Mirror Area Research Articles

Effect of interchange spacing on drivers' visual characteristics in interchange merging areas

To explore the effect of interchange spacing on drivers' visual characteristics in the merging areas of interchange, a high-density group of five interchanges on the expressway of Chongqing, China, was selected as the test site. An naturalistic driving test was conducted with 47 participants, and the Tobii Glasses II portable eye tracker was used to collect gaze data during driving. The drivers' fixation field was divided into six areas by applying a K-means dynamic clustering algorithm combined with the actual scenario. Markov chains were used to calculate the drivers' gaze transition probability matrices under different driving conditions, and the analysis of gaze transition behaviors was directed at common spacing interchanges, small spacing interchanges, and composite interchanges. Under the ramp-mainline condition, drivers’ fixations were primarily concentrated on the near ahead and the left side areas, with higher rates of repeated fixations on the left rearview mirror and left-side line areas. The average value of fixation duration, saccade distance, and saccade speed of small spacing interchange is higher than common spacing interchange. Additionally, under the mainline condition, the probability of one-step transition and repeated fixation rates significantly increased for the right-side lane areas, and the average values of fixation index and saccade index of small spacing interchange are lower than those of common spacing interchange. The results show that the highest probabilities of repeated fixation by drivers occurred in the near ahead and far ahead areas in the interchange merging areas. Insufficient spacing resulted in more frequent occurrences of zero values in one-step transition probability matrices. The research conclusions provide theoretical support for the optimal design and safe operation of the merging area of high-density interchange group of urban expressway.

Optimization design model of heliostat field based on gravitational search algorithm

In todays society, non-renewable resources are becoming increasingly precious, making the utilization and conversion of renewable resources more critical. Heliostat fields play a significant role in the actions taken by various countries to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. How can the installation and arrangement of heliostats maximize the annual average thermal power output per unit mirror area while achieving the rated power? This paper establishes an efficiency calculation model based on the flat-plate projection-Monte Carlo algorithm and an optimization design model of heliostat fields based on the gravitational search algorithm. The research progresses from shallow to deep, investigating methods to maximize the output thermal power under different constraints. First, it addresses the issue of maximizing the average thermal power output per unit mirror area under fixed heliostat field parameters and rated power conditions. Next, it solves the problem of maximizing the annual average thermal power output per unit mirror area under varying heliostat sizes and installation heights, with fixed rated power. Finally, it points out that the models established in this paper are applicable to complex real-world situations and can effectively improve the thermal efficiency of heliostat fields.

Characterization of silicon pore optics for the NewAthena X-ray observatory in the PTB laboratory at BESSY II.

The New Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics (NewAthena) will be the largest space-based X-ray observatory ever built. It will have an effective area above 1.1 m2 at 1 keV, which corresponds to a polished mirror surface of about 300 m2 due to the grazing incidence. As such a mirror area is not achievable with an acceptable mass even with nested shells, silicon pore optics (SPO) technology will be utilized. In the PTB laboratory at BESSY II, two dedicated beamlines are in use for their characterization with monochromatic radiation at 1 keV and a low divergence well below 2 arcsec: the X-ray Pencil Beam Facility (XPBF 1) and the X-ray Parallel Beam Facility (XPBF 2.0), where beam sizes up to 8 mm × 8 mm are available while maintaining low beam divergence. This beamline is used for characterizing mirror stacks and controlling the focusing properties of mirror modules (MMs) - consisting of four mirror stacks - during their assembly at the beamline. A movable CCD based camera system 12 m from the MM registers the direct and the reflected beams. The positioning of the detector is verified by a laser tracker. The energy-dependent reflectance in double reflection through the pores of an MM with an Ir coating was measured at the PTB four-crystal monochromator beamline in the photon energy range 1.75 keV to 10 keV, revealing the effects of the Ir M edges. The measured reflectance properties are in agreement with the design values to achieve the envisaged effective area.

THE POND NETWORK IN THE GNIZNA RIVER BASIN: SPATIAL LIMITATION, FUNCTIONAL FEATURES, GEO-ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

The pond network in the basin of the Hnizna River - the left tributary of the Seret River - was considered. The multifunctional features and spatial contiguity of the ponds to the main river and its tributary of the first order have been clarified. It was established that the most regulated was the Terebna River with its tributaries Dzyurava and Kachava, within the basins of which 35% of the pond network is concentrated. 29% of the number of ponds is allocated to the basin of the right tributary of the Hnizdechna River, and 15% of the number of ponds within the main river Hnizna. The coefficient of regulation of river flow by artificial reservoirs was calculated, which demonstrates a high degree of flow regulation, the result of which is an increase in the area of the water mirror, which means an increase in evaporation from the water surface. Among the positive aspects of flow regulation, we note the absence of sudden water rises in the basin as a result of spring floods and summer floods. Thus, the hydrological regime of the main river and its tributary of the first order has been stabilized. The volume of water in the artificial reservoirs of the basin is 6.7% of the Hnizna river flow. Such volumes of regulated runoff enable its multi-purpose use for agricultural, fish farming, fire prevention, anti-erosion, recreational, sanitary and industrial purposes. A typology of ponds was carried out, which demonstrated the vast majority of artificial multi-functional reservoirs. It is worth noting fishery-recreational-farming and recreational-farming-fishing farms. In addition to these three main functions, most ponds perform the functions of fire protection reservoirs, microclimate regulators, and aesthetic ones. The conducted expedition surveys of the Hnizna River basin in 2023, in comparison with the corresponding surveys of 2007 (stock materials of the Department of Geoecology), showed a more significant orderliness of peripheral landscapes, the presence of access roads with a hard surface, which improves the accessibility of recreationists and fishermen to ponds. It is worth noting the creation in the river basin of two entertainment and recreation complexes on the pond in the village. Okhrimovtsi and "Lemkivsky stav" in the village. Old Zbarazh. In these ponds, the main attention is paid to the creation of entertainment and hotel complexes, gazebos-islands, watercraft with various recreational infrastructure. The services of these complexes include: cozy houses for families, gazebos for group recreation, baths, multi-saunas, salt rooms, a font, a tropical shower, and forms of active recreation - wakeboarding, rowing, etc. Here they offer the holding of solemn events such as birthdays, corporate vacations, weddings. Despite the positive changes in peripheral landscapes and the presence of recreational facilities, the quality of water in the main river is quite low, as evidenced by the following diagram, which shows the dynamics of the discharge of polluted or insufficiently purified return water into the Hnizna River basin over the past 7 years. Together with the polluted runoff, 63.5 tons of pollutants entered the river. Among the proposed optimization measures, it is worth noting: - improvement of the sewage treatment plant system in the city of Zbarazh, village Velyki Birky and the town of Terebovli; - to introduce an effective system of water drainage of municipal sewage in rural settlements under the responsibility of the governing bodies of territorial communities; join the system of on-site regular water monitoring of the Dniester Basin Management; strengthen the responsibility of the public in the person of the basin council of the small river Hnizna. Keywords: the basin of the Hnizna River, pond network, functional and spatial features, geoecological problems.

Research on Optimization Design of Heliostat Field Based on Ray Tracing

In tower-type solar thermal power generation systems, the optical efficiency of the mirror field is the primary factor determining the overall system's power generation efficiency. In order to meet the requirement of a rated power of 60MW with different heliostat sizes and installation heights, optimize the various parameters of the heliostat field, establish a tower-type solar thermal power generation system model, and evaluate the model. Taking the maximum annual average output power per unit mirror area as the optimization objective, through simulation, it is found that the heliostat with a side length of 6 meters, a gradient design of installation height, a regular triangular layout, and the use of ray tracing technology can efficiently capture solar energy. The average optical efficiency, average cosine efficiency, average shadow blocking efficiency, average truncation efficiency, and average thermal power factor per unit area mirror are analyzed. The research results show that there is an optimal combination of absorber northward movement, heliostat size, equilateral triangle arrangement, installation height gradient design, and solar trajectory, which enables the annual average output thermal power to reach or even exceed the rated power of 60MW.This model and algorithm compared and analyzed genetic, greedy, and simulated annealing algorithms on the same dataset. The runtime is approximately 8-10 minutes, with CPU utilization around 60%.

Research on the annual average thermal power of heliostat field in tower solar energy

The concentrating mirror field is a concentrating and heat collecting subsystem in the tower solar thermal power station, and its optical performance directly affects the solar energy utilization efficiency of the power station. In this paper, the coordinate system of heliostat field and single heliostat is established, and the grid division technology is introduced to describe its reflection effect on sunlight and its occlusion. In this paper, the shadow occlusion loss that affects the optical efficiency is divided into three parts, including incident light occlusion loss, reflected light occlusion loss and absorption tower shadow occlusion loss. For any time, the output power of the heliostat near the solar direction is small, while the output power of the heliostat far away from the solar direction is large. Compared with other influencing factors, the cosine loss has the greatest influence on the heliostat field, and the center of the absorption tower installed in the circular heliostat field is obtained. The size of the heliostat is a square with a side length of 6m, the installation height is 4m, and the annual average optical efficiency is 0.6216 when the position of the heliostat is determined. The annual average output thermal power is 36.3958 MW, and the annual average output thermal power per unit mirror area is 0.5794 .

Research on Multi-Objective Optimization of Heliostat Field Based on DELSOL3 Layout

With the intensification of global climate change, it is urgent to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the environment. To address this issue, it is crucial to develop the new energy industry and increase the proportion of clean energy. Tower solar power, as an innovative and environmentally friendly technology with low carbon emissions, has great potential and broad prospects. This study determines the position of the absorption tower, heliostat size, and installation height. By utilizing the ground coordinates of the heliostats and given formulas, parameters such as average optical efficiency, cosine efficiency, shadow blocking efficiency, and cut-off efficiency are calculated. The focus is on power loss caused by shading, so a shadow blocking model is constructed by using differential methods. The heliostat plane is divided into equal sections, and it is determined whether the transformed coordinates of the mirror plane are within the grid. The effective blocked area is then calculated to obtain the shadow blocking efficiency. To improve the efficiency and reduce costs of solar thermal power plants, the standard radial staggered layout in DELSOL3 empirical layout is adopted. A multi-objective optimization model is established with heliostat size and height as variables. The optimal solution for the average output thermal power per unit mirror area is obtained through genetic algorithms. Through mathematical modeling and solution methods, this study provides theoretical basis for the application of tower solar power.

Research on Heliostat Field Optimization Based on Monte Carlo Theorem and Randomized Algorithms

The text discusses a mathematical model established for calculating the optical efficiency of heliostat fields in solar power systems. It's grounded in geometric optics algorithms and considers factors affecting the field's optical efficiency. Each heliostat and the ground have independent coordinate systems for assessing whether light is blocked. The Monte Carlo method is utilized to determine the proportion of blocked light in reflected rays. This approach accommodates the conical nature of solar radiation, enhancing accuracy by transitioning from parallel to conical light representation. The results indicate an annual average optical efficiency of 0.5084 for the heliostat field, an annual average thermal power output of 30.879 MW, and 0.4915 kW/m2 as the annual average thermal power output per unit mirror area.

A Parameter Optimization Design and Numerical Calculation Method for Circular Heliostat Field

Solar energy is a low-carbon, eco-friendly, clean energy source that is easily converted into heat and electricity, making the study of solar thermal power generation technology of great significance and with broad application prospects. To improve the performance of solar power plants, it is necessary to reasonably arrange the light reflectors. Both denser heliostats are needed to ensure enough light can be concentrated into the solar collector, thereby improving the power of the power station; at the same time, waste of material must be prevented, striving to increase output thermal power per unit mirror area. This paper is based on the background of the 2023 CUMCM Problem A. Firstly, it analyzes parameters such as the optical efficiency of the original heliostat field, the annual average output power, and the annual average thermal power output per unit mirror area. Secondly, based on the data provided in the appendix, it analyzes the distribution pattern of the heliostat field and establishes an optimization design model for the heliostat field. Next, the optimization design model of the heliostat field is solved using discrete numerical calculation methods. Finally, according to the results of the model solution, the placement positions of the heliostats, the size of the mirrors, and the installation height are adjusted to improve the annual average thermal power output per unit mirror area, thereby achieving an optimized design of the heliostat field.

Enhancing Heliostat Field Performance: A Comprehensive Study on Optical Efficiency and Annual Thermal Power

The many advantages of solar photovoltaic technology make it bound to be commercially competitive in the coming years, and its development is strategically important. The parameters of the heliostat field, including the positional coordinates of the absorber tower, the size and mounting height of the heliostat mirrors, as well as the number and position of the heliostat mirrors, are designed according to the requirement of the rated annual average thermal power output of 60 MW so that the heliostat field will have the largest possible annual average thermal power output per unit of mirror area under the condition of reaching the rated power. Larger sizes and higher mounting heights of heliostats help to capture more solar energy and thus increase the annual average output thermal power per mirror area. The efficiency and output thermal power of heliostats of different sizes and mounting heights are evaluated by simulating the numerical calculation method and the best combination is found.

Design of heliostat field based on ray tracing

In the tower solar thermal power generation system, the optical efficiency of mirror field is the primary factor that determines the power generation efficiency of the whole system. Given the size and installation height of heliostat, in order to meet the requirements of rated Power 60MW, the parameters of heliostat field are designed and the model of tower solar thermal power generation system is established. Considering the cosine loss, shadow occlusion loss and truncation efficiency, and knowing that these three points are closely related to the position of the Sun, a method of ray tracing is proposed to calculate the sunshine accurately, the optimum parameters of helioscope field were determined by simulation. The simulation results show that the average thermal power output per unit mirror area can be increased by reducing the shadow occlusion between the heliostats.

Infrared thermal imaging camera to measure low temperature thermal fields.

To measure low-temperature thermal fields, we have developed a single-element cooled thermal imaging camera for a spectral range of 8-14μm with an internal shutter for radiometric calibration. To improve the accuracy of measuring the temperature of cold objects, we used a shutter with a combined emissivity as an internal reference source of radiation at the input of the device optical unit. With this aim a small mirror was fixed in the center on its surface covered black, thereby ensuring an efficient reflection of radiation in a wide spectral range of wavelengths. When processing the signal for each pixel of the thermal image, the differential value of the detector response to the shutter blackened and mirror areas was used as a reference. A relative measurement error of 3% was obtained for the studied objects with a temperature of -150 °C. The device was successfully used for remote study of thermal field dynamics during freeze-thawing of biological tissues in vivo.

Determining the thermally-stressed state of motor-driven bowls for transporting liquid slag

Slag bowls were chosen as the object of research, as important components of blast furnace, steelmaking, and ferroalloy shops of metallurgical enterprises. The main problem of operation of any slag trucks is their limited durability and frequent destruction of slag bowls. The reason for these problems is changes in the shape of the bowls during operation, manifested in the formation of narrowing places in the area of the support ring – for rail-mounted bowls, destruction of supporting pins – for rail-mounted slag trucks, or cracks in the walls. Those defects appear as a result of cyclic thermal effects of liquid slag on the bowl. Based on the results of computer simulation, it was established that the main role in the destruction of the support pins of motor-driven slag bowls belongs to temperature changes. The temperature stresses arising in the bowl are localized in the area of the slag mirror (200–250 MPa for 25L steel, 280–350 MPa for 30HML steel). The results provide grounds for improving the presented slag bowl to reduce temperature stresses in its walls and structures of the supporting trunnions. The results reported here are explained by the fact that with uneven heating of elastic bodies, temperature stresses appear, which, under certain configurations of temperature loads, lead to the destruction of structures. The findings from these studies are recommended to be used at enterprises for the design and manufacture of slag bowls, as information on the localization of dangerous places of the structure. In addition, the data presented here could be useful for metallurgical enterprises for detailed technical diagnosis of bowls in their dangerous places

The correlation between drivers’ road familiarity and glance behavior using real vehicle experimental data and mathematical models

Objective Road familiarity is an important factor affecting drivers’ visual features. Analyzing the quantitative correlation between drivers’ road familiarity and visual features in complex environment is of great help to improve driving safety. However, there are few relevant studies. This paper takes urban plane intersection as the environmental object to explore the correlation between drivers’ glance behavior and road familiarity, and conducts research on the quantitative evaluation model of road familiarity based on this correlation. Method First, a real vehicle experiment was carried out to record the eye movement data of 24 drivers with different road familiarity. The driver’s visual field plane was divided into 10 areas of interest (AOIs) based on the driver’s perspective. Three measures, including average glance duration, number of glances, and fixation transition probabilities between AOIs at urban plane intersections, were extracted. Finally, based on the experimental results, the driver road familiarity evaluation model was constructed using the factor analysis method. Results There are significant differences between unfamiliar and familiar drivers regarding the average glance duration toward the forward (FW) area, the left window (LW) area, the left rearview mirror (LVM) area and the left forward (LF) area, the number of glances toward the other (OT) area, and the fixation transition probabilities of LW→RF (right forward), LF→LF, LF→FW, FW→LW, FW→FW, FW→RVM (right rearview mirror). The comprehensive evaluation results show that the accuracy rate of the driver road familiarity evaluation model reached 83%. Conclusions This paper revealed that there is a strong correlation between drivers’ road familiarity and drivers’ glance behavior. Based on this correlation, we can include road familiarity as a part of drivers’ working status and establish a high accuracy evaluation model of driver road familiarity. The conclusion of this paper can provide some reference for the humanized design and improvement of advanced driving assistance system, which is of great significance for reducing the driving workload of drivers and improving the driving safety.

Differential diagnostic value of 3.0T MR 3D-ASL technique for recurrence and pseudo-progression of high-grade glioma.

This study aimed to explore the value of 3.0T magnetic resonance three-dimensional arterial spin labeling imaging (3D-ASL) technology in the differential diagnosis of recurrence and pseudo-progression of high-grade gliomas. Fifty patients with high-grade glioma were selected as research objects. All 50 patients were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the lesions were found to be enlarged or abnormally enhanced. All the patients were examined using the 3.0T MR 3D-ASL technique. With targeted biopsy pathology as the gold standard, the diagnostic results of the 3.0T MR 3D-ASL technique were analyzed, and the cerebral blood flow (rCBFmax) ratio was compared between patients with recurrent glioma and patients with pseudo-progression [maximum blood flow value/contralateral mirror area (CBFmax/contralateral mirror area), CBFmax/contralateral white matter, CBFmax/contralateral gray matter]. Among 50 glioma patients, 31 (62.00%) were diagnosed with recurrence through pathological examination, and 19 (38.00%) were diagnosed with pseudo-progression. 30 patients with recurrence (60.00%) and 20 patients with pseudo-progression (40.00%) were diagnosed using 3.0T magnetic resonance 3D-ASL technology. The diagnostic accuracy of 3.0T magnetic resonance 3D-ASL technology was 96.77% (30/31) (p > 0.05). Using pathological results as the "gold standard", the relevant parameters of 3.0T magnetic resonance 3D-ASL technology under different pathological results were analyzed. The results showed that the CBFmax/contralateral mirror area, CBFmax/contralateral white matter, and CBFmax/contralateral gray matter ratios of advanced glioma recurrence patients were significantly higher than those of pseudo-progression (p < 0.05). The application of 3.0T MR 3D-ASL in high-grade glioma can effectively distinguish recurrence and pseudo-progression, with significant diagnostic value.

Study on the influence of dust accumulation on the optical performance of trough solar concentrator under different rainfall intensities based on alpine areas

Aiming at the typical characteristics of natural rainfall in alpine areas and the structure of the concentrator surface, based on the design scheme of the trough system test platform, the optical performance and cleaning characteristics of the mirror with rainfall intensity and concentrator tilt angle as variables are studied experimentally. The results show that small-scale rainfall has a critical tilt angle of positive and negative cleaning effect on transverse region1. Lower than this tilt angle causes pollution to the mirror surface. Rainfall above medium intensity has a positive cleaning effect on all mirror regions. The cleaning ability is the highest under the rainfall of 60° tilt angle of 38.9 mm. The bottom-up enhanced cleaning law in the transverse region is more significant under high-intensity rainfall, and the concentrator tilt angle is more sensitive to dust desorption than rainfall intensity. The average relative error and average root mean square error of the predicted reflectivity of the global mirror are 3.82% and 0.061 respectively, and the fitting accuracy is high. It provides theoretical guidance for the application of dust removal schemes and prediction of the optical performance of trough solar system in alpine areas.

Comparative study of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors by infrared thermal imaging

Objective: To analyze the temperature difference of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors in preoperative infrared thermography (IRT), and to provide the basis for predicting tumor properties. Methods: The clinical data of 98 patients with parotid gland tumor admitted to the Department of Oral and maxillofacial Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, from May 2021 to April 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 61 males and 37 females, aged (51.1±16.0) years (10-86 years). In addition to routine examination, the temperature difference between the lesion site of parotid gland and the contralateral mirror area was measured by infrared thermal imager in all patients one day before surgery. The maximum diameter (dmax) and location of the tumor (deep or superficial lobe) were recorded according to preoperative clinical examination and imaging examinations such as CT and ultrasound. The patients were divided into three groups by tumor size: dmax≤2 cm, 2 cm<dmax≤4 cm, dmax>4 cm. The patients were also divided into different groups: deep lobe group and superficial lobe group (according to the tumor location), benign group and malignant group (according to postoperative pathological results). The relationship between temperature difference, pathology, size and location was analyzed. Results: There were 79 cases in the benign group and 19 cases in the malignant group. The temperature difference of the healthy and affected side in the malignant group [(1.73±0.21) ℃] was significantly higher than that in the benign group [(0.73±0.32) ℃] (t=16.70, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in temperature difference between the healthy and affected sides of tumors with different diameters (P>0.05). The temperature difference of healthy and affected side of tumor in superficial lobe [(0.97±0.50) ℃] was significantly higher than that in deep lobe [(0.67±0.44) ℃] (t=2.24, P=0.028). Conclusions: The difference of temperature difference between benign and malignant parotid gland tumors detected by IRT is statistically significant, which can be used to predict tumor properties, and has certain clinical application value.

Ecological assessment of eutrofication of lakes in «Shatskyі» biosphere reserve

The natural process of eutrophication of hydroecosystems is determined by many factors and is mostly long-term, almost irreversible. In the 20th and 21st centuries. Accelerated anthropogenic eutrophication of many waters took place, in particular the lakes of Shatsky group (Shatskyi National Natural Park, Volyn Region, Ukraine). Changes in water due to their enrichment with biogenic substances and chemical compounds accompany the increase in plant productivity and may be the result of «natural aging», anthropogenic influence, organic pollution. One of the concepts of the succession of lake ecosystems assumes that lakes go through different stages of trophicity (nutrition), starting with oligotrophy or dystrophy. The last stage (climax) of the successional series is intensive eutrophication, during which the lake is partially replaced by a swamp and, in the end, can become a dry land, meadow, shrub or forest vegetation. Eutrophication of lake ecosystems is accompanied by a change in transparency, chlorophyll a concentration, and oxygen concentration. An active phase of eutrophication of the limnoecosystems of Shatskyi biosphere reserve has been established. On the territory of the latter there are rivers and streams with a constant water flow, more than 114 km long, and also includes 31 lakes. The results of ecological studies of various types of water bodies of Shatsky Lakes, which were carried out in 2016–2020, are presented. The performed typification of Shatsky Lakes by the area of the water mirror proved that there are no very large lakes here, there are three large lakes (Svityaz, Pulemetske, Luky-Peremut). The analysis of the nature-reserved territory of Western Polissia proved that special attention should be paid to lakes of small and small sizes, as well as medium and shallow lakes (Lynovets, Somynets, Buzhnya Bay, etc.), which are not capable of active self-regulation. The optimal mechanism for monitoring the ecological state of water bodies (lakes) using the remote sensing method is proposed.

Trait representation of embodied cognition in dancers pivoting on the extended mirror neuron system: a resting-state fMRI study.

Dance is an art form that integrates the body and mind through movement. Dancers develop exceptional physical and mental abilities that involve various neurocognitive processes linked to embodied cognition. We propose that dancers' primary trait representation is movement-actuated and relies on the extended mirror neuron system (eMNS). A total of 29 dancers and 28 non-dancer controls were recruited. A hierarchical approach of intra-regional and inter-regional functional connectivity (FC) analysis was adopted to probe trait-like neurodynamics within and between regions in the eMNS during rest. Correlation analyses were employed to examine the associations between dance training, creativity, and the FC within and between different brain regions. Within the eMNS, dancers exhibited increased intra-regional FC in various brain regions compared to non-dancers. These regions include the left inferior frontal gyrus, left ventral premotor cortex, left anterior insula, left posterior cerebellum (crus II), and bilateral basal ganglia (putamen and globus pallidus). Dancers also exhibited greater intrinsic inter-regional FC between the cerebellum and the core/limbic mirror areas within the eMNS. In dancers, there was a negative correlation observed between practice intensity and the intrinsic FC within the eMNS involving the cerebellum and basal ganglia. Additionally, FCs from the basal ganglia to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were found to be negatively correlated with originality in dancers. Our results highlight the proficient communication within the cortical-subcortical hierarchy of the eMNS in dancers, linked to the automaticity and cognitive-motor interactions acquired through training. Altered functional couplings in the eMNS can be regarded as a unique neural signature specific to virtuoso dancers, which might predispose them for skilled dancing performance, perception, and creation.

A study of the capabilities for inferring atmospheric information from high-spatial-resolution simulations

In this work, we study the accuracy that can be achieved when inferring the atmospheric information from realistic numerical magneto-hydrodynamic simulations that reproduce the spatial resolution we will obtain with future observations made by the 4m class telescopes DKIST and EST. We first study multiple inversion configurations using the SIR code and the Fe I transitions at 630 nm until we obtain minor differences between the input and the inferred atmosphere in a wide range of heights. Also, we examine how the inversion accuracy depends on the noise level of the Stokes profiles. The results indicate that when the majority of the inverted pixels come from strongly magnetised areas, there are almost no restrictions in terms of the noise, obtaining good results for noise amplitudes up to 1 × 10−3 of Ic. At the same time, the situation is different for observations where the dominant magnetic structures are weak, and noise restraints are more demanding. Moreover, we find that the accuracy of the fits is almost the same as that obtained without noise when the noise levels are on the order of 1 × 10−4of Ic. We, therefore, advise aiming for noise values on the order of or lower than 5 × 10−4 of Ic if observers seek reliable interpretations of the results for the magnetic field vector reliably. We expect those noise levels to be achievable by next-generation 4m class telescopes thanks to an optimised polarisation calibration and the large collecting area of the primary mirror.