Minority Members Research Articles

The power of the Ingroup for promoting collective action: How distinctive treatment from fellow minority members motivates collective action

Around the world, protests tied to the Black Lives Matter movement are highlighting myriad forms of unjust treatment that racial and ethnic minorities face, and prompting countries to reckon with these injustices. When considering racial/ethnic minorities' motivation to engage in these collective actions (alongside allies), it is certainly spurred in part by witnessing and experiencing such unjust treatment. Yet because this intergroup mistreatment commands strong attention (rightly so), less attention has been given to another potential force behind minorities' collective action motivations – the (positive) treatment coming from members of their own racial/ethnic group. Bridging theory on intragroup relations and collective action, in four studies we demonstrate that when racial/ethnic minorities are shown appreciation for the ideas and insights they bring to their group – for instance, when fellow members seek them out for their ideas during conversation; expressions of distinctive treatment – it positively affects their sense of value to the group as a whole, and, in turn, their motivation to engage in collective action. Moreover, we demonstrate how these processes feed into other established explanations for collective action, outlined in the social identity model of collective action (SIMCA; e.g., perceived injustice). We also show that even a single expression of distinctive treatment from a few unknown ingroup members can have positive effects, especially when those members have high standing within the group. Overall, this illustrates the power of the ingroup – how taking opportunities to seek out a fellow member's ideas and perspectives can be a potent force for promoting collective action.

Predicting self-harm and suicide ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia: a nationwide survey report

BackgroundIt is estimated that 77.0% of suicide cases occurred in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), which would increase because of the COVID-19 pandemic and socioeconomic inequity. However, there is lack of reports on this topic from LMICs, especially during the pandemic. Therefore, this nationwide study aimed to explore self-harm and suicide ideation and its predictive variables during the pandemic in Indonesia as a MIC with the highest COVID-19 fatality rate in Asia.MethodsNon-random sampling online survey was conducted nationwide between 25 May and 16 June 2021. The collected data were demographic variables (i.e. age group), loneliness from social isolation using The UCLA Loneliness Scale Six Items (ULS-6), and self-harm and suicide ideation using item 9 of The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Predictive model was analyzed using hierarchical logistic regression.ResultsA total of 5211 participants from all 34 provinces in Indonesia completed the survey. Among 39.3% of them reported self-harm and suicide ideation during the pandemic, which significantly correlated with loneliness. The predictive variables associated with the likelihood of self-harm and suicide ideation were age, residence, job, religion, sex-gender, sexual orientation, HIV status, disability status, and loneliness. The predictive model showed a significant goodness-of-fit to the observed data (x2 [ (15)] = 1803.46, p < .001), RN2 = .40.ConclusionFour out of 10 Indonesians experienced self-harm and suicide ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly people within the age range of 18–24, living in the Java Island, unemployed/student/retired and freelancer, women, members of minority and marginalized communities, and experience of loneliness during the pandemic.

Ethnic minority, immigrants, and Indigenous people’s well-being disparities in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of threat perceptions

The COVID-19 pandemic's differential impact on ethnic minorities, immigrants, and Indigenous people (e.g., mortality and infection rate, as well as psychological well-being) may exacerbate existing disparities. This study examined perceived threat as a psychological mechanism to explain the apparently more negative emotional experiences of ethnic minority Canadians during the pandemic compared with non-immigrant European Canadians (i.e., the majority/mainstream ethno-cultural group). We investigated group differences in negative affect and three possible threat mechanisms (perceived health, material, and cultural threat) for these differences using an online survey completed by a self-selected Canadian sample (N = 1,918). The results suggest that compared to the non-immigrant European Canadian group, ethnic minority members, immigrants, and Indigenous people have on average perceived higher levels of pandemic threat, which in turn is associated with negative affect. These findings support the hypothesis that the amount of threat perceived by different groups during the pandemic might partially explain reported group differences in well-being.

The varied experience of undergraduate students during the transition to mandatory online chem lab during the initial lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic

The radical global shift to online teaching that resulted from the initial lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic forced many science educators into the predicament of translating courses, including teaching laboratories, that were based upon face-to-face or practical goals and conventions into ones that could be delivered online. We used this phenomenon at the scale of a research-intensive, land-grant public institution to understand the various ways that the switch was experienced by a large cohort of 702 undergraduate students taking General Chemistry Laboratory. Data was collected over 3 weeks with identical surveys involving four prompts for open-ended responses. Analysis involved sequential explanatory mixed methods where topic modeling, a machine learning technique, was used to identify 21 topics. As categories of experience, these topics were defined and further delineated into 52 dimensions by inductive coding with constant comparison. Reported strengths and positive implications tie predominantly to the topics of Time Management Across a Lab Activity and a Critique of Instruction. Consistent with other reports of teaching and learning during the pandemic, participants perceived Availability of the Teaching Assistant for Help as a positive implication. Perceptions of weakness were most associated with Having to Work Individually, the Hands On Experience, a Critique of Instruction, and Learning by Doing. Hands on Experience, which was interpreted as the lack thereof, was the only topic made up nearly entirely of weaknesses and negative implications. The topic of Learning by Doing was the topic of greatest occurrence, but was equally indicated as strengths, positive implication, weakness, and negative implication. Ramifications are drawn from the weaknesses indicated by students who identified as members of an underrepresented ethnic minority. The results serve as a reminder that the student experience must be the primary consideration for any educational endeavor and needs to continue as a principal point of emphasis for research and development for online science environments.

Instruments and Tools to Identify Radical Textual Content

The Internet and social networks are increasingly becoming a media of extremist propaganda. On homepages, in forums or chats, extremists spread their ideologies and world views, which are often contrary to the basic liberal democratic values of the European Union. It is not uncommon that violence is used against those of different faiths, those who think differently, and members of social minorities. This paper presents a set of instruments and tools developed to help investigators to better address hybrid security threats, i.e., threats that combine physical and cyber attacks. These tools have been designed and developed to support security authorities in identifying extremist propaganda on the Internet and classifying it in terms of its degree of danger. This concerns both extremist content on freely accessible Internet pages and content in closed chats. We illustrate the functionalities of the tools through an example related to radicalisation detection; the data used here are just a few tweets, emails propaganda, and darknet posts. This work was supported by the EU granted PREVISION (Prediction and Visual Intelligence for Security Intelligence) project.

From Xizang to Xinjiang: An Analysis of the Role of Diaspora-Based Transnational Social Movements in Opposing Chinese Ethnic Minority Treatment

During the last few decades, the world has seen a significant rise in China’s international clout and, consequently, key international powers and actors have shifted their approach in engaging with the Asian giant, particularly regarding issues that China itself presents as internal or pertaining to national sovereignty. This article pursues an inquiry into the relationship between one such issue, Chinese ethnic minority treatment, and another recent shift in international context: the increased relevance of international forces and pressures originated by transnational social movements founded by ethnic minority members who have chosen to leave China. In order to do so, the diasporas of two ethnic minorities will be studied: the Tibetan minority residing in the Xizang Autonomous Region and the Uyghur minority in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. This includes a study of the forms of international resistance in which diaspora members are involved, as well as of the ability of diaspora-based transnational social movements to influence public opinion, state policies, and international organization positions in favor of their ethnic group.

Childhood emotional abuse, rejection sensitivity, and depression symptoms in young Chinese gay and bisexual men: Testing a moderated mediation model

BackgroundThere is a high and increasing prevalence of depression symptoms among gay and bisexual individuals. Studies have found that childhood emotional abuse (CEA) can impact mental-health problems in adulthood; however, limited research on this association among marginalized populations, especially in China. This study aimed to explore the relationship between CEA and depression symptoms in adulthood among gay and bisexual youths in China and to test the mediating role of rejection sensitivity and the moderating role of sexual identity in this relationship. MethodsParticipants comprised 496 gay and bisexual Chinese men aged 18–29 years. They responded to a questionnaire that assessed history of CEA, rejection sensitivity, and depression symptoms. ResultsCEA showed a positive association with depression symptoms among participants. Participants' rejection sensitivity played a partial mediating role in the relationship between CEA and depression symptoms. Sexual identity had a moderating effect on the CEA's influence on depression symptoms, with a stronger impact for gay men than bisexual men. LimitationsCross-sectional approach limited casual inferences among variables. Recall bias regarding CEA may have impacted the accuracy of the effect sizes observed. ConclusionThis study contributes to improving understanding of CEA's role as a substantial risk factor for strong depression symptoms in adulthood among gay and bisexual youths and it demonstrates that focusing on educating families and establishing equal policies is important to decrease and eliminate depression symptoms. Theories of sexual minority stress and biphobia are applicable for explaining mental health outcomes among young members of sexual minorities in China.

Social Support and Psychological Distress among the Bedouin Arab Elderly in Israel: The Moderating Role of Gender.

In Israel, as in other developed countries, mental health problems are common among older adults who are members of disadvantaged ethnic minorities that are experiencing cultural and social changes. The main goals of the current study were: (a) to examine gender differences in the levels of psychological distress and social support among Bedouin elders, and (b) to examine the moderating role of gender in the associations between social support indices and psychological distress. We used a cross-sectional design, and independent t-tests and hierarchical linear regression analysis were performed. The study was conducted in homes and in social clubs and community centers for elderly people and involved face-to-face interviews and self-administered questionnaires. A convenience sample of 170 Bedouin Arab elderly people living in Israel participated in the study. Participants completed self-report questionnaires that assessed psychological distress, perceived social support, instrumental social support, and socio-demographic characteristics. Male elders reported lower levels of psychological distress and higher levels of instrumental support. Female elders, who reported low levels of both perceived and instrumental support, also reported higher levels of psychological distress. Among the women, there were significant associations between psychological distress and perceived social support, and instrumental support only when the levels of support were low. This study underscores the moderating role of gender in the associations between different types of social support and psychological distress among elderly people belonging to ethnic and cultural underprivileged minority groups.

Need satisfaction in intergroup contact: A multinational study of pathways toward social change.

What role does intergroup contact play in promoting support for social change toward greater social equality? Drawing on the needs-based model of reconciliation, we theorized that when inequality between groups is perceived as illegitimate, disadvantaged group members will experience a need for empowerment and advantaged group members a need for acceptance. When intergroup contact satisfies each group's needs, it should result in more mutual support for social change. Using four sets of survey data collected through the Zurich Intergroup Project in 23 countries, we tested several preregistered predictions, derived from the above reasoning, across a large variety of operationalizations. Two studies of disadvantaged groups (Ns = 689 ethnic minority members in Study 1 and 3,382 sexual/gender minorities in Study 2) support the hypothesis that, after accounting for the effects of intergroup contact and perceived illegitimacy, satisfying the need for empowerment (but not acceptance) during contact is positively related to support for social change. Two studies with advantaged groups (Ns = 2,937 ethnic majority members in Study 3 and 4,203 cis-heterosexual individuals in Study 4) showed that, after accounting for illegitimacy and intergroup contact, satisfying the need for acceptance (but also empowerment) is positively related to support for social change. Overall, findings suggest that intergroup contact is compatible with efforts to promote social change when group-specific needs are met. Thus, to encourage support for social change among both disadvantaged and advantaged group members, it is essential that, besides promoting mutual acceptance, intergroup contact interventions also give voice to and empower members of disadvantaged groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

How Group Size and Decision Rules Impact Risk Preferences: Comparing group and individual settings in lottery-choice experiments

This paper contributes to the literature that explores the differences in individual risk attitudes between group and individual conditions. We use lottery-choice experiments to investigate the group effects on individual risk attitudes with three kinds of group decision rules: majority voting, unanimity voting, and face-to-face unanimous rules. We also compare group effects between small groups of three members and large groups of fifteen. Our main findings are three-fold. First, we find that the lotteries which are chosen by the majority of members in the individual condition are even more frequently chosen by members in the group condition under both the unanimity and face-to-face unanimous rules. Second, this group effect on individual risk attitudes is greater in small groups than in large groups under the unanimity rule. On the other hand, the group effect is independent of the group size under the face-to-face unanimous rule. Third, individuals who change their choice under these two conditions are more likely to be minority members in their choices in the individual condition. Our results suggest that observed group effects might be explained because minority members who feel peer pressure change their choices to be more aligned with the majority choice in a group.

Dignity at Work Standards for the Healthservice

BAPIO (British Association of Physicians of Indian Origin) as an organisation actively promotes the diversity, equality and inclusion of all healthcare professionals. As an organisation which encompasses a majority of ethnic minority members, we hear the unfortunate experiences of bullying, harassment and discrimination that takes place in numerous healthcare settings within the UK. In response to these lived experiences, a committee was appointed to establish a set of standards, to foster dignity within the workplace, using the large body of literature documents available. The ambition of this project is to advocate and advertise for an environment that is free from bullying and harassment and to adopt a zero tolerance policy towards bullying or harassment. We aim to do this by developing, implementing, and evaluating our Dignity@Work Standards. The Standards constitutes of 8 different domains for all healthcare professionals including managerial members to adopt in clinical practice. These domains include: Environment &amp; Culture - ensuring the workplace environment remains a safe place for professionals to raise concerns, be treated fairly and one with dignity for all. Cultural Intelligence - acknowledging and raising awareness of the impacts of culture and diversity on dignity and accounting for intersectionality in the workplace. Organisational Interventions - highlighting the role of the organisation in accommodating the appropriate resources to eradicate behaviours of bullying and harassment. Communication &amp; Interactions - encouraging respectful interactions between staff and creating a safe workplace to communicate any workplace issues. Monitoring &amp; Accountability - adopting a collaborative approach to routinely monitor the standards of behaviour in the workplace and being held accountable for any failures Metrics - collection of data from the workforce to be able to understand the lived experiences of the workplace. Concerns &amp; Grievances - having a transparent process to raise concerns and ensuring the same process is applied to all members of staff. Support - provision of the appropriate support for all staff that are a victim of bullying and harassment. Our preliminary vision of the Standards is to create a document that defines the gold standard for dignity in the workplace. The Standards incorporates the diversity of the workforce and ensures consideration is given to the intersectionality of already known determinants of bullying and harassment within the workplace. The COVID-19 pandemic has created increased pressure on the workforce of the National Health Service and with this pressure has come unacceptable working standards, inappropriate behaviour within staff, increasing reports of bullying and harassment and more staff leaving the NHS than ever before. It is therefore crucial to act now in order to eradicate bullying and harassment within the healthcare setting. We know and appreciate that collaboration is the cornerstone to progress and we encourage working with core leaders within the UK healthcare system to create this change. Together we will deliver.

Language Use and Identity in Minority Hungarian and Hungarian-Romanian Deaf Families.

This paper discusses language use and identity patterns in families set up by deaf partners living in Romania, where at least one of the spouses belongs to the ethnic Hungarian minority. Language use and transmission of identity to children in ethnically homogenous (Hungarian) or heterogeneous (Hungarian-Romanian) families of deaf are explored. The research is based on a survey conducted among members of the ethnic Hungarian Deaf community (including ethnic Romanian spouses), life-path interviews with selected deaf persons and interviews with special school educators. The research results denote that in the case of deaf people living in ethnically homogeneous marriages who graduated from Hungarian language special school the transmission of Hungarian identity, Hungarian sign language/oral language knowledge-combined with the components of Deaf culture-tends to be a natural and usually undisturbed process. However, if one of the spouses is Romanian, the language of communication within the family will probably be the Romanian sign language/oral language. On the other hand, in the families where ethnic minority and ethnic majority family members are present, with typical and atypical hearing, complex, multifaceted linguistic communication models might prevail, favoring specific multicultural modes of intrafamilial identity development and transmission.

Board diversity and firm innovation: a meta-analysis

PurposeIt is commonly stated that increased board diversity leads to the heightened financial performance of firms via the impact that it can have on innovation, but the latter association has, thus far, remained empirically controversial. The aim of this paper is to shed light on this unresolved debate and gap in the literature via studying different types of diversity.Design/methodology/approachA meta-analysis was conducted on the existing empirical evidence on the topic to show whether such an association exists and compare cognitive (expertise and experience) and demographic diversity (gender, nationality and racial/ethnic).FindingsThe results show that there is indeed a positive and statistically significant association between board diversity and firm innovation. This association is driven more by cognitive diversity of the board members than by demographic diversity.Research limitations/implicationsPotential publication bias, heterogeneity in the quality of the existing studies and the diversity in operationalising innovation and board diversity remain as limitations to this meta-analysis.Practical implicationsInstead of focussing on selecting board members based on demographic (surface-level) diversity, selections should be based on the interplay of the experience, expertise and background demographic characteristics of the potential candidates. Otherwise, the minority members might face a “token” status.Originality/valueThe results of this paper suggest that there is a positive association between board diversity and firm innovation. Future research should examine why this link exists. Therefore, the paper concludes with a research agenda for the benefit of potential further studies.

Compassion, Discrimination, and Prosocial Behaviors: Young Diasporic Chinese During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has fueled anti-Asian, especially anti-Chinese sentiments worldwide, which may negatively impact diasporic Chinese youths’ adjustment and prosocial development. This study examined the association between compassion, discrimination and prosocial behaviors in diasporic Chinese youths during the COVID-19 pandemic. 360 participants participated and completed the multi-country, cross-sectional, web-based survey between April 22 and May 9, 2020, the escalating stage of the pandemic. This study found compassion as prosocial behaviors’ proximal predictor, while discrimination independently predicted participation in volunteering, and could potentially enhance the association between compassion and charitable giving. These findings suggest that prosociality among young people is sensitive to social context, and that racial discrimination should be considered in future prosocial studies involving young members of ethnic and racial minorities.

Who I am and who I share it with. Roma university students between invisibility and empowerment

ABSTRACT Among the strategies developed by members of ethnic minorities in an attempt to fight racism, the invisibility strategy of ‘playing white’ has been particularly noted and seems to be more frequent among those who achieve university studies or have upward social mobility. Invisibility is also a form of structural discrimination since, in Spain, ethnic data are not collected in statistics. In this paper, we outline the results of a research project conducted with Roma university students in Spain, including quantitative data collected through an online questionnaire and student opinions collected through interviews. The participants identified with what they understood it meant to be Roma, but not at all identified with what the majority of society considers to be Roma. Most of the participants had no problem talking about their identity, although we find cases of invisibility due to the fear of rejection. Some expressed their identity, even though their families advised them not to do so, in what we understand as an act of empowerment. They claimed their identity, considering themselves both as a type of Roma that breaks the stereotype and as examples of other ways of being Roma.

Belongingness and depression among LGBQ Mormons: The moderating effect of internalized homonegativity

Introduction We aim to identify the relationship between belongingness, internalized homonegativity, and depression among LGBQ members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (CJCLDS). Method Three hundred and eight sexual minority current and former CJCLDS members were recruited using convenience sampling to complete an online survey. Results CJCLDS belongingness alone was health-protective for current members of the CJCLDS. Internalized homonegativity did not moderate this relationship. Conclusion Belongingness in the CJCLDS may be health-protective for sexual minority members of the CJCLDS, whereas LGBQ belongingness had no effect in this sample.

Tobacco Couponing: A Systematic Review of Exposures and Effects on Tobacco Initiation and Cessation.

Tobacco couponing continues to be part of contemporary tobacco marketing in the United States. We performed a systematic review of the evidence of tobacco product coupon receipt and redemption to inform regulation. We searched EMBASE OVID and Medline databases for observational (cross-sectional and longitudinal) studies that examined the prevalence of tobacco coupon receipt and coupon redemption across different subpopulations, as well as studies of the association between coupon receipt and redemption with tobacco initiation and cessation at follow-up. We extracted unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for the associations between coupon exposure (receipt, redemption) and tobacco use outcomes (initiation, cessation) and assessed each studies' potential risk of bias. Twenty-seven studies met the criteria for inclusion. Of 60 observations extracted, 37 measured coupon receipt, nine measured coupon redemption, eight assessed tobacco use initiation, and six assessed cessation. Tobacco product coupon receipt and redemption tended to be more prevalent among younger adults, women, lower education individuals, members of sexual and gender minorities, and more frequent tobacco users. Coupon receipt at baseline was associated with greater initiation. Coupon receipt and redemption at baseline were associated with lower cessation at follow-up among tobacco users. Results in high-quality studies did not generally differ from all studies. Tobacco product coupon receipt and redemption are often more prevalent among price-sensitive subpopulations. Most concerning, our results suggest coupon receipt may be associated with higher tobacco initiation and lower tobacco cessation. Couponing thereby increases the toll of tobacco use and could prove to be a viable public health policy intervention point. A systematic review was conducted of the scientific literature about the receipt, redemption, and effects on tobacco initiation and cessation of tobacco product couponing. This review found that tobacco coupons are more often received by price-sensitive persons and these coupons serve to increase tobacco initiation and decrease tobacco cessation. Policy efforts to address these consequences may help curb tobacco's harms and address health inequities.

Counter-radicalization, Islam and Laïcité: policed multiculturalism in France’s Banlieues

ABSTRACT What is the impact of counter-radicalization policies on minority membership in France? Probably more than any country in Europe, in France, the question of terrorism and radicalization has been inseparable from that of the accommodation of the Muslim minority – a debate structured around the French interpretation of universalist secularism, or laïcité. Laïcité is presented as both a principle of terrorism prevention and an ideal to safeguard. Avoiding communautarisme, the retreat of minority populations into cultural and political segregation, is what is at stake. If we follow this logic, counter-radicalization policies should be one step further into France’s assimilationist and resolutely anti-multiculturalist system. Drawing on fieldwork in two suburbs on the outskirts of Paris, Pantin and Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, this article argues however that current practices of everyday anti-terror policing end up enacting precisely what they are trying to avoid, resulting instead in what I define as “policed multiculturalism”.

Mentorship Interest in Breast Imaging: Survey Results From the Society of Breast Imaging.

This study assessed mentorship interest within the breast radiologist community to guide development of a mentorship program through the Society of Breast Imaging (SBI). A 19-question survey developed by the SBI mentorship committee was distributed electronically to its members March 16, 2021, to May 7, 2021, to gauge interest in forming a society-sponsored mentorship program. Responses were analyzed, with subgroups compared using chi-square analysis. There was an 18% response rate (598/3277), and 65% (381/588) professed interest in an SBI-sponsored mentorship. Respondents were evenly distributed between academic (241/586, 41%) and private practice (242/586, 41%). Most were breast imaging fellowship-trained (355/593, 60%) and identified as female (420/596, 70%). For practice years, 50% (293/586) were late career (11+ years) with the remainder early-mid career (201/586, 34%) or trainees (92/586, 16%). For mentorship content areas, work/life balance was the most popular choice (275/395, 70%) followed by leadership (234/395, 59%). Most respondents were not currently mentors (279/377, 74%) or mentees (284/337, 84%). Those interested in a mentorship relationship were statistically younger (<45 years old, 234/381, 61% vs 31/207, 15%, P < 0.00001), female (289/381, 76% vs 123/207, 59%, P = 0.00003), academics (189/381, 50% vs 48/207, 23%, P < 0.00001), identified as a racial/ethnic minority (138/381, 64% vs 121/297, 15%, P < 0.00001), and fellowship-trained (262/381, 69% vs 88/207, 43%, P < 0.00001). There is demand, especially among the society's young and minority members, for an SBI-sponsored mentorship program. Work/life balance and leadership were the most popular choices for guidance.

Relationship building and minority business growth: Does participating in activities sponsored by institutional intermediaries help?

Historically, minority businesses have faced barriers to growth in mainstream U. S. markets. Institutional intermediaries have emerged as a low-cost solution. They help minority businesses access large, established corporate members. They provide training designed to improve long-term viability by enhancing internal management skills and processes within minority businesses. Drawing on social capital theory and using an online survey, we examine 113 minority businesses affiliated with a regional council of the National Minority Supplier Development Council (NMSDC). We find that their selective participation in different types of intermediary-sponsored activities influences their relationships with corporate and other minority members, although to different degrees. Moreover, we find that government contracting experience strengthens how relationship building with corporate members affects their growth. Compared to Hispanic and Asian minority businesses, African American minority businesses experience higher growth from relationship building with other minority members.