Minor Movements Research Articles

Effect of endodontically treated teeth on prosthetically guided orthodontics with clear aligners: a case series

BackgroundProsthetically guided orthodontics (PGO) can correct the malocclusion for better prosthetic rehabilitation in esthetic rehabilitation. Unlike conventional orthodontic treatment, only minor tooth movement is designed in PGO according to the requirement of subsequent restoration. For better appearance during the treatment, PGO is often performed with clear aligners, which have no metal brackets. It has been proven that the PGO with clear aligners can achieve generally satisfactory outcomes. However, its risk has not been fully known due to the paucity of relevant studies.Case presentationThree patients who needed esthetic rehabilitation with mild malocclusion were included in this study. After evaluation, a prosthetic solution alone was considered insufficient to provide optimal outcomes. Thus, they were treated using PGO with clear aligners (Invisalign Go, Align Technology, Santa Clara, California, USA) and accomplished prosthetic rehabilitation subsequently. Dental history and X-ray examination revealed that endodontically treated teeth (ETT) existed in all the cases. Intraoral photographs were collected to compare the pre-treatment and post-treatment dentition. After PGO, posterior ETT did not maintain their position as scheduled and lost occlusal contacts, while all the anterior teeth, including anterior ETT, were moved to the designed position. Corresponding prosthetic rehabilitation was used to solve it after consulting with the patients.ConclusionsOcclusal contact loss of posterior ETT is a potential risk in PGO with clear aligners, affecting the orthodontic result.

Modeling the pre-symptomatic stage of hemi-parkinsonian state in animals (rodents and monkeys)

The behavioral and functional states preceding the onset specific parkinsonian symptoms were studied at an early (pre-symptomatic) stage of hemi-parkinsonian syndrome development in rodents and monkeys. The pre-symptomatic stage of the hemi-parkinsonian syndrome was determined in rodents (mice and rats) treated by chronic administration of low doses of rotenone toxin. The consecutive steps of neuropathological traits development in rodents included the cognitive impairment at the 1st-2nd week of exposure to rotenone, minor movement disorders at the 3st-4nd week before the onset of severe motor dysfunction as well as some biochemical indicators. The latencies and amplitudes of visually guided saccades (VGS) while conditioned instrumental task performing were studied in nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta) chronically treated with low doses of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The elongation of VGS latencies and the decline of their accuracy were revealed with development of MPTP-induces syndrome but conditioned instrumental performance was not affected. The negative behavioral effects manifested in animals at the pre-symptomatic stage of toxins induced disease both in the rotenone model in rodents and in MPTP model in monkeys suggesting them as early markers of a hemi-parkinsonian syndrome.

Quantitative Optimization of Handheld Probe External Pressure on Dermatological Microvasculature Using Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Angiography.

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)-based angiography (OCTA) is a high-resolution, high-speed, and non-invasive imaging method that can provide vascular mapping of subcutaneous tissue up to approximately 2 mm. In dermatology applications of OCTA, handheld probes are always designed with a piece of transparent but solid contact window placed at the end of the probe to directly contact the skin for achieving better focusing between the light source and the tissue, reducing noise caused by minor movements. The pressure between the contact window and the skin is usually uncontrollable, and high external pressure affects the quality of microvascular imaging by compressing the vessels and obstructing the underlying blood flow. Therefore, it is necessary to determine a pressure range to ensure that the vessels can be fully imaged in high-quality images. In this paper, two pressure sensors were added to the existing handheld OCT probe, and the imaging probe was fixed to a metal stand and adjusted vertically to change the pressure between the probe and the tested skin site, a gradient of roughly 4 kPa (with 1-2 kPa error) increase was applied in each experiment, and the impact of pressure to the vessel was calculated. The experiment involved a total of five subjects, three areas of which were scanned (palm, back of the hand, and forearm). The vessel density was calculated to evaluate the impact of external pressure on angiography. In addition, PSNR was calculated to ensure that the quality of different tests was at a similar level. The angiography showed the highest density (about 10%) when the pressure between the contact window on the probe and the test area was between 3 and 5 kPa. As the pressure increased, the vascular density decreased, and the rate of decrease varied in different test areas. After fitting all the data points according to the different sites, the slope of the fitted line, i.e., the rate of decrease in density per unit value of pressure, was found to be 4.05% at the palm site, 6.93% at the back of the hand, and 4.55% at the forearm site. This experiment demonstrates that the pressure between the skin and contact window is a significant parameter that cannot be ignored. It is recommended that in future OCTA data collection processes and probe designs, the impact of pressure on the experiment be considered.

HTNet for micro-expression recognition

Facial expression is related to facial muscle contractions and different muscle movements correspond to different emotional states. For micro-expression recognition, the muscle movements are usually subtle, which has a negative impact on the performance of current facial emotion recognition algorithms. Most existing methods use self-attention mechanisms to capture relationships between tokens in a sequence, but they do not take into account the inherent spatial relationships between facial landmarks. This can result in sub-optimal performance on micro-expression recognition tasks. Therefore, learning to recognize facial muscle movements is a key challenge in the area of micro-expression recognition. In this paper, we propose a Hierarchical Transformer Network (HTNet) to identify critical areas of facial muscle movement. HTNet includes two major components: a transformer layer that leverages the local temporal features and an aggregation layer that extracts local and global semantical facial features. Specifically, HTNet divides the face into four different facial areas: left lip area, left eye area, right eye area and right lip area. The transformer layer is used to focus on representing local minor muscle movement with local self-attention in each area. The aggregation layer is used to learn the interactions between eye areas and lip areas. The experiments on four publicly available micro-expression datasets show that the proposed approach outperforms previous methods by a large margin. The codes and models are available at: https://github.com/wangzhifengharrison/HTNet.

Evolution of orthodontic aligners: A narrative review

Clear aligners seem to be a new modality for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment; the initial concept of this treatment evolved in the 20th century. Remensnyder’s “Flex-O-Tite” appliance led to the introduction of the aligner, from this Kesling tooth positioner appliance made up of rubber-based 1945 proposed the concept of using it for minor tooth movements in a sequential series. The purpose of this article is to provide information about chronologically ordered evolution of aligners. Various types of generations and attachments used in different aligner systems. An online search was done using databases from PubMed and Google Scholar to find the articles. Database search was done with the following string: ((aligners [Title/Abstract]) AND (comparison [Title/Abstract])) AND (((fixed appliance [Title/Abstract]) OR (braces [Title/Abstract])) OR (fixed orthodontic appliance [Title/Abstract])). 3 articles are included in the narrative review to evaluate the better outcomes of the treatment effectiveness between fixed orthodontic treatment and aligners with short summary of chronological ordered evolution, generations and attachments of aligners. The overall effectiveness of orthodontic treatment depends upon the knowledge of clinician therefore knowledge about recent advances is important for proper treatment of the patient.

Development and validation of a collaborative robotic platform based on monocular vision for oral surgery: an in vitro study.

Surgical robots effectively improve the accuracy and safety of surgical procedures. Current optical-navigated oral surgical robots are typically developed based on binocular vision positioning systems, which are susceptible to factors including obscured visibility, limited workplace, and ambient light interference. Hence, the purpose of this study was to develop a lightweight robotic platform based on monocular vision for oral surgery that enhances the precision and efficiency of surgical procedures. A monocular optical positioning system (MOPS) was applied to oral surgical robots, and a semi-autonomous robotic platform was developed utilizing monocular vision. A series of vitro experiments were designed to simulate dental implant procedures to evaluate the performance of optical positioning systems and assess the robotic system accuracy. The singular configuration detection and avoidance test, the collision detection and processing test, and the drilling test under slight movement were conducted to validate the safety of the robotic system. The position error and rotation error of MOPS were 0.0906 ± 0.0762mm and 0.0158 ± 0.0069degrees, respectively. The attitude angle of robotic arms calculated by the forward and inverse solutions was accurate. Additionally, the robot's surgical calibration point exhibited an average error of 0.42mm, with a maximum error of 0.57mm. Meanwhile, the robot system was capable of effectively avoiding singularities and demonstrating robust safety measures in the presence of minor patient movements and collisions during vitro experiment procedures. The results of this in vitro study demonstrate that the accuracy of MOPS meets clinical requirements, making it a promising alternative in the field of oral surgical robots. Further studies will be planned to make the monocular vision oral robot suitable for clinical application.

A Performance Analysis of a Two Way Stop Control (TWSC) Intersection under Mixed Traffic Conditions

Intersections are road traffic infrastructure on highways installed to help settle directional movement that could result in conflict while vehicular trips are made. Evaluation of the challenges faced by different automobile users at the Araromi junction (A three Leg at-grade Intersection) located in Akure is the main objective of this paper. To achieve this objective, traffic flow data were collected on the spot by video recording and then the data were manually counted. While, the highway Capacity manual 2010 methodology was adopted to analyse The entry flow rates, Potential Capacities, Movement Capacities, Movement Control Delay, Approach Intersection Control and 95th Percentile Quene Length of the intersection. Findings shows that an average entry flow rate of 357 pc/h occurs for all the legs of the intersection, the North bound left turning movement of the intersection was not within the allowable limit, the average potential capacity by lane for the intersection is 445 pc/h, and the average movement capacity by lane 473 Pc/h, the various legs of the intersection has a level of service of ‘A’ and ‘C’ except the left turning minor street movement that has an ‘F’ LOS. Due to the influence of high traffic flow around the intersection, the analysis of the real-time traffic flow results reveals the need to diverge the high right turning movement into other route to cater for low left turning movement causing delay and poor LOS and a need to introduce Signal on the intersection in other to improve on her functionality.

Efficiency of multi-armature linear pulse electromechanical power and speed converters

Introduction. High-speed linear pulse electromechanical converters (LPEC) provide acceleration of the executive element in a short active section to high speed with significant displacement, while power-purpose LPECs create powerful power impulses of the executive element on the object of influence with minor movements. One of the areas of improvement of LPEC is the creation of multi-armature structures. Methodology. To analyze the electromechanical characteristics and indicators of LPEC, a mathematical model was used, which takes into account the interconnected electrical, magnetic, mechanical and thermal processes that occur when connected to a pulse energy source with a capacitive energy storage. The main results of the calculations were performed in the COMSOL Multiphysics software environment and confirmed by experimental studies in laboratory conditions. Results. The features of the electromechanical processes of multi-armature LPECs are established and their indicators are determined. With the help of efficiency criteria, which take into account electrical, power, speed and magnetic indicators in a relative form with different options for their evaluation strategy, it was established that multi-armature LPECs for power purposes have increased efficiency, and for high-speed LPECs the use of multi-armature configurations is impractical. The conducted experimental studies confirm the reliability of the calculated results. Originality. It has been established that almost all multi-armature LPECs for power purposes have higher efficiency compared to a converter with one armature, and for high-speed LPECs it is advisable to use traditional LPECs with one armature. Practical value. On the basis of multi-armature LPECs, models of an electromagnetic UAV catapult, a magnetic pulse press for ceramic powder materials, an electromechanical device for dumping ice and snow deposits from a power line wire, a device for destroying information on a solid-state digital SSD drive have been developed and tested. References 20, tables 4, figures 8.

The impact of small movements with dual lumen cannulae during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A computational fluid dynamics analysis

Background and objectivesVenovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VV ECMO) provides respiratory support to patients with severe lung disease failing conventional medical therapy. An essential component of the ECMO circuit are the cannulas, which drain and return blood into the body. Despite being anchored to the patient to prevent accidental removal, minor cannula movements are common during ECMO. The clinical and haemodynamic consequences of these small movements are currently unclear. This study investigated the risk of thrombosis and recirculation caused by small movements of a dual lumen cannula (DLC) in an adult using computational fluid dynamics. MethodsThe 3D model of an AVALON Elite DLC (27 Fr) and a patient-specific vena cava and right atrium were generated for an adult patient on ECMO. The baseline cannula position was generated where the return jet enters the tricuspid valve. Alternative cannula positions were obtained by shifting the cannula 5 and 15 mm towards inferior (IVC) and superior (SVC) vena cava, respectively. ECMO settings of 4 L/min blood flow and pulsatile flow at SVC and IVC were applied. Recirculation was defined as a scalar value indicating the infused oxygenated blood inside the drainage lumen, while thrombosis risk was evaluated by shear stress, stagnation volume, washout, and turbulent kinetic energy. ResultsRecirculation for all models was less than 3.1 %. DLC movements between -5 to 15 mm increased shear stress and turbulence kinetic energy up to 24.7 % and 11.8 %, respectively, compared to the baseline cannula position leading to a higher predicted thrombosis risk. All models obtained a complete washout after nine seconds except for when the cannula migrated 15 mm into the SVC, indicating persisting stasis and circulating zones. ConclusionIn conclusion, small DLC movements were not associated with an increased risk of recirculation. However, they may increase the risk of thrombosis due to increased shear rate, turbulence, and slower washout of blood. Developing effective cannula securement devices may reduce this risk.

Design of AR system tracking registration method using dynamic target light-field

In the process of tracking registration for an augmented reality (AR) system, it's essential first to obtain the system's initial state, as its accuracy significantly influences the precision of subsequent three-dimensional tracking registration. At this point, minor movements of the target can directly lead to calibration errors. Current methods fail to address the challenge of capturing the initial state of dynamic deformation in optically transparent AR systems effectively. To tackle this issue, the concept of a static light-field is expanded to a four-dimensional dynamic light-field, and a tracking registration method for an optical see-through AR system based on the four-dimensional dynamic light-field is introduced. This method begins by analyzing the relationship between the components of the optical see-through AR system and studying the impact of a dynamic target on the initial state model. Leveraging the fundamental principle of light-field correlation, the theory and model for four-dimensional dynamic light-field tracking registration are developed. A lot of experiments have confirmed the algorithm's accuracy, enhanced its stability, and demonstrated the superior performance of the three-dimensional tracking registration algorithm.

Effectiveness of a Preschool Motor Skill Intervention on Body Mass Index and Movement Behavior: 6-, 18-, and 30-Month Findings From a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

To study the effectiveness of a preschool staff-delivered motor skills intervention on body composition and physical activity over a 2.5-year time frame. In this pragmatic parallel cluster randomized controlled trial (16 preschools), outcome data were collected after 6 (body composition only), 18, and 30months of intervention. The main physical activity outcomes were accelerometer behavior measures summarizing the total percentage of child daily movement (walk, run, cycle, and standing that included minor movements) and preschool movement during preschool attendance. To estimate between-group mean differences in outcomes, mixed-linear regression analyses including baseline value of the selected outcome and a treatment × time interaction term as a fixed effect were applied. In addition, the baseline preschool and child were included as a random effect. For body mass index, a total of 437 children (90%) had at least one valid baseline and one follow-up assessment. The corresponding numbers for preschool movement and daily movement were 163 (55%) and 146 (49%), respectively. No significant between-group mean difference was identified for body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, or any physical activity outcomes. Overall, this preschool motor skills intervention had no effect on either child anthropometry or physical activity, consistent with previous studies.

Climate-related habitat variations of Humboldt squid in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean

An integrated habitat suitability index (HSI) model was developed in this study for Dosidicus gigas in the eastern equatorial waters of the Pacific Ocean to explore climate-related spatial and temporal variability in the habitat distribution pattern based on three crucial environmental variables: sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS) and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a). Results revealed that the HSI model could accurately predict potential habitats for D. gigas. The habitat suitability varied significantly by month, with highest suitability in April and lowest in March. Besides, from December to May, the longitudinal gravity center of the fishing grounds (LONG) and the HSI overall shifted eastward and the latitudinal gravity center shifted northward then southward. In comparison to the warm ENSO phases in 2019, the cold ENSO phases in 2018 produced increased suitable habitat from December to May, leading to a significantly higher CPUE. Prospective high-quality habitats in 2018 primarily occurred in the western regions, with the exception of December, which resulted in a more westward distribution of LONG from January to May. High-quality habitats moved northward from December to February and southward from March to May 2018, compared to minor latitudinal movement in 2019. It was inferred that annual variations in squid abundance and distribution were largely affected by the SST-related habitat pattern of D. gigas in the eastern equatorial waters. Our findings suggested that D. gigas habitats clearly varied by month and year and were greatly influenced by climate-induced environmental changes.

Unionising Sex Workers and Other Feminists

A minor movement of strippers and sex workers are unionising as the Sex Workers’ Union (SWU) branch of the Bakers Food & Allied Workers Union. SWU have produced a counter hegemonic perspective on law and society in the process of class struggle. This perspective demystifies the view that strippers and sex workers are free workers and enterprising subjects, or unfree vulnerable victims in need of state protection. SWU's counter hegemonic perspective inverts this common-sense assumption and posits that strippers and sex workers are unfree workers and free sexual subjects. This demystification is evident in SWU's ‘feminist law work’, which demands decommodification and decriminalisation for all sex workers by working within, and against, official law. In conclusion, I argue that there are at least three reasons why other feminists should support SWU by ceasing eradication of sex work via criminalisation and closure campaigns. This would open space for a politics of solidarity between sex workers and other feminists, centred on the conditions within which sex workers’ labour is commodified.

Necessity of Minor Tooth Movement For Restoration of Implant Prosthesis

When attempting to place a dental implant in a missing area, there is often not enough room for the restoration because the surrounding teeth are tilted toward the missing area, there is an diastema, or the antagonistic teeth are extruding into the edentulous space. To create a functional and aesthetically pleasing prosthesis in suchcases, it is essential to pre-establish a sufficient and normal-sized restorative space to achieve a more naturallooking restoration. As part of the pre-implant treatment process, minor tooth movements can be performed to achieve this goal. The importance of orthodontic treatment in relation to implant therapy is often overlooked, but simple orthodontic tooth movements of adjacent teeth before the completion of implant prostheses can yield significant improvements. Implant therapy performed without correcting abnormal spaces can lead to vari-ous biological and mechanical complications, highlighting the substantial value of such orthodontic treatment. Here, representative cases encountered in clinical practice involving common horizontal and vertical space is-sues and their resolution through orthodontic intervention before completing implant prosthodontic procedure will be introduced.

Typical Fine Structure and Seismogenic Mechanism Analysis of the Surface Rupture of the 2022 Menyuan Mw 6.7 Earthquake

On 8 January 2022, a seismic event of significant magnitude (Mw 6.7, Ms 6.9) occurred in the northeastern region of the Tibetan Plateau. This earthquake was characterized by left-lateral strike-slip motion, accompanied by a minor reverse movement. The Menyuan earthquake resulted in the formation of two main ruptures and one secondary rupture. These ruptures were marked by a left-lateral step zone that extended over a distance of 1 km between the main ruptures. The length of the rupture zones was approximately 37 km. The surface rupture zone exhibited various features, including left-lateral offset small gullies, riverbeds, wire fences, road subgrades, mole tracks, cracks, and scarps. Through a comprehensive field investigation and precise measurement using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, 111 coseismic horizontal offsets were determined, with the maximum offset recorded at 2.6 ± 0.3 m. The analysis of aftershocks and the findings from the field investigation led to the conclusion that the earthquake was triggered by the Lenglongling fault and the Tuolaishan fault. These faults intersected at a release double-curved structure, commonly referred to as a stepover. During this particular process, the Lenglongling fault was responsible for initiating the coseismic rupture of the Sunan–Qilian fault. It is important to note that the stress applied to the Tuolaishan fault has not been fully relieved, indicating the presence of potential future hazards.

Reappraisal of exceptionally preserved s-forms, striae, and fractures from late Paleozoic subglacial surfaces in paleofjords, NW Namibia

Determining the grounded ice dynamics of deep-time glaciations is limited by the scarcity of well-preserved subglacial erosional features and their irregular distribution. In particular, small-scale erosional features known as s-forms that are subglacially sculpted in bedrock by water and/or ice are rarely preserved from the pre-Cenozoic record. A detailed re-examination of two late Paleozoic (late Carboniferous–early Permian) glacially-polished, surfaces at the base of the Dwyka Gp. within paleofjords located in the Kaokoveld region of northwest Namibia reveals a range of erosional features including: complex, multi-directional striae that crosscut each other, crescentic markings, chattermark trails, sinuous furrows, linear furrows, transverse troughs, comma forms, sichelwannen, muschelbrüche, cavettos, a pothole, and rock drumlins. The first study location in the Sanitatis paleovalley is previously undescribed and consists of striae and fractures on a polished granite bedrock surface located on the paleovalley floor. Striae, crescentic markings, and chattermark trails indicate ice movement to the west/northwest (striae mean azimuth of 276°). The second location in the Hoarusib paleovalley was previously described and is located on a multi-level, resistant, quartzite bedrock ridge close to or on the valley wall. This location contains numerous s-forms, striae, and fractures, as well as onlapping glaciogenic sediments, including diamictite plastered within a pothole. Some of these features are superimposed on rock drumlins. These erosional features were likely formed by a combination of pressurized subglacial meltwater and glacial abrasion underneath a glacier as it flowed over and around a resistant bedrock outcrop. Orientations of striae and chattermark trails at the second location indicate a primary direction of ice movement toward the west/northwest (striae modal azimuth of 275°), a minor secondary movement to the southwest (255°), and abundant third-order striae indicating ice flow around bedrock obstacles. However, cross-cutting relations suggest the primary and secondary striae orientations are not related to two distinct glacial advances as previously thought. The complex relationships between striae, fractures, and s-forms suggest that a combination of pressure melting, abundant subglacial meltwater, debris-rich basal ice, and variable ice flow paths around resistant obstacles was required to form these features. We conclude that the study locations were overridden by relatively thick (>210 m) warm-based or polythermal glaciers that were confined to a network of fjords as ice receded and stagnated. The glaciers flowed west into present-day Brazil during the late Paleozoic and likely overtopped the paleovalley walls during times of ice maxima.

Earthquake swarm near Great Sand Dunes, Colorado, investigated with temportary seismic network and machine learning sesmic phase analysis

In November of 2018, residents living in the Zapata Subdivision south of Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve reported hearing and feeling multiple small earthquakes. Reports of additional earthquakes continued, escalating in late February of 2019, when the USGS recorded over 27 magnitude 0.9 and larger earthquakes over a two-day period. Subdivision residents became concerned that these could be foreshocks to a future, larger earthquake. To further study these earthquakes, we installed a temporary network of seismometers in the area during 2019 and used a convolution neural network seismic phase picker along with the GLASS3 associator to detect over 700 earthquakes in a 3.5-month period during the earthquake swarm. The earthquakes were located using a regional velocity model and a double-difference algorithm. The Northern Sangre de Cristo Fault (NSCF) cuts through the subdivision at the base of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Based on geologic evidence, it is one of the most active faults in Colorado but has been nearly aseismic historically. Initially, minor movement on the NSCF was suspected of being the geologic source of the earthquakes. However, nearly all recorded epicenters lie east of the trace of west-dipping fault and are not located on it. Instead, the earthquake epicenters define a narrow, linear, east-west-trending zone that projects eastward across the entire Northern Sangre de Cristo Range and into the headwaters of the Huerfano River Valley. We propose several possible geologic sources for the earthquakes including several mapped, but unnamed faults. Available evidence for any particular source in this geologically complex area is not conclusive. Additional geologic and geophysical investigations are needed to better understand the geology of the earthquake swarm and its implications for seismic hazards.

Using Law to Limit Religious Freedom: The Case of New Religious Movements in France

France, with its approach to managing religion known as laïcité, has been almost unique among Western nations in its approach to religious freedom for minority religious groups and movements. In recent decades it has passed widely criticized laws in efforts to implement a program of social control over such groups, including both new religious movements (NRMs) as well as older religious groups that have functioned in France for many decades. Examining why and how this has happened helps reveal how religious freedom can be curtailed in a modern Western society using the legislative process and the law. We apply theories from the sociology of law offered by Donald Black and by William Chambliss, as well as other relevant ideas, to understand how the situation developed in France. Black’s concepts of status and intimacy are particularly useful, as is Chambliss’ dialectic approach to law, which emphasizes human volition in lawmaking. Chambliss focuses on how societies develop resolutions to resolve dilemmas as they attempt to resolve conflicts that arise from contradictions in how society functions. The role of courts in such situations will also be addressed. We conclude that the liberalistic and humanitarian national motto (“liberté, égalité, fraternité”) of the French Republic does not necessarily lead to the non-discrimination and non-persecution of new religious movements and other nontraditional religious groups. We also conclude that the resolution obtained with the About–Picard law was, as predicted by Chambliss, not a final one, and that dilemmas continue to exist about how to address concerns about religious groups in French society.

A Study of Impressionism Music Appeared in 1st Movement of Dubessy’s String Quartet in g minor and 1st Movement of Ravel’s String Quartet in F Major

A Study of Impressionism Music Appeared in 1st Movement of Dubessy’s String Quartet in g minor and 1st Movement of Ravel’s String Quartet in F Major

Occlusal Contact Outcomes with Invisalign® Lite Treatment

Abstract Objective To investigate the relationship between pre-treatment, predicted post-treatment, and clinically achieved numbers and locations of occlusal contact in cases treated using the Invisalign® Lite appliance (Align Technology, San Jose, California, USA). Materials and Methods Following the application of exclusion and inclusion criteria, 34 patients treated with the Invisalign® Lite appliance were selected. Occlusal contacts were measured at the initial, predicted, and achieved stages on amiga disc file (.adf file) files using the imaging software ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Descriptive statistics were calculated. Predicted values were provided by Align Technology’s treatment planning software interface, ClinCheck®. Results Most patients were female (n = 29; 85.3%) and the mean (standard deviation) age of the sample was 33.4 (10.72) years. There were significant differences between the initial pre-treatment number of maxillary premolar and molar occlusal contacts and the achieved (a reduction of 58.97%; P < 0.0001), and the total initial pre-treatment number of premolar and molar occlusal mandibular contacts and the achieved (a reduction of 52.5%; P < 0.0001). A significant reduction in the number of posterior occlusal contacts was observed when the achieved number of posterior occlusal contacts was compared to the numbers predicted via ClinCheck® (p<0.0001). Conclusions For minor tooth movement treatment with Invisalign® Lite, more than 50% loss of posterior contact was observed in the achieved outcome when compared to either the initial or predicted number of occlusal contacts.