MIR System Research Articles

The MIR system at 50 years old, a value in need of pending changes

The MIR system at 50 years old, a value in need of pending changes

Modern Technological Development In Music Information Retrieval

In present era of technology, everything is in fingertips likewise ,any unstructured data such as video ,image is captured and analyzed, but audio data such as music, sounds are very complicatedly classified and analyzed , Music information retrieval is abbreviated as ‘ MIR ‘therefore it is a interdisciplinary science of retrieval of data from music by data sourcing ,transcribing,feature extraction, machine learning algorithms, genre categorizing, pitch tracking, chord recognition and MIR applications A simple MIR system retrieves data according to a user-introduced text query. B. "David Bowie Heroes". In such cases, the system is basically the same as a text- based search engine (Google, Yahoo, etc.) because the text is compared to the text data associated with the album or track. However, given the characteristics of the retrieved content, you need a system that can accept "musical" queries such as sheet music, sung melodies (queries by ham), and recorded audio segments (queries by example). This proposal concerns the latter case. The purpose of the sample query is to retrieve music from a large collection of digital music content based on its similarity to the sample audio document. The ability to query using examples is an important requirement of the MIR system. There are many challenges, such as computational and complexity issues, proper testbed design, and choosing the right representation of audio for queries and music collections...

Artificial intelligence-based classification with classical Turkish music makams: Possibilities to Turkish music education

Makams of Classical Turkish Music have been tried to be classified through various studies for the past years. Significant differences of opinion have emerged in the classification process of the makams in Music Education and Literacy from past to present. This situation creates problems in learning the makams related to music education and recognizing the makams heard. Additionally, there are uncertainties in the classification of the makam genre of the song, as individual mistakes were made while notating the musical notes. Apart from that, this situation constitutes a problem not only for the ones studying Turkish Classical Music but also for the ones interested in this certain type of Music. Therefore, the objective of the research is to contribute to the makam classification in Classical Turkish Music Education by developing an MIR system that determines the makam of the songs. Theoretically, we can extract the properties of sound signals with Time Wavelet Scattering Feature Extraction, classify them with SVM and distinguish between types of makams. In this study, upon eight different Makams, a Musical Information Retrieval system has been created via the Artificial Intelligence (AI) method of Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Time Wavelet Scattering Feature Extraction and through using a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) accelerator for the sake of feature extraction. We performed the classification process by modeling it on the MATLAB program. The study's success rate was identified as 98.21% and it acquired a higher success rate compared to the other studies in the literature. After completing the classification procedure, the Makams were identified by sending samples belonging to different sound files from the system consisting of a database belonging to eight different Makams. In our study, the classification and detection processes were realized with nearly a hundred percent success. The difficulties encountered in classifying the makams in Classical Turkish Music mentioned above, with the application of artificial intelligence, the classification difficulty of individuals who have received this type of training or are interested in this subject has been overcome.

La formación de los médicos especialistas en España

Se presenta un bosquejo histórico del proceso de formación de médicos especialistas en España: el llamado sistema MIR, un sistema supervisado y remunerado de adquisición de las competencias. No fue hasta finales de los años 70 del pasado siglo cuando se inició un desarrollo extraordinario del sistema de residencia en todo el país, que llega a ser exclusivo. Hasta entonces la consecución y el ejercicio de una especialidad médica carecían, por lo general, de garantías. Hoy hay una estructura hospitalaria acreditada y sólida para la formación de especialistas médicos (que se ha ampliado a otras profesiones sanitarias) y una normativa reguladora de los órganos docentes que garantiza estrictamente el proceso. El sistema mantiene aspectos mejorables. A historical sketch of the training process for specialist doctors in Spain is presented: the socalled MIR system, a supervised and paid system for the acquisition of competencies. It was not until the end of the 70s of the last century when an extraordinary development of the residence system began throughout the country, which became exclusive. Until then, the achievement and practice of a medical specialty generally lacked guarantees. Today there is an accredited and solid hospital structure for the training of medical specialists (which has been extended to other health professions) and a regulation of the teaching bodies that strictly guarantees the process. The system maintains aspects that could be improved
 Key words: Medical education, medical specialization, posgratuate training

Fast query by humming system based on complex multiscale music entropy and CMMEB Kd tree

Query by Humming QBH Music Information Retrieval MIR system is one of the enlivened areas of research for matching hummed query to music excerpts existing within the music database. This paper proposes a fast QBH content based music retrieval technique based on the estimation of Complex Multiscale Music Entropy CMME. The proposed concept exploits the statistical reliability through the CMME for approximation of music signals. In order to enhance the speed of the system, the CMME feature vectors of music database are indexed through Complex Multiscale Music Entropy Balanced CMMEB Kd tree leading to reduced search space and retrieval time. Eventually, CMME feature vectors are extracted from humming query for retrieval of the target song from music database. The experimental results effectually locate the humming queries and state the prominence of CMME and CMMEB Kd tree for retrieving the target song by humming.

Reorganización de la especialización médica. Más allá de la Ley de Ordenación de Profesiones Sanitarias

More than 30 years after the creation of postgraduate medical training program in Spain supported by the MIR system, a thorough review of it becomes essential. This was the goal of the LOPS law enacted in 2003.The development of the LOPS is being slow and difficult to enforce, because master lines have to be achieved in order to develop the training of specialists in accordance with internationals standards and, simultaneously, with the reform that is taking place in the undergraduate education. The start up of the medical core will be the cornerstone of this project. The principles of the LOPS provide an opportunity for the training of competent physician in basic general medical practice followed by a progressive specialization supported on a solid foundation. And these principles have to prevail over corporate interests.

Direct monitoring of the prostate motion by the use of KV imaging per fraction during the irradiation of a VMAT hypofractionated treatment

Purpose In this study we report the first clinical results of monitoring the prostate movement during a VMAT radiation through the use of MIR system (Motion Intrafraction Review, Varian Medical Systems). This method allows using a kV irradiation during treatment delivery and verifying real-time internal displacement volumes. Materials and methods Seven patients with prostatic carcinoma were treated using RapidArc technique on a TrueBeam Novalis accelerator. Before the simulation, three gold markers were implanted in the prostate and a hyaluronic acid injection was performed to remove the anterior wall of the rectum. Each patient received an MRI acquisition in radiotherapy position and a fusion was performed with CT simulation in order to improve the quality of the irradiated volume definition. Algorithm PRO3 (version V 10.0.28) was used for the preparation of the treatment plan on the Eclipse console and two arcs were delivered with a 600 MU/ min dose rate. A schema 20 * 3.1 Gy equivalent to 84 Gy with 5 fractions per week was used. The irradiation was delivered in gated mode required to operate MIR on TrueBeam version 1.6. During the treatment, kV images were automatically acquired at each exhale. The actual position of the markers was directly compared with their expected position represented by a green circle on the acquired image. Results The treatment time was 16 ± 6 min. The number of kV images acquired during irradiation was 26 ± 15 with a maximum of 64. After retrospective analysis, the average deviation of the markers in the superior-inferior direction was 0.29 [0–1.4] mm. The anterior- posterior and lateral offsets are difficult to analyze retrospectively because markers are not visible on all the images. However, a live correction of the fiducials positions has been applied only for two sessions out of 120. Conclusion Verification by kV imaging of intrafraction prostate motion is now possible simultaneously with the delivery of treatment. This online tracking will certainly reduce the PTV margins for hypofractionated treatment with strong dose per fraction. The MIR system available on the TrueBeam will allow in version 2.0 to get rid of the respiratory cycle by producing an image on a request related to the number of seconds, the number of UM or the gantry position.

Emotion based Contextual Semantic Relevance Feedback in Multimedia Information Retrieval

Every query issued by a user to find some relevant information,contains the semantic and its associated contexts, but, indentifying and conveying these semantic and context (present in the query) to MIR system is a major challenge and still needs to be tackled effectively. Thus, exploiting the plausibility of context associated with semantic concept for the purpose of enhancement in retrieval of the possible relevant information, we propose Emotion Based Contextual Semantic Relevance Feedback(ECSRF) to learn, refine, discriminate and identify the current context present in a query. We will further investigate: (1) whether multimedia attributes(audio, speech along with visual) can be purposefully used to work out a current context of user’s query and will be useful inreduction of search space and retrieval time; (2) whether increasing the Affective features (spoken emotional word(s)with facial expression(s)) in identifying, discriminating emotions would increase the overall retrieval performance in terms of Precision, Recall and retrieval time;(3)whether increasing the discriminating power of classifier algorithm in query perfection would increase the search accuracy with less retrieval time.We introduce an Emotion Recognition Unit(ERU) that comprises of a customized 3D spatiotemporal Gabor filter to capture spontaneous facial expression, and emotional word recognition system (combination of phonemes and visemes) to recognize the spoken emotional words. Integration of classifier algorithms GMM, SVM and CQPSB are compared in ECSRF framework to study the effect of increasing the discriminating power of classifier on retrieval performance.Observations suggest that prediction of contextual semantic relevance is feasible, and ECSRF model can benefit from incorporating such increased affective features and classifier to increase a MIR system’s retrieval efficiency and contextual perceptions.

Abstract 3996: MicroRNA-96 is a posttranscriptional suppressor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase expression in human cancer

Abstract Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is normally expressed in human neural cells at an early developmental stage. In contrast, the expression of ALK is minimal in adult human tissues. Nonetheless, ALK is aberrantly expressed in some of the most aggressive types of adults and children malignancies. For instance, the expression of ALK in the form of the chimeric proteins NPM-ALK and EML4-ALK is seen in a subset of T-cell lymphoma and non-small lung cancer, respectively. In addition, aberrant upregulation of full-length ALK occurs in a group of neuroblastoma patients. ALK has been shown to contribute significantly to the survival of cancer cells. It is not surprising, therefore, that targeting ALK is now considered a promising therapeutic strategy to be utilized for the treatment of these malignant diseases in the near future. Although the aberrant expression of ALK has been partially attributed to the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities that induce the expression of ALK chimeric proteins, the mechanisms underlying this interesting phenomenon are not completely identified. We reasoned that one potential mechanism contributing to the aberrant expression of ALK in cancer cells is mediated through defects in the microRNA (miR) system. We performed analysis of miR predicted targets using 3 web-based algorithms including TargetScan, miRanda, and PicTars. Mir-96 was the only candidate with potential ability to bind to ALK 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) that was identified simultaneously by the 3 algorithms. qPCR analysis showed that the expression of miR-96 was markedly decreased in NPM-ALK-expressing T-cell lymphoma cell lines compared with normal human T lymphocytes. The expression of miR-96 was also negligible in lung cancer and neuroblastoma cell lines that express EML4-ALK and full-length ALK, respectively. Importantly, transfection of ALK-expressing cancer cell lines with miR-96 was associated with a pronounced decrease in the expression of the different forms of ALK protein, and not in ALK mRNA. There was a marked reduction in luciferase activity when miR-96 was transfected with ALK 3′-UTR containing the presumed binding site for miR-96. Transfection of ALK-expressing cell lines with miR-96 was associated with decreased phosphorylation of ALK downstream targets, including pSTAT3, pAKT, and pIGF-IR, with no effect on the basal levels of these oncogenic proteins. Furthermore, miR-96 decreased the proliferation of cancer cell lines that express ALK. The effects of miR-96 were not detected when cell lines were transfected with a control miR mimic. In conclusion, our results identify miR-96 as a novel tumor suppressor that functions by inducing posttranscriptional downregulation of ALK expression, and suggest that miR-96 could represent a potential modality to successfully treat aggressive tumors that express the different forms of ALK protein. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3996. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3996

Validation of Intensive Medicine Degree in the United Kingdom

The specialty of Intensive Care Medicine was established over twenty years ago in Spain as part of the MIR (Resident training) system. The European Union allows for free circulation of its workers and the multilateral recognition of their university degrees as well as their postgraduate training. Unfortunately, our specialty is excluded from such a privilege. This limits our European rights and hinders the mobility of the intensivists trained in our country. The main objective of this article is to provide a practical guide on how to obtain recognition of the Spanish Certificate of Training (MIR system) in Intensive Care Medicine in the United Kingdom (UK). This review has been done by several Spanish intensivists with vast professional experience in the UK.

Convalidación del título de Medicina Intensiva en el Reino Unido

The speciality of Intensive Care Medicine was established over twenty years ago in Spain as part of the MIR (Resident training) system. The European Union allows for free circulation of its workers and the multilateral recognition of their university degrees as well as their postgraduate training. Unfortunately, our speciality is excluded from such a privilege. This limits our European rights and hinders the mobility of the intensivists trained in our country. The main objective of this article is to provide a practical guide on how to obtain recognition of the Spanish Certificate of Training (MIR system) in Intensive Care Medicine in the United Kingdom (UK). This review has been done by several Spanish intensivists with vast professional experience in the UK.

Educational tools based on MIR system for Arabian woodwinds

Most educational musical software is designed for occidental music and instruments. As Arabian music has special features, utilization of most available musical software is limited. This article presents educational tools developed for Arabian woodwinds. These tools are based on a recently proposed system devoted to melodic retrieval of Arabian woodwinds and benefiting from an open Musical Instrument Digital Interface Toolbox. Four applications are presented and evaluated: Automatic Music Transcription of Arabian woodwinds, Music Information Retrieval to serve Arabian polyphony, query-by-playing for musical libraries and a tool for melodic analysis.

A Modeling of Singing Voice Robust to Accompaniment Sounds and Its Application to Singer Identification and Vocal-Timbre-Similarity-Based Music Information Retrieval

This paper describes a method of modeling the characteristics of a singing voice from polyphonic musical audio signals including sounds of various musical instruments. Because singing voices play an important role in musical pieces with vocals, such representation is useful for music information retrieval systems. The main problem in modeling the characteristics of a singing voice is the negative influences caused by accompaniment sounds. To solve this problem, we developed two methods, accompaniment sound reduction and reliable frame selection . The former makes it possible to calculate feature vectors that represent a spectral envelope of a singing voice after reducing accompaniment sounds. It first extracts the harmonic components of the predominant melody from sound mixtures and then resynthesizes the melody by using a sinusoidal model driven by these components. The latter method then estimates the reliability of frame of the obtained melody (i.e., the influence of accompaniment sound) by using two Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) for vocal and nonvocal frames to select the reliable vocal portions of musical pieces. Finally, each song is represented by its GMM consisting of the reliable frames. This new representation of the singing voice is demonstrated to improve the performance of an automatic singer identification system and to achieve an MIR system based on vocal timbre similarity.

MicroRNA expression profiling of megakaryocytes in primary myelofibrosis and essential thrombocythemia

In primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) the megakaryocytic lineage characteristically shows aberrant proliferation and maturation in which the regulatory microRNA (miR) system might be involved. Laser-microdissected PMF and ET megakaryocytes were analysed with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) low density arrays comprising 365 microRNAs. The highest megakaryocytic expression levels were observed for miR-223, which is known to be expressed also in granulopoiesis. Cluster analysis revealed a tendency of disease-specific megakaryocytic microRNA expression profiles indicating that a complex shift of microRNA expression appears to be the underlying defect. Increased accumulation of miR-146b was observed in cellular stage PMF (p = 0.0125) but not ET megakaryopoiesis. In conclusion, this is the first microRNA profiling of in situ-derived PMF, ET and normal megakaryocytes.

Luis cifuentes: un ejemplar itinerario formativo, científico y profesional

We describe the training itinerary of Dr. Luis Cifuentes, in a time in which Urology lacked of scientific prestige and was a limited field of surgery. His excellent education in basic sciences, his permanent voluntary contact with the most representative scientists of that time, his innovative PhD thesis, and other initiatives, altogether with his inquisitorial character and extraordinary personal aptitudes enabled him to get to Urology with an exceptionally rich burden of knowledge.With the help of excellent national and international mentors he achieved a urological training of such quality that his scientific and professional prestige was immediately recognized, as well as his clinical quality, technical expertise, and research rigor. All these led him to leave an admirable and everlasting trail. His training itinerary continues being a model to be followed by new generations of urologists as a complement to the MIR system.

Análisis de la actividad investigadora de los internistas gallegos a partir de los resultados de la oferta pública de empleo

The aim of the present study was to assess the investigative activity of the internists. Data were collected from the Public Bid of Employment (PBE) performed in Galicia in 2005, and compared with the rest of medical subspecialities. The results from the PBE related to internal medicine and medical subspecialities are available in the web page of the Galician Service of Health. The following data were studied: speciality, sex, method of attainment of the specialist degree, thesis, and scores obtained in Galician language exam, professional experience, professional report, postgraduate teaching and published scientific papers. Data from 355 specialists were analyzed: 118 (33.2%) were internists, and 237 (66.8%) were medical subspecialists. There were no differences between internal medicine and the rest of subspecialities in terms of sex, method of attainment of the specialist degree, thesis, and scores obtained in Galician language exam, professional experience and postgraduate teaching. Internists presented fewer scientific papers than subspecialists, even when they were classified according to different levels of professional experience. Degrees obtained by the MIR system were associated with more publications (p < 0.001). The attainment of the job was associated to scores obtained in the professional report, professional experience, and published scientific papers (p < 0.001). The obtaining of the job was associated to the accomplishment of the doctoral thesis in the university teaching hospitals (A Coruña, Santiago y Vigo, p < 0.005). The investigative activity of the internists in Galicia is inferior to the rest of the medical subspecialists. It seems necessary to stimulate the internists to developing scientific investigation and to improve those skills of the internal medicine residents.

Percepción de la demanda y necesidades de formación en salud mental de los médicos de atención primaria

Objective To know the opinion of the primary health care (PHC) physicians on the assistance demand in mental health (MH), their training necessities and their attitudes about this disorders. Design Observational and transversal study. Setting Primary care. Participants The subjects of the study were PHC physicians. From a total of 1191 PHC physicians in Castilla-La Mancha region, 301 were selected by random stratified sampling. Main measurements A self-complimented questionnaire was elaborated, being identified the following variables: professional and sociodemographics characteristics, their perceived demands of MH problems, perceived difficulties in resolution, training in MH, knowledge about specialized resources and their attitudes about mental disorders. Results 63.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 57.6-69.4) considered that the mental problems are related with, at least, 20% of the consultations. Very frequent consulted problems were: anxiety disorders (75.9%), affective disorders (73.5%), and somatoform disorders (40.5%). 63.6% (95% CI; 57.8-69.6) considered to have enough information about specialized resources. About attitudes, 43.7% (95% CI; 37.7-49.8) said the PHC physicians cannot be taken charge of the existent demand. This opinion as significantly more frequents in physicians with more patient assigned, more assistance pressure, without postgraduate assistance formation (Spanish MIR system), with less perceived demand, without training in MH and worse knowledge of the specialized resources. Conclusions In opinion of most of the physicians the mental disorders are related with, at least, 1 of each 5 consultations. A high proportion considers that the teams of PHC cannot be taken charge of the existent demand, mainly when it is high the assistance pressure.Most says that more specific training should exist in MH and more coordination with the specialized services.

Specialised medical training in the Spanish Health System: a critical analysis

The manner in which specialised medical training positions have been and are still being offered, by means of the MIR system, has given rise to an important imbalance between employment and training for medical specialists over the years. This situation is the result of inadequate planning, characterised by a lack of anticipation and excessive short-term orientation on the part of the decision makers. In this article, we present a critical analysis of the current training system and elaborate a simulation model, observing the possible evolution in the number of doctors.

321 0.5MRI装置を用いた下肢の低Flow Angiographyの検討(第三報) : FAST SE法, PC法, TOF法においての比較検討

321 0.5MRI装置を用いた下肢の低Flow Angiographyの検討(第三報) : FAST SE法, PC法, TOF法においての比較検討

Agriculture in Eastern Europe

I. Overcrowding of the land, 170. — Importance of agricultural problem of eastern Europe. Density of population. Large proportion of rural population; its high density. Low yields. Per capita grain production. II. Consequences as to standard of living and food supply, 174. — Predominantly vegetable diet. Small surplus after supplying wants of producer. Live stock. Prewar grain exports. Reduction of food output during war; continuation of similar causes after war. Widespread food shortage. The Russian famine. III. Prospects for recovery, 180. — Conditions favoring recovery. Importance of political conditions. Increased crops of 1921 except in Russia; exports of food; effect on currency exchange. Probably slower recovery of Russia. IV. Prospect for progress in peasant agriculture, 183. — Vicious circle of overcrowding, poverty, ignorance. Effects of overcrowding on agricultural methods. Shallow plowing. Unsatisfactory crop rotation. Scattered holdings — their explanation and consequences. Mir system. Beneficial effects of democracy. Rapid progress improbable. V. The large estates, 190. — Large-scale operation. Superior efficiency. Polish estates. Agrarian reform — division of estates. Direct gain to peasant overestimated. Measures already taken. Ultimate effects, especially on peasant psychology.