal enhancement factor was obtained at the transverse pitch ratio of 0.16. Then, vortex generators were placed with an inline arrangement keeping the transverse pitch ratio of 0.16 constant, and the experiments were executed for longitudinal pitch ratios of 1, 1.5, 3, and 5. The results revealed that the Nusselt number and friction factor increase with the decrease in longitudinal pitch ratio, but the highest thermal enhancement factor value (1.59) was obtained at the longitudinal pitch ratio of 1.5. In addition, the experiments were also performed using a staggered arrangement, but the inline arrangement proved to be more efficient than the staggered arrangement in terms of thermal performance. The maximal thermal enhancement factor was achieved for the inline vortex arrangement at the transverse pitch ratio of 0.16 and longitudinal pitch ratio of 1.5.

Tunable Circular Photogalvanic and Photovoltaic Effect in 2D Tellurium with Different Chirality.

Chirality arises from the asymmetry of materials, where two counterparts are the mirror image of each other. The interaction between circular-polarized light and quantum materials is enhanced in chiral space groups due to the structural chirality. Tellurium (Te) possesses the simplest chiral crystal structure, with Te atoms covalently bonded into a spiral atomic chain (left- or right-handed) with a periodicity of 3. Here, we investigate the tunable circular photoelectric responses in 2D Te field-effect transistors with different chirality, including the longitudinal circular photogalvanic effect induced by the radial spin texture (electron-spin polarization parallel to the electron momentum direction) and the circular photovoltaic effect induced by the chiral crystal structure (helical Te atomic chains). Our work demonstrates the controllable manipulation of the chirality degree of freedom in materials.

KANNAPHALLUS RAPHIDIUM N. SP. (MONOGENOIDEA: MAZOCRAEIDEA: HETERAXINIDAE) PARASITIC ON THE GILL LAMELLAE OF THE GOLDEN TREVALLY GNATHANODON SPECIOSUS (CARANGIFORMES: CARANGIDAE) OCCURRING IN THE COASTAL WATERS OF QUEENSLAND AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

An undescribed species of KannaphallusUnnithan, 1957 (Monogenoidea: Heteraxinidae) was collected from the gills of the golden trevally Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskål) (Carangidae) from Moreton Bay, Queensland, during January 2016 and from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, during December 2021 and June 2022. The diagnosis for Kannaphallus was emended and the new species, Kannaphallus raphidium, was described. Kannaphallus virilis of Young, nec Unnithan was placed in synonymy with K. raphidium. The distal components of the male reproductive system and the arrangement of the clamp rows of the haptor occurred as mirror images among specimens of K. raphidium, suggesting that the respective antipodes of K. raphidium may have reproductive implications and function in the site selection of the parasite on the host's gills. A specimen of K. raphidium from Western Australia was sequenced for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) mtDNA and ITS2 rDNA barcoding markers, and the phylogenetically informative 28S rDNA marker. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses based on a partial 28S rDNA alignment, including all comparable heteraxinid sequence data available, resolved the Heteraxininae and Cemocotylinae as reciprocatively paraphyletic and provided evidence that Kannaphallus may be paraphyletic. No taxonomic changes concerning the subfamilies and genera of the Heteraxinidae were proposed. Finally, Kannaphallus univaginalisRamalingam, 1960 and Cemocotylelloides univaginalis (Ramalingam, 1960) Nitta, Kondo, Ohtsuka, Kamarudin, and Ismail, 2022 are considered nomen nuda sensu the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

What’s in the box? Preference for leftward plating of food in bentos

IntroductionOptimizing the aesthetics of plating and understanding where certain elements of the dish should be placed within a bento box will aid chefs and advertisers in learning what side of dishware plating creates the most appetizing appearance to the average diner. Previous literature led us to predict that there would be a leftward bias of plating the largest, most caloric heavy component of the meal on the dish. MethodsCanadian participants (n = 204 and n = 279) were presented photographs of single-tiered bento boxes and their mirror image together to elicit and record preferences. Sixty image pairs were presented simultaneously (with one of the images located directly above the other) in random order, and decisions between leftward and rightward biased choices were collected and analysed. The majority of participants were right-handed and had a native reading direction of left-to-right. ResultsParticipants in both experiments preferred asymmetrical bentos where the majority of the food was plated on the left side of the box, gravitating to a leftward bias. Age and native reading direction were additionally analysed, where regardless of either demographic, left side plating was preferred. ConclusionLearning how we can optimize plating aesthetics can benefit people in a variety of vocations (e.g. chefs, advertisers, photographers, etc.). It appears that regardless of age or native reading direction, a leftward plating bias is evident when it comes to arranging a bento in the most aesthetic fashion.

A Transitivity Approach to Angela Carter’s Feminist Revision of “Snow White”

Angela Carter rewrites Grimm’s fairy tale “Snow White” from the feminist perspective and creates her short story “The Snow Child”. Carter keeps the indispensable element, namely the magic mirror, but renders it invisible. Through it, Carter secretly reveals the mirror images between the Countess and the snow child, providing new insight into the Countess’s motivation to kill the child. An analysis of the transitivity system in the short story reveals that Carter deepens the theme from ostensible “female jealousy” to “oppressed female seeking liberation” in an attempt to encourage target readers (adult women) to challenge patriarchal forces and seek liberation. It meets the propaganda of the second feminist movement to pursue women’s freedom and sexual initiative. An in-depth exploration of the feminist ideology in this rewritten work can not only supplement the one-sided interpretation of “The Snow Child” by previous critics, but also reveal Carter’s unremitting efforts to make the classic fairy tale get rid of the label of “a carrier of the toxic patriarchal myths that are used to deceive women”, help it meet the trends of the contemporary era, and inject contemporary meaning into the classic fairy tale.

Sequence knitting

Sequence knitting comes from a straightforward directive; determine a short basic sequence of stitches and create a piece by continuous repetition of that sequence. This paper determines the number of sequence knitting patterns. We restrict our attention to sequences containing only knit and purl stitches and to flat knitting. We further assume that a sequence is restarted at the beginning of each row of knitting, but we do not assume that the number of stitches cast on is a multiple of the sequence length. We consider the case that a pattern and its left/right mirror image are the same, and the case that a pattern and its left/right mirror image are not necessarily the same.

Analytical determination of transient current flowing through a human in contact with conductive objects under high voltage power lines

The paper inhere presents an approach for calculation of transient currents flowing through a human in contact with conductive objects under high voltage (HV) power lines by means of analytical expressions derived for that purpose. Three different case studies have been investigated and their respective equivalent circuit’s parameters have been specified and implemented: contact of an insulated from earth person with the steel-tower pole of an outdoor high voltage power line; contact of a non-insulated from earth person with a vehicle under a high voltage power line; contact of an insulated from earth person with a vehicle under a high voltage power line. The derived mathematical models and expressions have been obtained using the Mirror images method and Maxwell’s potential coefficients and the transient current trough the human body has been calculated using the Classical method for analysis of transient processes in linear electrical circuits. Conclusions have been made in regard with the degree of danger of electric shock for the three discussed case studies depending on the rated voltage and the geometrical properties of the most often met high voltage power lines in EU.

The Modal Future

<i>The Modal Future</i>

Solvent Effects on the Photoinduced [6π]-Electrocyclization Reactions of Mono-, Di-, and Trisubstituted Arylamines: Photophysical, Preparative Photochemistry, and Mechanistic Investigations

The substituent and solvent effects on the spectroscopic behavior and on the photoinduced [6π]-electrocyclization reaction of substituted triphenylamine derivatives have been investigated. Direct irradiation of triphenylamines bearing electron-donor substituents in different solvents has provided for the first time the substituted exo/endo carbazole derivatives from modest to good yields, whereas triphenylamines bearing electron-withdrawing substituents did not provide the carbazoles due to the formation of charge transfer complexes (CTCs). A corollary of the experiments purports that the photoreaction is favored with weak electron-acceptor groups in polar solvents. The lowest-frequency absorption bands of the triarylamines (π,π* electronic transitions) displayed bathochromic shifts as the solvent polarity is increased. The fluorescence emission spectra of triarylamines bearing electron-donor substituents behave as mirror images of the lowest absorption bands, showing dependence on the solvent polarity. Conversely, triarylamines bearing formyl, acetyl, and nitro groups formed CTCs behaving as good fluorescence chromophores in polar solvents. Hammett correlations on the ΔE(0,0) energies of monosubstituted amines showed a bell-shape behavior where the ρ values depended on the solvent polarity. The physical quenching of the photoreaction of triarylamines has demonstrated for the first time that the triplet excited state is univocally the photoreactive state leading to exo/endo carbazole derivatives.

Five types of anomalous perceptions created by the same mirror-reflection process

The real world and its mirror image are plane symmetric to each other with respect to a mirror surface, but mirror images are often perceived differently due to optical illusions. This paper shows that there are at least five types of different illusory perceptions of mirror images of pictures, although they arise from the same optical process. In all five illusions, we place a 2D picture of a 3D object horizontally, and see its image reflected by a vertical mirror. In some cases, the left and the right are reversed (left-right reversal illusion), sometimes horizontal planes change their heights (height reversal illusion), sometimes a lying object rises up (lying-standing illusion), sometimes the object turns upside down as if having done a somersault (somersault illusion), and sometimes the object is replaced by a rather different object (replacement illusion). This paper examines why these illusions occur from geometrical and psychological points of view.

The Impact of Brand Personality on Consumer Decision Making

Businesses have realised how important brand personality is in influencing customer behaviour, therefore they must include it into their brand management strategies. A brand's personality may improve consumer liking and usage, according to prior study. This study reviews and analyses the pertinent studies in light of the potential value of brand personality for marketers, and it then outlines three ways in which brand personality affects customer behaviour: I Brand personality as a vehicle to explain the functional benefits of a brand (ii) Brand personality as a mirror image of the consumer's identity; and (iii) Brand personality as a means of establishing a link between the consumer and the brand. The findings of the examined study show that consumer behaviour depends on how well a brand and a consumer's personality mesh, and that people may also utilise brands to enhance their own personalities.

Oxidants and Cardiorenal Vascular Remodeling-Insights from Rare Genetic Tubulopathies: Bartter's and Gitelman's Syndromes.

Two human genetic tubulopathies, Bartter's (BS) and Gitelman's (GS) syndromes, have normo/hypotension and absent cardiac remodeling despite their apparent angiotensin system (RAS) activation. This seeming contradiction has led to an extensive investigation of BSGS patients, the result of which is that BSGS represents a mirror image of hypertension. BSGS's unique set of properties has then permitted their use as a human model to probe and characterize RAS system pathways and oxidative stress in cardiovascular and renal remodeling and pathophysiology. This review details the results using GSBS patients that provide a deeper understanding of Ang II signaling and its associated oxidants/oxidative stress in humans. By providing a more complete and complex picture of cardiovascular and renal remodeling pathways and processes, studies of GSBS can inform the identification and selection of new targets and therapies to treat these and other oxidant-related disorders.

Doubled Patterns with Reversal and Square-Free Doubled Patterns

In combinatorics on words, a word $w$ over an alphabet $\Sigma$ is said to avoid a pattern $p$ over an alphabet $\Delta$ if there is no factor $f$ of $w$ such that $f=h(p)$ where $h:\Delta^*\to\Sigma^*$ is a non-erasing morphism. A pattern $p$ is said to be $k$-avoidable if there exists an infinite word over a $k$-letter alphabet that avoids $p$. A pattern is \emph{doubled} if every variable occurs at least twice. Doubled patterns are known to be $3$-avoidable. Currie, Mol, and Rampersad have considered a generalized notion which allows variable occurrences to be reversed. That is, $h(V^R)$ is the mirror image of $h(V)$ for every $V\in\Delta$. We show that doubled patterns with reversal are $3$-avoidable. We also conjecture that (classical) doubled patterns that do not contain a square are $2$-avoidable. We confirm this conjecture for patterns with at most 4 variables. This implies that for every doubled pattern $p$, the growth rate of ternary words avoiding $p$ is at least the growth rate of ternary square-free words. A previous version of this paper containing only the first result has been presented at WORDS 2021.

“The World in Terms of Mirror Imaging”: an Interview with Mary O’Donnell

The writer Mary O’Donnell (County Monaghan, 1954) is one of Ireland’s most prominent authors. She has published eight collections of poetry including Unlegendary Heroes (1998), The Ark Builders (2009), Those April Fevers (2015) and most recently Massacre of the Birds (2020), four novels, among them The Light-Makers (1992), The Elysium Testament (1999) and Where They Lie (2014), and three collections of short stories: Strong Pagans (1991), Storm over Belfast (2008) and Empire (2018). She has also published a dozen essays and hundreds of reviews of both theatre and books. Besides, she is a frequent contributor to RTE Radio. Her voice and presence in Irish letters has been closely connected to the culture of her country. Her literature reflects the spirit of the age in which it is produced and revolves around phenomena that deeply affect the world today. Her range of subjects includes gender identity crises, mental instability, marriage in relation to female experience, sexuality, domestic and gender violence, child abuse, the artist in crisis, infertility, dysfunctional families, ecology and the natural world and the “Troubles” in Northern Ireland. Her works, written with immense talent, vivacity, skill, cleverness and humor, have been translated into several languages. In this interview, Mary O’Donnell discusses her most recent works in poetry and narrative: her collection of poems Massacre of the Birds (2020), her collection of short stories Empire (2018) and the novel Where They Lie (2014).

Apples, Books, Fruit Preserves… Cultivating a History by Countess Ludwika Ostrowska, Lady of the Maluszyn Manor – in Search of the Anthropological Dimension of Historiography

The article presents an analysis of the history included in a history textbook for peasant children, entitled ‘Stories from World History for Country Folk’, written by a landowner, domain manager, social activist, writer and historian – Ludwika Ostrowska of Maluszyn (1851–1926). The authors hypothesize that the cultural model of the Polish landed gentry played a crucial role in Ostrowska’s work. During their research, they wanted to show that the multiple social relations of the Polish gentry in the second half of the nineteenth century became a mirror image of the subjective aspects of human activity created in Ostrowska’s narrative. They point out that farm management (filled with a resource that creates a model of landowning culture) became the fundamental category of all intellectual reflections of Ludwika, outlining the general framework for her thinking about the world (both present and past). By suggesting that Ostrowska ‘cultivated’ history, they wish to draw attention to the need to search – supported by broader source research and methodological reflection – into the anthropological dimension of historiography.

White psychodrama

White psychodrama

Synthesis and properties of binaphthyl chiral thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules using thioxanthone as acceptor

The currently reported axial chiral molecules based on the 3,3′-substitution of the binaphthyl skeleton are limited by intrinsic fluorescence properties, resulting in generally low device efficiencies (EQE < 5%) of related organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Herein, we designed and synthesized four pair of chiral binaphthyl enantiomers (R/S-1 − R/S-4) adopting acceptor-donor-donor-acceptor (ADDA) structure by introducing different thioxanthone modification groups on the 3,3′-position of 2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphthalene. Among them, emitter R/S-2 and R/S-4 obtained by enhancing intramolecular charge transfer exhibited TADF characteristics due to relatively small ΔEST of 0.12 eV and 0.17 eV, and relatively moderate SOC matrix elements of 0.28 cm−1 and 0.10 cm−1 between the 1CT and 3LE states. The CD spectra of these enantiomers in diluted solutions showed perfect mirror images and reasonable gabs for small organic molecules (10−4–10−3). And the external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of 10.9% and 8.32% for device A and B based on emitter S-2 and S-4 were highest compared with currently reported axial chiral molecules based on the 3,3′-position substitution of binaphthyl skeleton, providing simple molecular design strategies to construct efficient CP-OLED device.

Gender bias in the Chinese epicene pronoun ta

Unlike all the failed attempts proposed to mitigate gender bias in English, the Chinese language—which has an epicene pronoun, ta—took an opposite path: changes were implemented to make the third person pronoun gender specific by inserting a feminine third person pronoun and a non-human third person pronoun in its writing system (which did not affect speech). As a result, written Chinese became a mirror image of English (having the equivalents of he, she, and it). In this empirical study on gender bias in the Chinese language, we find that this institutional effort has also failed despite a century's implementation in the educational system of the country: the language exhibits a dominating male-as-norm bias as well as bias based on stereotyping, regardless of participants' gender and age groups. Our study therefore contributes to the understanding of language change as well as gender bias in language.

Laterality in Vertebrates and Invertebrates: Linked or Different?

This paper compares lateralized behaviour in invertebrates and vertebrates and considers whether any similar patterns indicate homology or are examples of convergent evolution. It covers evidence for left-right asymmetries of memory consolidation, approach and withdrawal in social, predatory and predation situations, aggressive behaviour and sexual behaviour. Although the pattern of these asymmetries in the brains of vertebrate species is the mirror image of the pattern in invertebrates, the direction of behavioural asymmetry matches since sensory inputs cross the midline in vertebrates (for vision) but not in invertebrates (for olfaction and vision). Similarities in the lateralization pattern in vertebrate and invertebrate species suggest that a basic plan of lateralized brain function may have been conserved during the transition from invertebrates to vertebrates.

Tracheal Mirror Image Artifact in Patients With Normal and Pathologic Tracheas.

Ultrasonography is gaining popularity as a diagnostic imaging modality for airway pathology. Tracheal ultrasound (US) has several nuances that are important for clinicians, including imaging artifacts, which can be mistaken for pathology. Tracheal mirror image artifacts (TMIAs) occur when the US beam is reflected back to the transducer in a nonliner direction or with multiple timesteps. It has previously been believed that the convexity of the tracheal cartilage prevents mirror image artifacts, but in reality, the air column acts as an acoustic mirror and causes TMIA. We describe a cohort of patients with both normal and pathologic tracheas, all of whom have TMIA on the tracheal US. These artifacts are important to recognize, especially as the airway USbecomes more commonplace.