Minor Damage Research Articles

Builder's Competency Improvement About Simple Earthquake Resistant Houses in Blang Pulo Village, Lhokseumawe City

The Indonesian region has a very high seismic intensity. Its geographic location is on three active tectonic plates, namely Indo Australia, Eurasia and the Pacific and is part of the circum Pacific belt, a series of volcanoes (ring of fire) that reaches 40,000 km in length, causing Indonesia to be frequently hit by tectonic earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. . Incident after incident seemed to alternately hit various regions in Indonesia. An earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1 on the Richter scale followed by a tsunami wave devastated the Aceh region in 2004. Another major earthquake occurred in Jokjakarta in 2006, which was followed by dozens of earthquakes in various regions in Indonesia. The most recent event was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6, 6 on the Richter scale in Banten on January 14 2022 which is reported to have damaged more than 3000 buildings. Simple houses are the group of buildings that most often experience collapse, heavy damage and minor damage.
 This community service activity will try to improve the ability of builders in five villages around the Malikussaleh University campus on simple earthquake-resistant housing technology. Efforts to increase these competencies will be carried out through theoretical explanations using examples and drawings, which will then be followed up with direct practice of making key components that have a major influence on the ability of buildings to withstand earthquake loads.

Inflammation balance in skeletal muscle damage and repair.

Responding to tissue injury, skeletal muscles undergo the tissue destruction and reconstruction accompanied with inflammation. The immune system recognizes the molecules released from or exposed on the damaged tissue. In the local minor tissue damage, tissue-resident macrophages sequester pro-inflammatory debris to prevent initiation of inflammation. In most cases of the skeletal muscle injury, however, a cascade of inflammation will be initiated through activation of local macrophages and mast cells and recruitment of immune cells from blood circulation to the injured site by recongnization of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activated complement system. During the inflammation, macrophages and neutrophils scavenge the tissue debris to release inflammatory cytokines and the latter stimulates myoblast fusion and vascularization to promote injured muscle repair. On the other hand, an abundance of released inflammatory cytokines and chemokines causes the profound hyper-inflammation and mobilization of immune cells to trigger a vicious cycle and lead to the cytokine storm. The cytokine storm results in the elevation of cytolytic and cytotoxic molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the damaged muscle to aggravates the tissue injury, including the healthy bystander tissue. Severe inflammation in the skeletal muscle can lead to rhabdomyolysis and cause sepsis-like systemic inflammation response syndrome (SIRS) and remote organ damage. Therefore, understanding more details on the involvement of inflammatory factors and immune cells in the skeletal muscle damage and repair can provide the new precise therapeutic strategies, including attenuation of the muscle damage and promotion of the muscle repair.

Comparison of machine learning tools for damage classification: the case of L’Aquila 2009 earthquake

On April 6, 2009, a strong earthquake (6.1 Mw) struck the city of L’Aquila, which was severely damaged as well as many neighboring towns. After this event, a digital model of the region affected by the earthquake was built and a large amount of data was collected and made available. This allowed us to obtain a very detailed dataset that accurately describes a typical historic city in central Italy. Building on this work, we propose a study that employs machine learning (ML) tools to predict damage to buildings after the 2009 earthquake. The used dataset, in its original form, contains 21 features, in addition to the target variable which is the level of damage. We are able to differentiate between light, moderate and heavy damage with an accuracy of 59%, by using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The level of accuracy remains almost stable using only the 12 features selected by the Boruta algorithm. In both cases, the RF tool showed an excellent ability to distinguish between moderate-heavy and light damage: around the 3% of the buildings classified as seriously damaged were labeled by the algorithm as minor damage.

A comparative study of self-centering precast concrete walls with replaceable buckling-restrained yielding plates or friction dissipation components

Two new unbonded post-tensioned (PT) self-centering precast concrete wall systems with excellent reparability and seismic resilience are investigated in this paper through cyclic loading testing of four large-scale precast walls. As major innovative features, reparability and seismic resilience of the structures are achieved by using externally connected replaceable buckling-restrained yielding plates (Type I) or friction components (Type II), and steel jackets to confine concrete at wall toes. Both types of wall specimens showed excellent self-centering, energy dissipation, and ductile behavior over 3.5–4% lateral drift without significant strength reduction, demonstrating remarkable advantages over monolithic cast-in-place (CIP) walls and self-centering precast concrete walls with yielding reinforcing bars. The damage in the proposed walls concentrated in the external energy dissipation components, with minor concrete cracking and no concrete crushing at the completion of testing, making repairs feasible by replacing the damaged components. The energy dissipating capacity for the Type II wall was significantly greater than those for the Type I walls at relatively small drift levels due to the large initial stiffness of friction-based damping. As there was no significant damage in the friction damping components throughout testing, the energy dissipation for the Type II wall was much more stable than those for the Type I walls. Comprehensive finite element models were also developed for both types of walls, which satisfactorily captured the global and local behaviors, including prediction of minor concrete damage, steel and concrete strains, and nonlinear behavior of the energy dissipation components. A parameter study was subsequently conducted to investigate the effects of losses in the friction bolt force and PT force on the wall behavior. Overall, both types of walls can be used in the life-line structures that have great demand for fast reparation and restoration of their original lateral resistance and energy dissipation after a major earthquake.

Preclinical safety assessment of the suction-assisted intradermal injection of the SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine candidate pGO-1002 in white rabbit.

pGO-1002, a non-viral DNA vaccine that expresses both spike and ORF3a antigens of SARS-CoV-2, is undergoing phase 1 and phase 2a clinical trials in Korea and the US. A preclinical repeated-dose toxicity study in New Zealand white rabbits in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) was conducted to assess the potential toxicity, local tolerance, and immunogenicity of the vaccine and GeneDerm suction device. The dose rate was 1.2mg/head pGO-1002, and this was administered intradermally to a group of animals (eight animals/sex/group) three times at 2-week intervals, followed by a 4-week recovery period. After each administration, suction was applied to the injection site using the GeneDerm device. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, skin irritation, ophthalmology, body temperature, urinalysis, and clinical pathology were also monitored. Gross observations and histopathological evaluation were performed. Overall, pGO-1002 administration-related changes were confined to minor damage or changes at the injection site, increased spleen weight and minimal increased cellularity in white pulp. All changes of injection site were considered local inflammatory changes or pharmacological actions due to the vaccine with the changes in spleen considered consistent with vaccine-induced immune activation. All findings showed reversibility during the 4-week recovery period. Animals vaccinated with pGO-1002, administered by intradermal injection and followed by application of suction with GeneDerm, developed humoral and cellular responses against the SARS-CoV-2 antigens consistent with prior studies in rats. Collectively, it was concluded that the pGO-1002 vaccine was safe and effective under these experimental conditions and these data supported future human study of the vaccine, now known as GLS-5310, for clinical trial use.

Lightweight semantic segmentation of complex structural damage recognition for actual bridges

Although structural damage recognition has been extensively investigated using deep learning and computer vision (CV) techniques, the following limitations exist for real-world applications: (1) the accuracy heavily relies on a large volume of network parameters; (2) the sensitivity to tiny cracks is limited due to low contrast between microcrack and background pixels; (3) the robustness on complex cracks with various morphological features and surface disturbances is inadequate. To address these issues, this study proposes a lightweight, accurate, and robust semantic segmentation method of complex structural damage recognition for actual bridges. Firstly, a modified DeepLabv3+ model is established using the lightweight MobileNetV2 backbone and transposed convolutions to reduce parameter volume and enhance the recognition capability of local minor damages. Secondly, the depthwise separable convolution is utilized instead of the standard convolution to decouple the spatial and channel interactions of feature maps. Thirdly, a refined atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) module is constructed at the backbone end using multilevel dilated convolutions to expand the receptive fields. Finally, a piecewise synthetical loss function based on focal and dice losses is designed for different training stages. A total of 3226 actual crack images in different scales, resolutions, and scenes are utilized to verify the proposed method. The results show that the mean intersection-over-union for complex cracks in various real-world scenarios reaches 0.776 with significant reductions of 91.5% in parameter volume and 38.9% in recognition time. Comparative studies demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over existing lightweight crack segmentation models based on SegNet and DenseNet. In addition, ablation experiments demonstrate the necessity and effectiveness of the MobileNetV2 backbone, refined ASPP module, and piecewise synthetical loss function. Moreover, the robustness and expandability of the proposed method on new structural damage categories (including concrete spalling, rebar exposure, and cable corrosion) are also verified.

Diagnosa Kerusakan Motor Honda Sport Non Injeksi Metode Certainty Factor

Users of Honda motorbikes have been increasingly popular for many years, ranging from young people to adults. In general, motorbike users do not understand the damage that occurs to motorbikes and tend to hand it over to technicians without knowing whether the damage is simple or complicated to repair. With these considerations, it is necessary to make a system of tools to detect damage that occurs to motorbikes, so we need a system that can help motorbike users to overcome problems of damage that occurs to motorcycles, especially Honda Sport GL Pro, Megapro, and Tiger. A knowledge-based system for identifying motorcycle damage that is displayed using a web-based programming language. forming a decision tree and used to classify the damage into damage that most affects the motor to minor damage. Complaints are generated so that a system can be created that can help users for initial handling that occurs on motorbikes and is expected to speed up the repair of motorbikes that are classified as mild damage.

Theoretically thermal-varying models of the neutral axis position for local damage detection of bridge girders

The neutral axis position is sensitive to changes in the cross-sectional area and stiffness of bridge girders but is inevitably influenced by the temperature effect. In the present study, simplified theoretical models between the neutral axis position and the structural temperature were established for both conventional girders and composite girders by introducing the relationship between the elastic modulus and the temperature. The theoretical results of four girders with specified section parameters were then validated by the model girders with different vertical temperature gradients and thermal coefficients of the elastic modulus. The results indicate that the neutral axis position is influenced by the vertical temperature gradient, weighted-average temperature, thermal coefficients of the elastic modulus, and girder height. The relationship between the neutral axis position and the weighted-average temperature of the composite girder is different from that of the conventional girder when the vertical temperature gradient is zero and negative. In addition, the amounts of the thermal-induced variation in the neutral axis position cannot be disregarded in view of the detection of minor damage to the main girder of bridges.

Durability evaluation of reinforced concrete with surface treatment of soy methyl ester-polystyrene under freeze-thaw cycles and calcium chloride

This study provides an advanced understanding of the durability performance of reinforced concrete (RC) with the surface treatment of soy methyl ester-polystyrene blend (SME-PS) when simultaneously subjected to freeze-thaw (F/T) cycles and CaCl2 solution. A three-in-one nondestructive test, which included salt scaling test, electrochemical measurement, and acoustic emission (AE), was developed to enable the advanced investigation on the performance of SME-PS. Compared with control specimens, RC specimens treated with SME-PS exhibit superior salt scaling resistance with only minor damage after 60 F/T cycles. SME-PS can also reduce the corrosion risk of embedded steel by mitigating carbonation and chloride ingress in concrete. The physical protection of SME-PS lies in the modification of the concrete surface by changing its hydrophobicity and occupying/blocking a portion of capillary pores. Petrographic examinations and AE results revealed that a portion of penetrated SME-PS in concrete surface (i.e., top ∼ 1 mm) could be leached by external fluids, which indicated the long-term effectiveness of SME-PS should be further studied.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE GONADS OF CHILDREN 2-6 HOURS AFTER ACUTE UNILATERAL TESTICULAR TORSION.

The aim: To determine the morphological and immunohistochemical changes in the testes 2-6 hours after the onset of clinical symptoms of acute unilateral testicular torsion. Materials and methods: A morphological and immunohistochemical study was conducted on biopsy samples of testicular tissues taken 2-6 hours after the onset of clinical symptoms of acute unilateral testicular torsion during detorsion and orchiopexy surgery in 27 adolescent patients. Results: In cases of incomplete torsion (180-360°) and a disease duration of up to 2 hours, the seminiferous tubules maintained their normal structure. The convoluted seminiferous tubules showed minor damage during 4 hours of ischemia caused by testicular torsion of 360-450°, which was characterized by mild damage. Glycogen and neutral glycoproteins were preserved in the cytoplasm of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and Sertoli cells, indicating that their intracellular metabolism was relatively preserved. The ischemia that lasted for 4 hours with testicular torsion of 450-720° was characterized by a moderate degree of gonadal damage. However, there was pronounced expression of vimentin and calretinin, and the presence of glycogen and neutral glycoproteins indicated functional activity of the gonads. A six-hour ischemia period with a 360-450° testicular torsion demonstrated 100% gonadal viability, with 50% of the seminiferous tubules preserved and 35% with minor damage. Severe damage to the spermatogenic epithelium was observed in 15% of seminiferous tubules, characterized by dystrophy of spermatogenic epithelial cells with signs of karyopyknosis, karyorrhexis, vacuolization, hyperchromasia of cytoplasmic organelles, shedding of individual cells into the lumen of tubules, and focal necrosis. Conclusions: 1. The degree of torsion and duration of symptoms are prognostic factors for testicular salvage in torsion episodes. Ischemia lasting up to 6 hours is characterized by a moderate degree of gonadal damage, and detorsion of the testicle performed within 6 hours from the onset of pathology allows for preservation of the testicle in 100% of cases. 2. Histological examination of the susceptibility of different cell types to ischemia reveals that Sertoli cells and spermatogonia are the most resistant, while spermatocytes and spermatids are more susceptible and prone to degeneration.

Analytical research of wind farms damage

Wind farms are expensive and technically complex equipment. Maintaining it in working condition is an important task not only from an economic point of view, but also from a practical point of view. Even minor breakdowns and damages should be quickly eliminated. Wind farms are constantly being upgraded and improved. They are produced under specific operating conditions. However, this cannot completely exclude emergency situations. Therefore, engineering services involved in monitoring the operation of a wind farm should conduct inspections with some frequency. Until recently, such inspections were carried out entirely by people, which was associated with various problems and risks. People put their lives in danger; money is spent on the departure of a team of engineers to perform a relatively simple inspection operation. This study can be useful in the development and design of computer vision systems aimed at operating during inspections of wind farms.

Micromechanical BEoL robustness evaluation methods enabling loading condition customization and acoustic emission damage monitoring

For micromechanical robustness evaluation methods, it is advantageous if the mechanical loading conditions applied can be controlled as precisely as possible. For microchips, this is required to determine the robustness under specific conditions, e.g. during assembly or characteristic application/usage scenarios. In this work, three different micromechanical BEoL (Back End of Line) robustness evaluation methods are presented which should enable a more precise and flexible mechanical load induction and damage identification. They have been subsequently developed. Three main aspects characterize the customization of the developed approaches:•The design and testing of customized micro-tools to precisely apply mechanical load to individual Cu-pillars.•The implementation of an AE (Acoustic Emission) monitoring approach to detect minor damages during mechanical loading. This strategy also enabled the development of sub-critical loading experiments for which AE signals served as a damage indicator and mechanical loading was aborted upon the detection of AE events.•The development of a new measurement setup and approach to enable the solder attach of individual Cu-pillars to a mechanical testing system.The applications of these approaches should enable the induction of customized mechanical loading conditions and the identification of failure modes and damage initiation locations.

The effects of doxorubicin loaded aptamer S3-linked DNA tetrahedrons on nasopharyngeal carcinoma

ObjectiveOur research group in the early stage identified CD109 as the target of aptamer S3 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This study was to use S3 to connect DNA tetrahedron (DT) and load doxorubicin (Dox) onto DT to develop a targeted delivery system, and explore whether S3-DT-Dox can achieve targeted therapy for NPC.MethodsAptamer S3-conjugated DT was synthesized and loaded with Dox. The effects of S3-DT-Dox on NPC cells were investigated with laser confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and MTS assays. A nude mouse tumor model was established from NPC 5-8F cells, and the in vivo anti-tumor activity of S3-DT-Dox was examined by using fluorescent probe labeling and hematoxylin–eosin staining.ResultsThe synthesized S3-DT had high purity and stability. S3-DT specifically recognized 5-8F cells and NPC tissues in vitro. When the ratio of S3-DT to Dox was 1:20, S3-DT had the best Dox loading efficiency. The drug release rate reached the maximum (0.402 ± 0.029) at 48 h after S3-DT-Dox was prepared and mixed with PBS. S3-DT did not affect Dox toxicity to 5-8F cells, but reduced Dox toxicity to non-target cells. Meanwhile, S3-DT-Dox was able to specifically target the transplanted tumors and inhibit their growth in nude mice, with minor damage to normal tissues.ConclusionOur study highlights the ability and safety of S3-DT-Dox to target NPC cells and inhibit the development NPC.Graphical abstract

A dataset of woody plant biomass models for subtropical mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forests

Tree biomass equations are the most commonly used method to estimate tree and forest biomass on various spatial and temporal scales because of their minor damage, ease of use, and high relative accuracy. The systematic compilation of models for the biomass of mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest (a unique and essential class of typical vegetation types in the subtropical zone of China) has not been reported so far. In this paper, we compiled a species list through an inventory of 28.9 hm2 of mixed evergreen deciduous broad-leaved forests in southwestern Hubei Province with fixed detection sample plots, produced a species list, and used it to retrieve, collect and establish a model dataset of woody plant biomass in subtropical mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forests. The species list contains a total of 665 biomass models in 167 groups as well as the information corresponding to each mode, such as the plant species name, Latin name, plant life type, plant components calculated by the model, model independent variables, measurement units and ranges of independent variables, model correlation coefficient or coefficient of determination, model sample size, climate zone, and soil type. is also recorded. By establishing this dataset, this paper not only provides essential information for in-depth research on the productivity and carbon sink of this specific vegetation but also serve as a scientific basis for the management of this type of forest, the conservation of biodiversity, and the evaluation of forest ecological benefits.

Construction of a mathematical model of vehicles tangent collision during reconstruction of the circumstances of a road accident

This paper considers the task to clarify the circumstances of a traffic accident (TA) involving two vehicles as a result of their lateral tangential collision at low angles. The aim of the study is to construct a mathematical model of a tangential collision of vehicles for the reconstruction of TA circumstances. Owing to the combination of the law of conservation of momentum and the theory of impact using the coefficient of recovery, it was possible to construct a mathematical model that describes the development of such an accident and makes it possible to determine the main parameters of the movement of vehicles after and before the collision. An answer is given regarding the possibility of losing the directional stability of the vehicle and its movement in the lateral direction because of a collision. Based on the mathematical model, the basic parameters of vehicles motion after their side collision at angles of 5–15° were analytically determined, when there are no slip marks on the road surface. A numerical experiment was conducted on the example of a specific accident. The findings make it possible to argue about the possibility of losing the directional stability of vehicles and shifting them to the oncoming lane or curb as a result of collision. A comparison of the results of the numerical calculation with the results of software modeling of accidents and the circumstances that were established in the process of studying a real accident was carried out. It was concluded that the results obtained are consistent and make it possible to more accurately assess the parameters of the movement of vehicles after their lateral tangential collision. In general, this produces more objective results of the reconstruction of TA mechanism in cases where there are no traces of slipping and braking on the road surface. The proposed mathematical model could be used in collisions accompanied by minor deformations or damage to vehicles

Stabbed by motorcycle? Reconstruction of an unusual traffic accident

The reconstruction of traffic accidents involving powered two-wheelers (PTWs) frequently proves to be a challenging task. A case in which a fatal head-on crash of a PTW with a small truck where only minor vehicles damage was observed but resulted in isolated fatal chest trauma is discussed here. External examination of the corpse revealed two lacerations on the back, at the first glance implying sharp trauma. Based on the accident traces, the technical expert assumed an emergency break of the PTW rider resulting in a rotation of the PTW in terms of a wheelie on the front wheel. The first contact between the PTW rider and the tail end of the small truck probably occurred with the upper side of the helmet, and then, the back handle of the PTW caused the stab-like injuries followed by compression of the rider between the small truck or asphalt and the PTW. Based on the few accident traces available, neither a reconstruction of the pre-impact velocity nor a detailed reconstruction of the PTW rider kinematics was possible. However, using an interdisciplinary approach, the principal collision position as well as the injury mechanisms could be reconstructed.

Performance of Ant Lion Optimization and Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Structural Health Monitoring of ASCE Benchmark Structure

Structural health Monitoring (SHM) has been a fast-moving tread for monitoring the health status of civil engineering structures. The SHM strategy involves application of different techniques involving the use of modal parameters, such as natural frequencies and mode shapes, to detect and localize the damage. Though localization of damage in structure plays an important role, damage quantification, which helps in performing repair works, is also essential. However, very few algorithms have been developed which calculates the amount of damage in structure. In view to this situation, the swarm-based optimization algorithms have been developed which can detect the damage severity in a structure. Some of the algorithms developed so far are Grey Wolf Algorithm (GWO), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, Firefly algorithm, Ant Lion Optimization (ALO) algorithm and others. Out of these algorithms, ALO and ABC have been used in limited number of cases for performing SHM. No real-life structures, considering the effect of noise, has been analysed using ALO and ABC. In this paper, the ALO and ABC optimization algorithm has been studied for damage analysis using an objective function based on the eigen value problem. The structure chosen for analysis is the ASCE Benchmark building which is a quarter scale model of an original building which give the real-life sense of SHM. Damage considered in the structure is of less severity occurring at multiple locations under an external noise, which is also a real-life challenge for damage analysis. The experimental results show that both ABC and ALO algorithms are able to quantify both major and minor damages in the presence of moderate amount of noise, proving the robustness of these algorithms.

Dissolution behaviour of corn starch with different amylose content in ionic liquids

The dissolution behaviour of three corn starches, including corn starch (CS), high amylose corn starch (HACS) and waxy corn starch (WCS) with different amylose content in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([AMIM]Cl) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) were studied by comparing their dissolution state in ionic liquids (ILs). Further, the structural and thermal properties of the regenerated starch were analyzed. WCS with the lowest amylose content had the fastest dissolution rate, the most extensive structural damage, and the lowest solubility and required the maximum energy for dissolution. In the process of dissolution-regeneration, the A-type crystalline structure of WCS and CS was completely destroyed and transformed into an amorphous structure, while the B-type crystalline structure of HACS transformed into an ordered V-shaped structure. And the thermal stability of starch was improved after dissolution-regeneration in ILs. Among the two kinds of ILs, [AMIM] Cl had a better ability to dissolve starch, causing minor damage to the starch.

An innovative structural health assessment tool for existing precast concrete buildings using deep learning methods and thermal infrared satellite imagery

Currently, there is a limited number of tools that can be used to assess progressive damage of buildings in large-scale study areas. The effectiveness of such tools is also constrained by a lack of sufficient and reliable data from the buildings and the area itself. This research article presents an innovative framework for damage detection and classification of precast concrete (PC) buildings based on satellite infrared (IR) imagery. The framework uses heat leakage changes over time to assess the progressive damage of buildings. Multispectral satellite images are used for a spatial scanning and large-scale assessment of a study area. A deep learning object detection algorithm coupled with two pixel intensities classification approaches are utilized in the framework. The proposed framework is demonstrated on two case study areas (parts of Karaganda and Almaty cities) in Kazakhstan using a set of multitemporal satellite images. Overall, the proposed framework, in combination with a YOLOv3 algorithm, successfully detects 85% of the PC buildings in the study areas. The use of a peak heat leakage classification approach (in comparison to mean heat leakage classification) over the 4 years showed a good agreement with the proposed framework. On-site visual inspections confirmed that PC buildings that were classified as having “High damage probability” have indeed evident signs of deterioration, as well as a more heat leakage than the rest of the buildings in the study areas. Whilst the framework has some limitations such as its applicability to extreme continental climate and its low sensitivity to detect minor damage, the proposed innovative framework showed very promising results at detecting progressive damage in PC buildings. This article contributes towards developing more efficient long-term damage assessment tools for existing buildings in large urban areas.

Utilization of Denim Waste into Debric Board

More than one billion pieces of denim are sold every year. The consumptions from North America are 39%, West Europe 20%, East Asia 20%, and the rest of it, including Indonesia, is 13%. This study aims to know the comparation between denim waste become particle boards toward SNI as a national standard through several variables. The variables are water content, thickness increment, density, acidity, and alkalinity resistance. Making the sample refers to the particle board-making process, such as preparation, mixing, gluing, pressing, and drying. On the other hand, this study’s method for the test is based on SNI 03-2105-2006 about Particle Board and SNI 01-7201-2006 Plywood and Beautiful Paper-faced Blockboard. The sample test divided by four ratios, 100%:100% (a), 75%:25% (b), 50%:50% (c), and 25%:75% (d). The result of this study showed that the water content test is the only variable influenced by the sample’s ratio. At the same time, sample A is the perfect sample with a ratio of 100% because sample A complied with the water content, thickness test, density test, and minor damage on acidity and alkalinity resistance test. It can conclude that denim waste has the potential to be improved as interior materials such as particle board.