Minutes Of Aerobic Exercise Research Articles

Israel's first national remote cardiac rehabilitation program: A retrospective analysis.

Cardiac rehabilitation is an essential component of secondary prevention consistently unexploited by most eligible patients. Accordingly, the remote cardiac rehabilitation program (RCRP) was developed to create optimal conditions for remote instruction and supervision for patients to enable successful completion of the program. This study comprised 306 patients with established coronary heart disease who underwent a 6-month RCRP. RCRP involves regular exercise, monitored by a smartwatch that relays data to the operations center and a mobile application on the patient's smartphone. A stress test was performed immediately before the RCRP and repeated after 3 months. The aims were to determine the effectiveness of the RCRP in improving aerobic capacity, and correlating the program goals and first-month activity, with attaining program goals during the last month. Participants were mostly male (81.5%), aged 58 ± 11, enrolled in the main after a myocardial infarction or coronary interventions. Patients exercised aerobically for 183 min each week, 101 min (55% of total exercise) at the target heart rate. There was a significant improvement in exercise capacity, assessed by stress tests, metabolic equivalents which increased from 9.5 ± 3 to 11.4 ± 7(p < 0.001). Independent predictors of RCRP goals were older age and more minutes of aerobic exercise during the first program month (p < 0.05). Participants succeeded in performing guideline recommendations, resulting in a significant improvement in exercise capacity. Older age and increased volume of first month of exercise were significant factors associated with a greater likelihood to attain program goals.

Effects of vitamin D supplementation and aerobic exercises on balance and physical performance in children with Down syndrome

Background/Aims Children with Down syndrome are prone to vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D supplements are commonly used to treat and prevent vitamin D deficiencies. There is growing evidence that support the role of vitamin D improving muscles and central nervous system function. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effects of vitamin D supplementation combined with aerobic exercises and conventional physical therapy on balance and physical performance in children with Down syndrome. Methods A randomised controlled trial was conducted for 38 children with Down syndrome, with ages ranging from 8 to 12 years. They were divided randomly into two groups. The control group (n=19) received conventional physical therapy and aerobic exercises, while the study group (n=19) received conventional physical therapy, aerobic exercises and vitamin D in the form of an oral daily dose of vitamin D3 400 IU (cholecalciferol). The children in both groups participated in the same physical therapy for 45 minutes, 3 days a week for 12 weeks, and undertook 15 minutes of aerobic exercise after the physical therapy sessions. Balance was evaluated by using the Biodex Stability System and physical performance was evaluated by using the 6-Minute Walk Test. Results All groups showed a significant improvement in the medial-lateral stability index, the anterior-posterior stability index, the overall stability index and the 6-Minute Walk Test after treatment (P&lt;0.05). The study group showed a significant improvement in the measured variables compared with that of the control group (P&lt;0.05). Conclusions Vitamin D supplements, combined with aerobic exercises and conventional physical therapy, could improve balance and physical performance in children with Down syndrome. Therefore, vitamin D and aerobic exercises should be considered as an adjunctive to physical therapy.

The match between what is prescribed and reasons for prescribing in exercise referral schemes: a mixed method study

BackgroundExercise referral schemes (ERS) aim to tackle non-communicable disease (NCD) by increasing physical activity levels through prescribed exercise. However, there is a sparsity of knowledge upon what exercises are prescribed and if they are targeted towards tackling NCD.MethodMixed methods were employed. Quantitative data was extracted from exercise prescription cards of 50 participants and were assessed for frequency, intensity, type and time of prescribed exercise. Descriptive measures of aggregate data are expressed as median (range: minimum-maximum). Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews generated qualitative data on exercise referral instructors’ experiences of prescribing exercise.ResultsThirty-eight different types of exercise were prescribed. Median prescription was 4 (1–11) exercises per session, at a moderate intensity. Participants were prescribed a median of 35 (5–70) minutes of aerobic exercise per referral session. Exercise referral instructors prescribed exercise to improve activities of daily living, promote independence and autonomy of participants, rather than explicitly targeting the referral condition.ConclusionsKnowledge that prescribed exercises are not explicitly targeted to the referral condition provides critical information in understanding the purpose of exercise prescription. Future evaluations of ERS should be mindful of this, that is, perceived outcomes might not match up to what is being prescribed within ERS.

Abstract PS9-36: Exercise therapy to reduce breast cancer fatigue: Results from the EXPECT study

Abstract Background. Breast cancer fatigue (BCF) is a complex and multidimensional condition characterized by a persistent sense of physical and/or mental stiffness, resulting in a substantial impairment of health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients and survivors. Several therapeutic approaches have been proposed for BCF. Among them, supervised exercise therapy is a valuable non-pharmacologic option. However, the optimal exercise scheme (i.e. type, combination, frequency, intensity, and duration) remains controversial. Here, we sought to evaluate the effects of a specific therapeutic exercise protocol on BCF and muscle performance. Methods. This is a still-recruiting pilot prospective cohort study including women with a diagnosis of BCF up to two months after breast surgery. Exclusion criteria: Hb &amp;lt;9 g/dl, platelets &amp;lt;150,000/mm3, and brain and/or bone metastases. Intervention: all participants were subjected to a physical exercise rehabilitative protocol consisting of 10 minutes of warm-up, 40 minutes of aerobic exercise (e.g. walking, cycling, rowing) and strength training (e.g. light weightlifting), and 10 minutes of cool-down. Each session was repeated 2 times/week with &amp;gt;2 days of rest for 4 weeks, under the supervision of an experienced physical therapist. Primary outcome evaluation: brief fatigue inventory (BFI). Secondary outcomes: the European organization for research and treatment of cancer quality of life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30); hand grip strength test (HGS); short physical performance battery (SPPB); 10 meter walking test (10MWT); 6 minute walking test (6MWT). All outcomes were assessed at baseline (T0), after 1 month (T1), and after 3 months (T2). Results. Of the 102 patients assessed, 48 did not meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria and 18 refused to sign the informed consent. Finally, 36 BC women (mean age: 55.17 ±7.76 years; body mass index: 25.15 ±5.52 kg/m2) were enrolled. BFI showed a statistically significant reduction both at T1 (5.4 ±1.6 vs 4.2 ±1.7; p=0.004) and T2 (5.4 ±1.6 vs 4.4 ±1.6; p=0.004). Furthermore, we found significant differences at T1 in terms of HGS (20.1 ± 5.8 vs 22.5 ± 5.2: p&amp;lt;0.001), SPPB (9.3 ± 2.0 vs 11.3 ± 1.2; p&amp;lt;0.001), 10MWT (1.5 ± 0.3 vs 1.8 ± 0.3; p&amp;lt;0.001), 6MWT (464.5 ± 62.9 vs 554.1 ± 71.6; p&amp;lt;0.001), EORTC QLQ-C30 Functional score (69.2 ± 14.9 vs 76.9 ± 15.7; p&amp;lt;0.001), EORTC QLQ-C30 Symptoms score (29.2 ± 14.9 vs 21.2 ± 16.0: p&amp;lt;0.001), and EORTC QLQ-C30 Global Health score (40.7 ± 12.5 vs 67.6 ± 14.8; p&amp;lt;0.001). At 2 months (T2), all the outcome measures significantly differ from the baseline (p&amp;lt;0.05), including FFM (43.2±6.4 vs 45.5±6.6; p&amp;lt;0.001) and FM (24.0±10.6 vs 21.7±10.0; p&amp;lt;0.001), as showed by Table 3. Moreover, the GPE score measured at T1 was 2.20 considering patients’ perspective and 2.40 considering physical therapists’ perspective.Conclusions. The physical exercise rehabilitation protocol proposed herein might be a feasible, safe, reliable and effective intervention in reducing BCF and improving muscle mass, function, and health-related quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Further studies are needed to define the role of physical rehabilitation in the multidisciplinary management of BCF. Citation Format: Marco Invernizzi, Alessandro de Sire, Elham Sajjadi, Konstantinos Venetis, Alessandra Gennari, Nicola Fusco. Exercise therapy to reduce breast cancer fatigue: Results from the EXPECT study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS9-36.

Nutrition counseling combined with head and neck rehabilitation exercises can enhance outcomes among nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients in southern China: a prospective study in an epidemic area.

More than two thirds of new of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cases occurring in the east and southeast parts of Asia. As a consequence, the development of intervention programs that can educate and assist patients of NPC in adopting and maintaining long-term behavioral changes to prevent further progression of the disease and improve quality of life represents a continuing need. Patients diagnosed with NPC (n=141) completed chronic disease self-management questionnaires (CDSMP) before, immediately after, and 3, 6, and 12 months after receiving primary cancer treatment. An independent-samples T test was used to compare mean changes in chronic disease self-management (CDSM) items between the intervention group and control group. There was no difference between the two groups at baseline. Patients who received an intervention demonstrated a significant improvement in fatigue and shortness of breath after treatment. They also demonstrated significant improvements in weekly minutes of aerobic exercise and stretching/strengthening exercise. These advantages lessened slightly with elapsed time. For NPC patients, nutrition counseling combined with head and neck rehabilitation exercises can greatly reduce fatigue and shortness of breath and greatly increase the use of stretching/strengthening and aerobic exercise 3 months after intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).

200.000 IU of vitamin D does not reduce resting Blood Pressure and Inhibit Post-Exercise Hypotension in elderly women: a pilot study.

Given the scarcity of studies with elderly and the existence of studies investigating the effect of vitamin D supplementation in PEH (post exercise hypotension), this study evaluated the effect of a single megadose of vitamin D on resting blood pressure (RBP) and post-exercise hypotension (PEH) in the elderly. 11 hypertensive elderly women (70.3 ± 1.7 years) received a single megadose of 200.000 IU of cholecalciferol or a placebo, orally, through capsules. On day 7, the subjects performed 30 minutes of aerobic exercise with blood pressure measurement before exercise and every 10 minutes after exercise during 60 minutes, besides cardiac autonomic modulation. RBP did not significantly change. Exercise promoted significant systolic PEH only in one moment post exercise in treated group and in the placebo group promoted significant systolic PEH at four moments. Significant diastolic PEH did not occur in any of the groups. Sympathovagal activity increased at post exercise balance in supplemented subjects at 20 min, 40 min, 50 min and 60 min when compared to rest; this increase was not observed in the placebo. A megadose of vitamin D did not reduce RBP, promoted partial inhibition of systolic PEH and increased sympathovagal balance.

P635The addition of yoga to aerobic exercise programs reduces global cardiovascular risk

Abstract Introduction Regular physical activity may modulate the inflammatory process and be cardio-protective. Yoga is a form of exercise that may have cardiovascular benefits. The effects of yoga on global cardiovascular risk have not been adequately described. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the addition of yoga to a regular exercise regimen reduces global cardiovascular risk. Methods Sixty consecutive individuals with essential hypertension were recruited in a lifestyle intervention program. All individuals with known hypertensive end organ damage, known cardiovascular diseases, as well as those taking medications/supplements that affected blood pressure, blood sugar, cholesterol or vascular inflammation were excluded. Participants were randomized to either a yoga group or similar duration stretching control group. Participants, over the 3-month intervention regimen, performed 15 minutes of either yoga or stretching in addition to 30 minutes of aerobic exercises thrice weekly. Blood pressure, cholesterol levels and hs-CRP were measured, and Reynold's Global Cardiovascular Risk Score was calculated at baseline and at the end of the 3-month intervention program. Results At screening, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in any measured parameters or the 10-year risk of a cardiovascular event as measured by the Reynolds Risk Score. (8.2 vs. 9.0%; yoga vs. control group) After the 3-month intervention period, there was a statistically significantly greater decrease in the Reynold's Risk Score in the yoga vs. the control group. (7.0 vs. 8.4%, p=0.003, relative reduction 13.2 vs. 6.5%, p&lt;0.0001) Baseline and 3 Month Outcomes Conclusions In patients with essential hypertension on no medications and with no known end organ damage, the practice of yoga incorporated into a 3-month exercise intervention program was associated with significant greater improvement in the Reynold's Risk of a 10-year cardiovascular event, when compared to the control stretching group. If these results are validated in more diverse populations over a longer duration of follow up, yoga may represent an important addition to traditional cardiovascular disease prevention programs.

Abstract P343: Patients With Cardiovascular Disease Are Not Meeting American Heart Association Secondary Prevention Recommendations

Introduction: In the United States, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality. More than 92 million Americans have one or more types of CVD and 800,000 die from it annually. More than 47% of myocardial infarction survivors and 30% of stroke survivors get recurrent events, and therefore there is need for data on secondary preventive care, if the AHA’s 2020 impact goal is to be achieved. We assessed the hypothesis that patients with CVD were not meeting AHA secondary preventive guidelines, and there was gender and racial disparities in care. Methods: This study is an analysis of the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System a chronic disease survey conducted by the CDC. The sample included 51,626 subjects with a history of stroke and coronary artery disease. The secondary preventive measures analyzed included: exercise, diet, smoking cessation, alcohol intake, body mass index, use of blood pressure medications in hypertensive patients and the use of aspirin. Gender and racial disparities were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis and age, race, education and income were adjusted for in the outcomes. Results: The median age of the study cohort was 69 years (variance=140). White, black and Hispanic patients represented 79.3%, 8.6% and 6.7% respectively. Females comprised 48.5%. Comorbidities included: hypertension (72.8%), dyslipidemia (63.5%), diabetes mellitus (31.5%) and chronic kidney disease (11.5%). Among CVD patients, 57.1% reported ever smoking and 17.4% of them still smoked. Only 39.2% met AHA aerobic exercise guidelines and 12.1% met both the aerobic and muscle strengthening exercise guidelines. Thirty nine percent of CVD patients undertook more than 150 minutes of aerobic exercise and 12% did 1-149 minutes per week. Obesity/overweight was present in 73.8%. Only 67.8% of patients with CVD were using aspirin, 20% were not on any cholesterol medication (not specified whether statin) while among hypertensive patients, 90.1% were on antihypertensive medications. There were major racial and gender disparities in smoking status [women vs men adjusted OR (aOR) 1.23 (1.21 - 1.25), Hispanic vs white aOR 1.71 (1.66 - 1.76)], aspirin [women vs men aOR 0.66 (0.62 - 0.71), Hispanic vs white aOR 0.56(0.47 - 0.58)]. Women were more likely to be on BP medications [women vs men aOR 1.25 (1.22 - 1.29)]. Conclusion: Patients with stroke do not meet AHA lifestyle and aspirin recommendations. There are major gender and racial disparities in the use of CVD secondary preventive measures.

Abstract TMP95: Patients With Stroke Are Not Meeting American Heart Association Secondary Prevention Recommendations

Introduction: Stroke occurs in 795 000 people and causes 133 000 deaths every year in the US. Around 185 000 stroke survivors get recurrent attacks annually. There is a need to understand the adherence to secondary prevention measures if the AHA’s 2020 impact goal is to be achieved. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors remain prevalent in the US but there is limited data on the use of secondary preventive measures among patients with stroke. The objective of this study was to assess the use of secondary preventive measures in patients with stroke and assess for any gender and racial disparities in adherence. Methods: This study is an analysis of the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System a chronic disease survey conducted by the CDC. The sample included 18 269 subjects with a history of stroke. The secondary preventive measures analyzed included: exercise, diet, smoking cessation, alcohol intake, body mass index, use of blood pressure medications in hypertensives and the use of aspirin. Gender and racial disparities were analyzed using logistic regression analysis and age, race, education, and income were adjusted for in the outcomes. Results: The mean age of the study cohort was 66.8 years (SD =12.1). White, black and Hispanic patients represented 75.1%, 11.5% and 4.7% respectively. Females comprised 58.3%. Comorbidities included: hypertension (73.4%), coronary heart disease (37.5%), dyslipidemia (35.7%), diabetes mellitus (30.4%) and chronic kidney disease (11.6%). Among stroke patients, 57.9% reported ever smoking and 42% of them still smoked. Only 11.3% met both the AHA aerobic and muscle strengthening exercise guidelines. Thirty six percent of stroke patients undertook more than 150 minutes of aerobic exercise and 12% did 1-149 minutes per week. Obesity/overweight was present in 69.9%. Only 59% of patients with stroke were using aspirin while among hypertensive patients, 90.7% took their blood pressure medications. There were major racial and gender disparities in smoking status, obesity, diet, BMI and use of BP medications and aspirin. Conclusion: Patients with stroke do not meet AHA lifestyle modification and aspirin recommendations. There are major gender and racial disparities in the use of stroke secondary preventive measures.

Spin: The Effects of Acute Exercise on Speech Perception

Previous research suggests that adults who exercise regularly perform better on cognitive tasks. Most of these studies have focused on the benefits of aerobic exercise on executive function in the aging population. Very few studies to date have focused on how exercise affects perceptual abilities, particularly in healthy young adults. This is particularly important since poor cardiovascular health and low fitness levels are risk factors for hearing loss. The purpose of this study was to test whether exercising, defined as cycling for 30 minutes, affects auditory perception. College-aged participants performed a speech perception task before and after 30 minutes of aerobic exercise on a stationary bicycle. Auditory stimuli were speech that varied in intelligibility and have been used in previous experiments. Words were presented in noise and participants reported aloud the word they identified. The experimenter recorded participant responses during the experiment and the percentage of words correctly identified was calculated. Analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between the percentage of words correctly identified before exercise and after exercise. These results suggest that acute aerobic exercise has immediate effects that improve speech perception ability.

Physical activity and exercise during preoperative pancreatic cancer treatment.

Guidelines recommend exercise to cancer survivors, but limited data exists regarding exercise among patients undergoing preoperative cancer treatment. We examined differences in weekly self-reported exercise and accelerometer-measured physical activity among participants in a home-based exercise program administered during preoperative treatment for pancreatic cancer. Participants were encouraged to perform at least 60min/week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and at least 60min/week of full-body strengthening exercises concurrent with chemotherapy, chemoradiation therapy or both sequentially and received resistance equipment, program instruction, and biweekly follow-up calls to encourage adherence. Self-reported aerobic and strengthening exercise minutes were measured using daily logs, and physical activity was measured objectively using accelerometers. Fifty participants (48% female, mean age 66 ± 8years) participated for an average of 16 ± 9 preoperative weeks. Participants reported overall means of 126 ± 83 weekly minutes of aerobic exercise and 39 ± 33 weekly minutes of strengthening exercise in daily logs. Participants performed 158.7 ± 146.7 weekly minutes of accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. There were no significant differences in exercise or physical activity between treatment phases. These findings suggest that it is feasible to target the entire preoperative course for exercise prescription. Although participants exceeded aerobic exercise recommendations on average, we observed low strengthening exercise adherence and wide variability in self-reported exercise and accelerometer physical activity variables. These findings suggest that additional support, including program adaptations, may be necessary to overcome barriers to exercise or improve motivation when prescribing exercise in this clinical scenario.

The acute effects of short bouts of exercise on inhibitory control in adolescents

PurposeThe main objective of the study was to investigate the effect of short bouts of aerobic exercise with various exercise intensities on inhibitory control using a flanker task in adolescents. MethodsThe study used a randomized controlled crossover design with 52 adolescents (mean age 17.7 years). On separate days, participants completed four exercise bouts consisting of three 5-min bouts at either 1) 50%, 2) 65%, or 3) 80% of maximal oxygen uptake reserve (VO2R), 4) one 30-min bout at 65% of VO2R, and 5) a control condition consisting of 30 min of seated rest. Conditions were counterbalanced between participants and completed at ∼4-day intervals. A modified Eriksen flanker task was conducted ∼8 min after each condition. ResultsCompared to the rest Higher response accuracy across stimuli type (i.e., congruent and incongruent) was observed after five minutes of aerobic exercise regardless of exercise intensity, and shorter reaction time (RT) was observed following 80% of VO2R compared to the rest condition and compared to the remaining 5-min conditions. No selective effects on inhibitory control were observed. ConclusionThe results demonstrated that short bouts of aerobic exercise may be a time efficient approach for enhancing general cognitive processes required during performance of tasks that modulate inhibitory control demands.

Personalized Hypertension Management Using Patient-Generated Health Data Integrated With Electronic Health Records (EMPOWER-H): Six-Month Pre-Post Study.

BackgroundEMPOWER-H (Engaging and Motivating Patients Online With Enhanced Resources-Hypertension) is a personalized-care model facilitating engagement in hypertension self-management utilizing an interactive Web-based disease management system integrated with the electronic health record. The model is designed to support timely patient-provider interaction by incorporating decision support technology to individualize care and provide personalized feedback for patients with chronic disease. Central to this process were patient-generated health data, including blood pressure (BP), weight, and lifestyle behaviors, which were uploaded using a smartphone.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the program among patients within primary care already under management for hypertension and with uncontrolled BP.MethodsUsing a 6-month pre-post design, outcome measures included office-measured and home-monitored BP, office-measured weight, intervention contacts, diet, physical activity, smoking, knowledge, and health-related quality of life.ResultsAt 6 months, 55.9% of participants (N=149) achieved office BP goals (<140/90 mm Hg; P<.001) and 86.0% achieved clinically meaningful reduction in office BP (reduction in systolic BP [SBP] ≥5 mm Hg or diastolic BP [DBP] ≥3 mm Hg). At baseline, 25.2% of participants met home BP goals (<135/85 mm Hg), and this percentage significantly increased to 71.4% (P<.001) at 6 months. EMPOWER-H also significantly reduced both office and home SBP and DBP, decreased office-measured weight and consumption of high-salt and high-fat foods (all P<.005), and increased intake of fruit and vegetables, minutes of aerobic exercise, and hypertension knowledge (all P<.05). Patients with higher home BP upload frequencies had significantly higher odds of achieving home BP goals. Patients receiving more total intervention, behavioral, pharmaceutical contacts had significantly lower odds of achieving home BP goals but higher improvements in office BP (all P<.05).ConclusionsEMPOWER-H significantly improved participants’ office-measured and home-monitored BP, weight, and lifestyle behaviors, suggesting that technologically enabled BP home-monitoring, with structured use of patient-generated health data and a personalized care-plan facilitating patient engagement, can support effective clinical management. The experience gained in this study provides support for the feasibility and value of using carefully managed patient-generated health data in the day-to-day clinical management of patients with chronic conditions. A large-scale, real-world study to evaluate sustained effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and scalability is warranted.

Comparison of the Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Pulmonary Function and Levels of Inflammatory Mediators in Men With Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction: Insufficient pulmonary function is a complication of type 2 diabetes coordinating with poor blood sugar management and promoting an inflammatory condition. Our objective was to assess the effects of consistent aerobic exercises on pulmonary function and levels of some inflammatory cytokines in males with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In the present semi-experimental study, 20 men with type 2 diabetes were selected using purposive sampling method. The recruited patients were randomly assigned into one of the aerobic exercise or control groups. The exercises continued for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and each session consisted 45-60 minutes of aerobic exercise with intensity of 50%-70% heart rate reserve (HRR). Spirometry and hematologic parameters were both measured at 48 hours prior and 72 hours subsequent to the intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v. 22.0 statistical software. Independent and paired sample t test were used for inferential analysis with P≤0.05 regarded as statistically significant. Results: A significant reduction was observed in serum levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in aerobic exercise group (P<0.05). On the other hand, forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume (FEV1) levels showed a significant elevation in the experimental group relative to the control. Conclusion: Considering our findings, it seems that aerobic exercise can improve pulmonary function in type 2 diabetes patients. This may be in some levels mediated by stabilizing blood glucose levels and subsiding systemic inflammatory condition in these patients.

Effect of a hydrogymnastics program on the serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein amongst elderly women

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a hydrogymnastics training program on highsensitivity C-reactive protein in elderly women. The subjects were randomly divided into the experimental group who participates in the hydrogymnastics training program and the control group who was not involved in the training and remained sedentary. The serum levels of highsensitivity C-reactive protein were determined by immunoturbidimetry using C-reactive protein (CRP), the training protocol consisted of hydrogymnastics sessions 5 times per week during 12 weeks of intervention, executed in a pool of 1.3 meters divided into three phases: a 10-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of aerobic exercise at 50%-60% of maximum heart rate (monitored by heart rate monitor) and a 10-minute cool down. As a statistical method to compare the results between groups of variables pre and post training, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) mixed 2 × 2 (group × measurement) test was done using SPSS version 17. The founds showed significant changes in the level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and a greater percentage decrease of hs-CRP (Δ%= -37%, p = 0.001) in the experimental group in relation to the control group.Therefore, it can be inferred that a hydrogymnastics program is effective in reducing the metabolic rate of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein amongst elderly women.

Abstract PD2-6: Exercise dose and type effects in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: A randomized trial

Abstract Background: Aerobic and resistance exercise, either separately or in combination, have been shown to improve physical functioning and manage some symptoms in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Few exercise trials, however, have compared different doses or types of exercise in breast cancer patients to identify the optimal exercise prescription. Here, we report the primary results of the Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise (CARE) Trial which compared two different doses and types of exercise for improving physical functioning and symptom management in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods: A multicenter trial in Canada randomized 301 breast cancer patients between 2008 and 2011 to thrice weekly, supervised exercise during chemotherapy consisting of either a standard dose of 25-30 minutes of aerobic exercise (STAN; n = 96), a higher dose of 50-60 minutes of aerobic exercise (HIGH; n = 101), or a combined dose of 50-60 minutes of aerobic and resistance exercise (COMB; n = 104). The primary endpoint was patient-reported physical functioning assessed by the Medical Outcomes Survey-Short Form (SF)-36. Secondary endpoints were other physical functioning scales, symptoms, physical fitness, and chemotherapy completion. Results: Between April 2008 and September 2011, we randomized 301 of 728 (41%) eligible patients. STAN, HIGH and COMB completed 88% (43/49), 82% (40/49), and 78% (39/50) of their prescribed aerobic exercise sessions. We obtained patient-reported outcome data from questionnaires on 99% of patients at each point during and after chemotherapy. Adjusted linear mixed-model analyses showed that neither HIGH (+0.8; 95% CI [-0.8 to 2.4]; p = 0.30) nor COMB (+0.5; 95% CI [-1.1 to 2.1]; p = 0.52) were statistically superior to STAN for the primary outcome. For important secondary outcomes, HIGH was superior to STAN for the SF-36 physical component summary (p = 0.041), SF-36 bodily pain (p = 0.015), and endocrine symptoms (p = 0.019). COMB was superior to STAN for endocrine symptoms (p = 0.009) and superior to STAN (p&amp;lt;.001) and HIGH (p&amp;lt;.001) for muscular strength. HIGH was superior to COMB for the SF-36 bodily pain (p = 0.035) and aerobic fitness (p = 0.030). No differences resulted for body composition or chemotherapy completion. Relative dose intensity was 93.9% in STAN compared to 92.7% in COMB and 91.6% in HIGH (p = 0.34). No serious adverse events were related to exercise. Conclusions: A higher dose of aerobic or combined exercise compared to a standard dose of aerobic exercise did not improve patient-reported physical functioning as assessed by the SF-36 physical functioning subscale. The CARE Trial did demonstrate that higher doses of aerobic or combined exercise of up to 50-60 minutes/session are safe and feasible and do not interfere with chemotherapy completion or exacerbate any symptoms. Moreover, a higher dose of aerobic exercise was shown to provide modest improvements in aerobic fitness, patient-reported physical functioning, bodily pain, fatigue, and endocrine symptoms whereas combined exercise improved muscular fitness and endocrine symptoms. Cancer care professionals can safely recommend higher doses of exercise during breast cancer chemotherapy in appropriately supervised settings. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr PD2-6.

Insulin resistance in obese children reduced significantly by regular aerobic exercise.

Twenty minutes of aerobic exercise five days a week can reduce diabetes risk in overweight and obese children, suggests a study of primary school children in the US.

Impact of a home-based physical activity intervention upon exercise behaviors and anthropometric measures in women undergoing treatment for early stage breast cancer.

Abstract Abstract #1117 Women who gain weight after breast cancer diagnosis have a worse prognosis compared to women who avoid weight gain. Weight gain is especially common in women treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, many of whom develop sarcopenic obesity which involves an increase in body fat and loss of lean muscle mass. This type of weight gain has been associated with increases in insulin and other metabolic hormones linked to breast cancer risk and prognosis. Studies have demonstrated that weight gain in breast cancer patients occurs, at least in part, due to decreases in physical activity during and after treatment.&amp;#x2028; Methods: In this single arm pilot study, sedentary women with early stage breast cancer participated in a home-based exercise intervention during adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation. The target activity goal was 150 minutes of aerobic exercise per week. Participants underwent evaluation of anthropometric measures, fitness (measured by modified Bruce ramp protocol treadmill test), fatigue and quality of life at baseline and after the 12 week intervention. Change in these measures over time was assessed using Wilcoxon signed rank test of the change scores (post-pre values).&amp;#x2028; Results: Forty-one women were enrolled in the study and 33 (80%) completed the 12 week protocol. Average age of participants was 47, and women were an average of 4.5 months from diagnosis at the time of enrollment. All but one of the women (98%) received adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Baseline and week 12 values for study variables are presented in table 1. Participants were sedentary at baseline, engaging in an average of 13 minutes of weekly activity. Physical activity increased significantly during the study period, with participants averaging 105 minutes of activity per week. Participants avoided weight gain and increases in body fat over the course of the study, and experienced significant improvements in fitness, quality of life and fatigue scores.&amp;#x2028; &amp;#x2028; Discussion: Women who completed a 12-week home-based exercise intervention during adjuvant therapy significantly increased activity and avoided weight gain, which has been associated with poor prognosis in early stage breast cancer. This trial, in conjunction with other exercise studies in breast cancer patients, provides preliminary data to help guide the design of randomized trials examining the impact of exercise upon breast cancer outcomes. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 1117.

Lifestyle Modifications to Prevent and Manage Hypertension for Exercise Physiologists and Fitness Professionals

Information tailored to the interest of exercise physiologists and fitness professionals is provided regarding the Canadian Hypertension Society's 2005 evidence-based recommendations on lifestyle modifications for the prevention and management of hypertension. The evidence from randomized controlled (RC) trials and systematic reviews of RC trials published in peer reviewed journals was reviewed by subject matter experts and then appraised independently by content and methodology experts. Blood pressure lowering was accepted as a primary outcome. All recommendations were debated and then voted on by the 43 members of the Canadian Hypertension Education Program's Evidence-Based Recommendations Task Force and achieved at least 95% consensus. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and/or manage hypertension include: (1) perform 30-60 minutes of aerobic exercise on 4- 7 days of the week; (2) maintain a healthy body weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and waist circumference (<102 cm for men and <88 cm for women); (3) limit alcohol consumption to no more than 14 standard drinks per week in men or 9 standard drinks per week in women; (4) follow a diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and which is reduced in fat and cholesterol (DASH diet); (5) restrict salt intake; and (6) consider stress management in selected individuals.

Self-efficacy and affective responses to short bouts of exercise

One of the most commonly cited barriers to exercise participation is lack of available time. Furthermore, the minimum exercise duration required to produce physiological changes has seen considerable attention, whereas the minimum duration required to produce psychological benefits has been largely ignored. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to contrast the effects of 10, 15, and 20 minutes of treadmill running on self-efficacy and affective responses. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that self-efficacy increased in all participants (p < .001). Furthermore, multivariate analyses of variance showed that each condition generated increases in positive well-being and decreases in psychological distress (p's< .05). Correlational analyses of post-exercise assessments indicated that self-efficacy levels were positively related to positive well-being and inversely related to fatigue. These findings suggest that 10 minutes of aerobic exercise is sufficient to enhance exercise-related self-efficacy and affect.