Minor Division Research Articles

Widespread photosynthesis reaction centre barrel proteins are necessary for haloarchaeal cell division.

Cell division is fundamental to all cellular life. Most archaea depend on either the prokaryotic tubulin homologue FtsZ or the endosomal sorting complex required for transport for division but neither system has been robustly characterized. Here, we show that three of the four photosynthesis reaction centre barrel domain proteins of Haloferax volcanii (renamed cell division proteins B1/2/3 (CdpB1/2/3)) play important roles in cell division. CdpB1 interacts directly with the FtsZ membrane anchor SepF and is essential for cell division, whereas deletion of cdpB2 and cdpB3 causes a major and a minor division defect, respectively. Orthologues of CdpB proteins are also involved in cell division in other haloarchaea, indicating a conserved function of these proteins. Phylogenetic analysis shows that photosynthetic reaction centre barrel proteins are widely distributed among archaea and appear to be central to cell division in most if not all archaea.

Scheduling Multiple Sports Leagues with Travel Distance Fairness: An Application to Argentinean Youth Football

The first division clubs in Argentinean professional football maintain teams in each of six youth leagues, classed by age as major divisions (Under-20, Under-18, Under-17) and minor divisions (Under-16, Under-15, Under-14). Regular season play in these leagues typically follows a single round-robin format; the minor divisions play the same schedule as the majors but with the home-away status of the matches reversed. This setup can give rise to very significant differences in travel distances between the major and minor division teams of a given club, which is a frustrating situation for club officials, coaches, and players alike but almost impossible to avoid with manual season scheduling techniques. Nor are these methods able to take into account any number of other criteria that go into the design of a satisfactory match calendar. This paper reports on models developed using mathematical programming to simultaneously schedule multiple leagues while also meeting a series of other desirable conditions. The central criterion is a better balance in the travel distances of the various teams, pursued through the application of two alternative solution approaches: one based on regional team clusters and the other on explicit analysis of actual distances between the teams’ home venues. The solutions generated by these approaches have been used by the organizers of the Argentinean youth leagues to draw up their season schedules since 2018, which has resulted in a series of benefits for all stakeholders.

What is new in the treatment of perianal fistulae in Crohn's disease?

Perianal fistulae in Crohn's disease occur frequently and are the most difficult perianal manifestation of the disease to treat. The relation between the fistula and the sphincter apparatus and pelvic floor forms the basis for the surgical problems. Simple lower fistulae with regard to the anal sphincters can be treated as any other perianal fistula with a technique in which the fistulous tract is layed open with only a minor division of sphincter muscle. Complex high-situated fistulae require another treatment approach in order not to render the patient incontinent. Therefore, it is of prime importance to be informed about the nature of the fistula before operation. Magnetic resonance imaging seems to give all the information needed on complex fistulae that was not available previously. It allows a thorough surgical planning of the procedure in which all the fistulous tissue is removed with primary repair of the pelvic floor and sphincters if necessary. Our first results are promising.

Industry and Geological Agencies Evaluate a Curriculum in Geology: GEOLOGICAL NOTES

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy sought an evaluation of the Bachelor of Science in geology by sending questionnaires to employers in industry, geological surveys, consulting geology and geophysics. study, made in 1958, was designed to test the adequacy of the basic requirements for the degree, to obtain suggestions for revisions in the curriculum, and to receive any constructive comments pertaining to the training of students. Of the 105 questionnaires distributed, 85 were completed and used in this study. Need for greater emphasis on fundamental training in the basic sciences (chemistry, mathematics, and physics) is apparent. The data and letters indicate the desirability of a core curriculum of basic science and geology requirements. A minor division into petroleum and general geology at the undergraduate level, with the general geology subdivision including the needs of mining industry and geological surveys, would closely fit the evaluation pattern.

The Segments of the Lungs from the Standpoint of Surgical Procedures

Comment: If partial lobectomy is confined to the extirpation of the major surgical divisions of the lungs, there is little danger of /[See figure in the PDF file/] failure to identify the segment. It would be easy, however, to perform an incomplete operation when removing one or more of the minor divisions. It appears, therefore, that if there is any question concerning the amount of lung tissue to be excised, the surgeon is obligated to error on the radical side. Inadequate extirpation of diseased tissue will cast disrepute on the principal of partial lobectomy, which is sound when employed properly. The excision of one or more of the minor pulmonary segments will have limited application and must be reserved for cases in which the lesion is peripheral and sharply localized. Preoperative localization of the disease must coincide exactly with the findings when the lung is exposed at operation. It should be recorded categorically, that neoplasms of the lungs should not be treated by partial resection of lung tissue. The practice of local excision of a mass of undetermined origin will be useful in establishing a positive diagnosis and will undoubtedly lead to an increasing number of successful operations for peripheral /[See figure in the PDF file/] lung tumors. If, however, a neoplasm of the lung is found when partial lobectomy is performed, for diagnostic purposes, a radical operation should be undertaken regardless of the apparent clean removal of the localized mass. An example of a suitable case for partial lobectomy with removal of a minor division of the lung is illustrated in Figure III (A) , Figure III (B) . The relative operative risks of partial and complete lobectomy are probably about the same. My own experience has been limited to the performance of 17 partial lobectomies. In this group there was one death. During the same period 55 complete lobectomies were performed and in approximately half of these, it was necessary to remove two lobes. There was one death in the latter group. These figures, however, are of no statistical value. Assessment of the influence on the immediate mortality of partial as compared to complete lobectomy must await further experience. The only significance of the principle is that important amounts of lung tissue may be conserved in selected cases.