Minutes Of Sonication Research Articles

The Effect of Sonication Duration and Citric Acid Concentration on The Yield of Reduced Graphene Oxide (r-GO) Isolated from East Kalimantan Bituminous Coal

Reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) is a derivative of graphene which has good electrical conductivity, so it can be used as a composite in the industrial sector. The manufacture of graphene oxide (GO) as the basic material for r-GO is carried out using green chemistry one of them is using the sonication technique and citric acid reductant. This research aims to isolated r-GO from East Kalimantan Bituminous coal which has 70,24% carbon content. The citric acid was varied on 10%, 30%, and 50% and the applies sonication duration was 10, 30, and 50 minutes. In order to obtain the optimal r-GO which was evaluated according to the lowest yield. The optimal condition took place at 10% citric acid under 50 minutes sonication. The r-GO was characterized using FTIR and it showed that the peaks of C-OH, C=C, and C-O-C exhibiting the high %T. The morphology of selected r-GO was closed to the references based on SEM analysis. There was an increase about 50,20% of carbon content in r-GO (84,412%) compared to the GO (56,199%). On the other hand, the percentage of oxygen decreased by 64,27% for GO (23,785%) to selected r-GO (8,498%). There was a change of C:O ratio, from 2,409 (GO) to 9,935 (r-GO). Its density and pH for r-GO were 1,4 g/cm3 and 2.

Pengaruh waktu ekstraksi menggunakan ultrasonic assisted extraction terhadap antosianin jantung pisang (Musa spp)

Banana blossom is a source of anthocyanin that is potentially utilized as natural dyes in the food industry. Anthocyanin from banana blossom can be extracted using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) and maceration method. Extraction using ultrasonic causes cavitation effect thereby provide an efficiency of extraction time if compared with maceration method. This study aimed to determine the effect of the duration of sonication treatment on total anthocyanin in banana blossom extract. Experimental design applied in this research is randomized block design with five treatments: maceration for 24 hours, sonication: 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes and 20 minutes. Sonication was carried out at 40 kHz. Parameters determined were anthocyanin content, color (L*, a*, b*), morphological structure and total soluble solid. The results showed that sonication time did not significantly affect the total anthocyanin of banana blossom extract. Total anthocyanin of banana blossom extract with sonication time treatment ranged from 86.32 mg/L to 87.31 mg/L. The selected treatment for banana blossom extraction using UAE was 5 minutes sonication. This treatment resulted in a total anthocyanin concentration of 87.31 mg/L, which has comparable to the 24 hours maceration method. The color parameter (L*, a*, b*) and total soluble solid of the banana blossom extract with 5 minutes sonication was 28.67, 12.54, 17.92 and 8.32 %Brix, respectively. Meanwhile, the morphological structure showed formation of pores on the surface of banana blossom cells.

Formation of Iron (III) Trimesate Xerogel by Ultrasonic Irradiation

AbstractFe−BTC materials have attracted vast attention owing to their high chemical stability, adaptable synthesis, and potential applications. Herein, we describe, for the first time, the preparation of iron trimesate gels by ultrasonic (US) irradiation of an aqueous solution of Iron (III) nitrate and trimesic acid. Two different procedures were used: (1) sonication for 10 or 20 minutes, (2) 3 minutes sonication under controlled pH (pH 3–5). After drying, stable Fe−BTC xerogels were obtained from both procedures. The xerogels consisted of interconnected spherical nanoparticles with similar microstructure when analyzed by FT‐IR and PXRD and similar thermal behavior under oxygen in the range of 25–900 °C. When analyzed by Nitrogen adsorption‐desorption at 77 K, all samples showed a permanent porosity with a narrow micropore distribution below 10 Å. Different textural properties were found among samples obtained with the same procedure. The product of 10 minutes sonication had a specific surface area (SSA) of 1042 m2/g.

The role of sonication in preparing injectable poly-l-lactic acid.

Injectable poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) carries the risk of nodule or microlump formation. Various methods including sonication have been tried to minimize these adverse effects of PLLA. This study investigated the change in size, distribution, and properties of PLLA particles after sonication, and the duration of sonication needed to reach the ideal particle size. Two indicators, the average size of PLLA particles and diameter at 90%, were measured at each timepoint: at 0, 10, 60, 120, and 240 minutes of sonication. The characteristics and particle shape were assessed at 0 and 240 minutes. The average particle size and the diameter at 90% decreased drastically until 10minutes of sonication and then increased slightly at 60minutes. After 60 minutes, the average size and the diameter at 90% gradually decreased over time and reached 42.2μm and 75.7μm, respectively, at 120 minutes. After 240 minutes of sonication, the average particle size was 35.9μm, much smaller than the smallest proper size required (40μm). Standard deviation decreased gradually over time, which means that a more even distribution was obtained. Crystalline remnants were significantly less left with 120 minutes sonication compared to those with 120 minutes hydration only. PLLA particles were more cracked at the center, and microcrystals were more loosely distributed at the periphery after 120 minutes sonication. Sonication help reduce the average size of PLLA particles and achieve more even distribution. Therefore, we believe sonication may attribute to the safer use of PLLA.

Effect of Filler Concentration and Time Sonication of ZnO Composite for Radar Absorbing Material Applications

Effects of filler concentration and sonication time on the structure, morphology, reflection loss and absorption percentage of ZnO composite was investigated. The structure, morphology, reflection loss and absorption percentage of the composite was investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The ZnO composite was made by solution mixing method with the epoxy resin as a filler varied of 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt%. The hardener was mixed to the ZnO composite by the composition of 2: 1. The sonication time was varied of 30, 45 and 60 minutes. The XRD showed that the crystal structure of ZnO composite was confirmed as a hexagonal structure and the structure was not change for all composite. The VNA results showed that the optimum reflection loss value was-9.37042 dB at the frequency of 12.3 GHz for the filler composition of 20 wt% and sonification time of 45 minutes. On the other hand, the minimum reflection loss value was-6.86845 dB at the frequency of 12.3 GHz for the filler composition of 10 wt% and sonification time of 45 minutes. In addition, the optimum absorption percentage was 18 % at a filler composition of 10 wt% with 60 minutes sonication time. This study demonstrates a promising method to improve a microwave absorption of ZnO composites.

Synthesis of precipitated silica from bagasse ash as reinforcing filler in rubber

Bagasse ash as waste material from the sugarcane industry is causing disposal problems. This paper study on the use of silica from bagasse ash as reinforcing filler in rubber. Precipitated silica was obtained from bagasse ash through a sol precipitation method. Process parameters such as time of addition of secondary sodium silicate, pH and temperature, were studied. The synthesized silica was characterized by XRF, XRD, and PSA. XRF and XRD test results showed that the precipitated silica contained 4.9% of alumina and had an amorphous structure, respectively. PSA result showed that the synthesized precipitated silica and a commercial reinforcing filler had a comparable aggregate/agglomerate size distribution after 10 minutes sonication. The yield of silica recovered from bagasse ash was found to vary between 41.7% and 58.2%.

The optimization of pyrethroid simultaneous analysis in tropical soil of Indonesian tea plantation: Preliminary study

The preliminary study for the simultaneous analysis of five synthetic pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin) in tropical soil of tea plantation has been performed. The objective of this study is to perform an optimum condition for simple method development, based on green analytical chemistry. The concentrations of 0.1 μg.g-1 for all pyrethroids were evaluated using ultrasonic and microwave-assisted extraction. The quantification was performed using gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Based on the experiment, the 0.5 mm soils size particles and 30 minutes sonication times were set as optimal condition for ultrasonic-assisted extraction with the best recovery yields of spiked soils were from 80 to 105 % for each pyrethroid and repeatability represent by the relative standard deviation (RSD, %) ranging of 1.1 – 4.8 %. Results were comparable with those found by microwave-assisted extraction. The result shows that the reproducibility, which is represented by recoveries obtained, ranged from 151 – 276 %, and were unacceptable because the value was beyond the specific range that was proposed by the Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC) International. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction was applicable for pyrethroids analysis in the real sample, with concentration found was 0.01 to 0.12 μg.g−1.

Effect of ultrasound on the flocculation-sedimentation and thickening of unclassified tailings.

In back-fill mining, how to rapidly increase the concentration of tailings is an important problem facing mining engineers. In this paper, the effects of ultrasound frequency (17-25kHz), power (50-100W), duration (5-20min) and start time (3-12min) on the final underflow concentration (FUC) of unclassified tailings (UTs) were investigated. The flocculation-sedimentation and thickening of tailings were compared with and without ultrasound application. The response surface method was applied to analyze the primary and secondary relationships and interactive relationships between the various ultrasound operating parameters and the FUC, and the optimal conditions were determined. In addition, Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (E-SEM) was used to analyze the structural changes of underflow aggregates and clearly demonstrated a denser underflow after ultrasound treatment. The results indicated that ultrasound can significantly improve the underflow concentration of the UTs slurry. The frequency and power are the most important influencing factors. The best conditions for ultrasound application are a frequency of 20.4kHz, power of 90W, duration of 6.2min and start time at 15.0min. The FUC reached 71.75% after several minutes of sonication, which is 4.31% higher than the FUC of free flocculation. The results of E-SEM analysis showed significant differences among the microstructures of settled tailings (STs) after free flocculation and 17 and 20kHz ultrasound treatment. Ultrasound at a frequency of 20kHz has a more effective mechanical vibration and cavitation action and can therefore effectively break the polymer flocculant chains into shorter chains and promote the compaction of tailings and the release of water. The size distributions of the flocs before and after sonication also support this conclusion.

Ultrasound-microwave Assisted Extraction (UMAE) of Andrographolide from Sinta (Andrographis paniculata) with its Bioactivity Assessment

Andrographolide (AG) is known to possess some pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-dengue, anti-tumor and anti-tuberculosis. Green extraction techniques such as ultrasound and microwave have shown the effectiveness in extracting high purity AG from Andrographis paniculata or Sinta. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), which operates at non-thermal conditions, prevents the thermal degradation of AG while microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) allows an increased extraction yield. This study aimed to determine the effect of sequential ultrasound- microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) in the yield of AG and its bioactivity assessment. The UAE obtained its highest AG yield of 539.24 mg L-1 at 10 minutes sonication time and MAE with 781.65 mg L-1 at 5 minutes irradiation time with 420 W microwave power. The UMAE obtained the highest AG yield of 1,066.49 mg L-1 when sequentially exposed to 10 minutes sonication and 10 min irradiation with a microwave power of 280 W. Cytotoxic activity testing of Sinta extract containing AG from UMAE confirmed a lethal concentration (LC50) with value at 76.02 mg L-1. Furthermore, it has an intermediate susceptibility to Escherichia coli but resistant to both Bacillus clausii and Klebsiella spp., highlighting the potential of its valuable medicinal applications.

Denatured lysozyme-coated carbon nanotubes: a versatile biohybrid material

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are among the most versatile nanomaterials, but their exploitation is hindered by limited dispersibility, especially in aqueous solvents. Here, we show that AP-LYS, a highly cationic soluble derivative of denatured hen egg lysozyme, is a very effective tool for the unbundling and solubilisation of CNTs. AP-LYS proved to mediate the complete and stable dispersion of CNTs at protein: CNT ratios ≥1: 3 (w:w) in very mild conditions (10–20 minutes sonication in ammonium acetate buffer, pH 5.0). Electrophoretic mobility and ζ-potential measurements confirmed that dispersed CNTs were coated by the protein, whereas molecular docking was used to study the interactions between AP-LYS and CNTs. AP-LYS-coated CNTs proved to be a very effective microbial cell-flocculating agent with an efficiency similar to that of chitosan, one of the best available flocculating agents, thus suggesting that this hybrid could find industrial applications in the treatment of wastewaters contaminated by microbial cells, or to remove microbial cells after fermentation processes. Moreover, we exploited the low stability of AP-LYS-coated CNT dispersions in eukaryotic cell culture media to prepare scaffolds with an extracellular matrix-like rough surface for the cultivation of eukaryotic cells.

The Effect of Sonication Time on Physicochemical Profiles of The Nanocalsium from Snake-Head Fish Bone (Channa striata)

Snake-Head Fish bone is one of the fishery wastes that is potentially used as the raw material for calcium supplement products. In order to make the calcium products easily absorbed and utilized rapidly by human body, supplement products need to be made in nano form. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of the sonication time in the production of Snake-Head Fish bone nano calcium on the physical profile of the resulted nano calcium, and to obtain the best sonication time. The development of nanocalcium utilized sonication method with 405 Powersonic Ultrasonic Cleaner. The result showed that the best particle size distribution was found on 45 minutes sonication treatment which was 842.3 nm with the highest particle size ranging from 461,6 to 487,5 nm. The average value of the polydispersity index is 1.527. The yield of nano calcium produced from whole fish is 1.331%. The resulting nano calcium has an average white degree of 86.622% and average density of 0.73 g / ml. Some other mineral content also showed a not significant difference.

(Invited) Step-Wise Molecular Self-Assembly on Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Networks: Towards Development of Delivery Systems of Highly Potent but Difficult to Administer Drugs

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are increasingly being investigated for biomedical imaging, sensing, and drug delivery. Individual dispersion and coating with biocompatible molecules of SWCNTs are essential to avoid triggering cytotoxicity and to realize these applications. Perhaps the most common method for generating SWCNT-based drug delivery systems involves individually dispersing SWCNTs in water with various biocompatible molecules such as DNA, biopolymers and proteins followed by linking drugs and targeting moieties to the biocompatible coating. Another relatively less frequently exploited approach entails first attaching drugs to SWCNTs and then dispersing with biocompatible molecules, which may also be targetable. Unfortunately, both approaches suffer from low SWCNT dispersion yield and inadequate control of drug loading process, particularly if the drugs are highly potent and difficult to administer. We have developed an extremely facile scheme to generate SWCNT-based drug delivery systems by controllably depositing biocompatible molecules and drugs on preformed SWCNT hydrogels. We first individually dispersed SWCNTs in water using suitable surfactant molecules, concentrated the dispersion to form freestanding hydrogels, and then removed the surfactant from the hydrogel. These surfactant-free SWCNT hydrogels comprise of three-dimensional, isotropic network of individual nanotubes held together via van der Waals interactions the junctions between nanotubes, and have >99% porosity, which allows unimpeded transport of biocompatible molecules and drugs. Furthermore, since many potent drugs are only soluble in non-aqueous solvents, water in the hydrogel can be easily exchanged with other suitable solvents to facilitate drug loading. As a proof-of-concept, we coated SWCNTs within the hydrogels first with drugs such as Doxorubicin, Bleomycin, and Digoxin, then with proteins such as albumins, and lastly dispersed in water through gentle 5 minutes sonication with little or no loss of SWCNT yield. Optical characterizations and imaging show that the albumin/drug/SWCNTs complexes are individually dispersed that the cells readily uptake. To demonstrate robustness of this approach, we coated SWCNTs with polymers prior to decorating with biomolecules/drug layers; the polymer coating was chosen to assist in rapid drug release after cell uptake. Overall, this approach allows precisely controlled, step-wise molecular self-assembly on SWCNTs of any drug and biomolecule combinations, suggesting high potential for development of multifunctional drug delivery platforms utilizing SWCNTs.

Diagnosing the plasma formed during acoustic cavitation in [BEPip][NTf2] ionic liquid

Sonoluminescence (SL) spectra of a very dry [BEPip][NTf2] ionic liquid were measured in the first minutes of sonication under Ar. The intense sonoluminescence allowed us to monitor the time-evolution of the SL spectra. Several molecular emissions were observed. Rovibronic temperatures of C2 and CN were determined giving vibrational temperatures of 5800 ± 500 K and 6000 ± 500 K and rotational temperatures (i.e. translational or gas temperatures) of 4000 ± 500 K. These temperatures stay remarkably constant during the sonolysis, while SL spectra undergo strong changes that illustrate the very fast evolution of the plasma during the first minutes of sonication. The expected strong decrease in the plasma electron energy also reflects in the evolution of the populations of CH electronically excited states. The physical meaning of temperatures derived from molecular emissions in SL spectra is discussed.

Mass production of low-boiling point solvent- and water-soluble graphene by simple salt-assisted ball milling.

Developing a mass production method for graphene is essential for practical usage of this remarkable material. Direct exfoliation of graphite in a liquid is a promising approach for production of high quality graphene. However, this technique has three huge obstacles to be solved; limitation of solvent, low yield and low quality (i.e., multilayer graphene with a small size). Here, we found that soluble graphite produced by mechanochemical reaction with salts overcomes the above three drawbacks. Soluble graphite was exfoliated into monolayer graphene with more than 10% yield in five minutes of sonication. The modified graphite was easily exfoliated in a low-boiling point solvent such as acetone, alcohol and water without the aid of a surfactant. Molecular simulation revealed that the salt is adsorbed to the active carbon at the graphite edge. In the case of weak acid salts, the original bonding nature between the alkali ion and the base molecule is retained after the reaction. Thus, alkali metals are easily dissociated in a polar solvent, leading to negative charge of graphene, enabling the exfoliation of graphite in low boiling point solvents. The approach proposed here opens up a new door to practical usage of the attractive 2D material.

Fabrication and characterization of dexibuprofen nanocrystals using microchannel fluidic rector.

PurposeDexibuprofen is an enantiomer of ibuprofen with low bioavailability which results from its hydrophobic nature. Nanosuspensions have developed a podium to solve the in vitro dissolution problem that frequently occurs in current research.Materials and methodsThe drug and polymer solutions were mixed in a microchannel fluid reactor and the successive embryonic nanosuspension was decanted into a vial having the polymer solution. The impact of different process and formulation parameters including inlet angle, antisolvent and solvent flow rate(s), mixing time, drug concentration, polymer type and concentration was evaluated.Results and discussionStable dexibuprofen nanocrystals with a particle size of 45±3.0 nm and polydispersity index of 0.19±0.06 were obtained. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystallinity. The key parameters observed were inlet angle 10°, antisolvent to solvent volume of 2.0/0.5 mL/min, 60 minutes mixing with 5 minutes sonication, Poloxamer-407 with a concentration of 0.5% w/v and drug concentration (5 mg/mm). The 60-day stability studies revealed that the nanocrystals were stable at 4°C and 25°C. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images showed crystalline morphology with a homogeneous distribution.ConclusionStable dexibuprofen nanocrystals with retentive distinctive characteristics and having marked dissolution rate compared to raw and marketed formulations were efficiently fabricated. In future perspectives, these nanocrystals could be converted to solid dosage form and the process can be industrialized by chemical engineering approach.

The Synthesis of Photocatalyst Material ZnO using the Simple Sonication Method

ZnO is well known as photocatalyst material therefore potentially to applied in many purposes. The particle size of photocatalyst material influenced the catalytic activities. In this research, ZnO was synthesized using the simple sonication method to obtain the the smaller particle with sonication time variation respectively: 30, 60, 160, 360 minute. X-ray diffraction data showed that the synthesized material have wurtzite structure with space group P63mc. The synthesized ZnO with 30 minutes sonication time produced the smallest particle size and have the lowest band gap energy (2.79 eV). The photocatalytic test at methylene blue also showed that the optimum activity was gained from ZnO which synthesized at 30 minute sonication time (degradation percentage of metylene blue is 77.93%).

Effect of Sonication on the Elution of Antibiotics from Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA).

Background: In the setting of prosthetic joint infections treated with a two-stage procedure, spacers can be sonicated after removal. We hypothesize that the sonication process may cause an increased elution of antibiotics from the spacer, leading to elevated concentrations of antibiotics in the sonication fluid inhibiting bacterial growth. We aimed to evaluate in vitro the influence of sonication on the elution of antibiotics from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) over time and to determine whether these concentrations are above the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for microorganisms relevant in prosthetic joint infections.Methods: PMMA blocks impregnated with vancomycin, fosfomycin, gentamicin or daptomycin were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C for up to 6 weeks. PBS was changed once a week. Concentrations were determined from samples of each antibiotic every week, and after 5 minutes of sonication at 2, 4 and 6 weeks.Results: With sonication there was a trend toward an increase of the elution of antibiotics. This increase was significant for vancomycin at 2 and 4 weeks (p=0.008 and 0.002 respectively) and for fosfomycin at 2 weeks (p=0.01).Conclusion: The effect of sonication could play a role in clinical results, especially for daptomycin and gentamicin for which the MIC is close to the concentration of antibiotics at 4 and 6 weeks.We conclude that elution of antibiotics from PMMA along with the effect of sonication could inhibit bacterial growth from spacers, resulting in false negative results in the setting of two-stage exchange procedures for prosthetic joint infections.

Direct identification of clinical pathogens from liquid culture media by MALDI-TOF MS analysis

ObjectivesWe propose using MALDI-TOF MS as a tool for identifying microorganisms directly from liquid cultures after enrichment of the clinical sample in the media, to obtain a rapid microbiological diagnosis and an adequate administration of the antibiotic therapy in a clinical setting. MethodsTo evaluate this approach, a series of quality control isolates were grown in thioglycollate (TG) broth and brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and extracted under four different protocols before finally being identified by MALDI-TOF MS. After establishing the best extraction protocol, we validated the method in a total of 300 liquid cultures (150 in TG broth and 150 in BHI broth) of different types of clinical samples obtained from two tertiary Spanish hospitals. ResultsThe initial evaluation showed that the extraction protocol including a 5 minute sonication step yielded 100% valid identifications, with an average score value of 2.305. In the clinical validation of the procedure, 98% of the microorganisms identified from the TG broth were correctly identified relative to 97% of those identified from the BHI broth. In 24% of the samples analysed, growth by direct sowing was only successful in the liquid medium, and no growth was observed in the direct solid agar cultures. ConclusionsUse of MALDI-TOF MS plus the sonication-based extraction method enabled direct and accurate identification of microorganisms in liquid culture media in 15 minutes, in contrast to the 24 hours of subculture required for conventional identification, allowing the administration of a targeted antimicrobial therapy.

One minute synthesis of amino-silane functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by sonochemical method

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are material of interest for biomedical research and related applications. Recently, several works have reported facile sonochemical method of functionalizing nanoparticles with organic coupling agents. Herein, we present the influence of ultrasonic irradiation on the rate of functionalization of 3-amino propyl triethoxyl silane (APTES) on SPION. The effect of sonication on the process is investigated by varying the sonication period between 1 and 20min. Grafting of the organo-metallic molecules on SPION is demonstrated through FTIR and XPS. The results show that in one minute, organo-silane compound can be functionalized onto SPION through unique conditions generated from ultrasonic irradiation. The XPS survey spectra of the as-synthesized APTES-SPION at different sonication periods revealed that absorbed energy due to silanization reactions in all the samples appeared at same peaks. The percentage atomic concentrations of all the elements present in the as-synthesized APTES-SPION are determined by the software CASAXPS. The result demonstrated that highest percentage atomic concentration is observed at the one minute sonication period.

Optimization of Ficus deltoidea Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction by Box-Behnken Statistical Design

In this study, the effect of extraction parameters (ethanol concentration, sonication time, and solvent-to-sample ratio) onFicus deltoidealeaves was investigated using ultrasound-assisted extraction by response surface methodology (RSM). Total phenolic content (TPC) ofF. deltoideaextracts was identified using Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g. Box-Behnken statistical design (BBD) was the tool used to find the optimal conditions for maximum TPC. Besides, the extraction yield was measured and stated in percentage. The optimized TPC attained was 455.78 mg GAE/g at 64% ethanol concentration, 10 minutes sonication time, and 20 mL/g solvent-to-sample ratio whereas the greatest extraction yield was 33% with ethanol concentration of 70%, sonication time of 40 minutes, and solvent-to-material ratio at 40 mL/g. The determination coefficient,R2, for TPC indicates that 99.5% capriciousness in the response could be clarified by the ANOVA model and the value of 0.9681 of predictedR2is in equitable agreement with the 0.9890 of adjustedR2. The present study shows that ethanol water as solvent, a short time of 10 minutes, and adequate solvent-to-sample ratio (20 mL/g) are the best conditions for extraction.