Mining System Research Articles

Substantiation and selection of parameters for supporting mine workings at deep levels

Purpose.The research aims to conduct a comprehensive study on substantiation and selection of optimal parameters for supporting mine workings at deep levels by analyzing the stress-strain state (SSS) of the rock mass, modeling geomechanical processes and developing effective strengthening technologies in difficult geological conditions. Methods. The research includes modeling of the stress-strain state of the rock mass using ANSYS, Phase2 and Prorock software packages. To assess and predict the stress-strain state of the mass in the area of stope blocks, a series of numerical experiments have been conducted to analyze the near-contour rock mass stability. The physical-mechanical characteristics of ores and host rocks are used as input data for modeling. Findings. The mass SSS analysis has confirmed that increasing the number of cable bolts up to four provides mine wor-king stability, but is accompanied by intensive fracture formation beyond the contour, as well as convergence up to 14 cm, which requires the use of reinforcing mesh and reinforcing frame in two layers. The mining system elements have been found to provide the necessary safety factor for end ore drawing (ks ≥ 3.0) and slicing mining with hardening backfill (ks ≥ 5.0). Originality. The parameters for supporting mine workings have been substantiated, which ensures safe mining of deep levels. It has been revealed that when backfilling, the height of the caving zone is 125 m and the fracture zone is 60 m. For mining systems with caving, these figures reach 280 and 470 m, respectively. Practical implications. The technology has been developed for supporting capital mine workings with the use of reinforced combined support and roof bolts. The results obtained contribute to the improvement of reliability and efficiency of mining operations by providing accurate prediction of rock behavior under conditions of changing stresses and reduction of their strength characteristics.

Классификация георесурсов в парадигме их комплексного освоения

Identification of a unified classification feature and systematization of available knowledge about georesources in the framework of the designed mining system help to resolve a number of sequentially related problems of rational man-made transformation of subsoil resources with account of the complexity of their development. This research approach is the foundation to create conditions for sustainable development of georesources. The classification feature, i.e. the formation conditions, is defined and three main categories of georesources (natural, artificial and combined) are identified, and their classification in the paradigm of the integrated subsoil development is given. It is established that the technological scheme for the development of all categories of georesources is provided at the initial design stage of a mining operation. The priority tasks to be solved at the design stage have been defined, which make it possible to implement the principle of integrated development of georesources. The conclusions are made that effective development of georesources is possible only with simultaneous or sequential-simultaneous mining of all the georesource categories. The authors see the development of technologies for the integrated development of all categories of georesources using man-made and landscape space in a single mining system as the next stage of their research.

О добыче, механизации и обезвоживании торфяного сырья: краткий обзор

Within the framework of research activities the authors of this article are working on patenting an original engineering solution that makes it possible to combine the process of open-pit mining of peat raw materials using excavators with a perforated working tool, i.e. a bucket, and integration of the hydromechanized dewatering equipment into the excavation process, with justification of the parameters of the developed equipment and the corresponding design solutions. In order to achieve this task, the authors have selected and analyzed a large number of scientific articles, research and development reports, dissertation studies and patents for invention concerning the extraction, mechanization and dewatering of peat raw materials. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors concluded that among a fairly broad range of methods of peat mining, presented and described in research and engineering literature, the predominantly used one is peat milling using the surface layer-wise mining system with appropriate means of mechanization. The authors emphasize that the mining of peat raw materials and its further processing is inevitably associated with the dewatering processes. They quote several technical solutions from the conducted patent studies regarding the dewatering equipment in order to determine the design features of the developed technical solution for dewatering of the peat raw materials and to identify areas of improvement. This paper is not claimed to be a complete and detailed review of scientific and technical literature.

Разработка инновационной технологии закладки выработанного пространства на основе использования пастообразных закладочных смесей и оценка ее технико-экономической и экологической эффективности

The article discusses the results of developing an innovative technology for backfilling of the mined-out space using paste-like backfill mixtures with addition of concentration tailings. The relevance of the research is explained by the need to improve the efficiency and environmental friendliness of backfilling operations at mining enterprises. The objective of the work is to create and evaluate the technical, economic and environmental efficiency of a new backfilling technology. The research methodology included an analysis of the current state and bottlenecks of backfilling operations, development of formulations and studying properties of the paste-like mixtures with concentration tailings, carrying out pilot tests, feasibility study and an ecological justification of the proposed solutions. It has been established that addition of the concentration tailings to the paste-like mixtures allows to reduce cement consumption by 20-30% without deterioration of rheological and strength properties. Optimal compositions of the mixtures were developed as well as efficient technological schemes of their preparation and transportation. Pilot tests confirmed the possibility to utilize up to 50% of the current output of the concentration tailings in the backfill mixtures. Application of the proposed technology provides a 15-20% reduction in the cost of backfilling operations and a 40-50% reduction in the volume of waste dumping. The results obtained are important for improving the efficiency and environmental safety of mining operations and can be widely applied at companies that use mining systems with backfilling of the mined-out space.

Классификация технологий закладки для условий подземной разработки соляных месторождений

A classification of backfilling technologies has been proposed for underground mining of deep-seated salt deposits. An in-depth analysis of approaches to organizing mining operations in complex geological conditions has been conducted, considering the physical, mechanical properties and structural features of salt rocks, as well as the stringent requirements for maintaining the integrity of the water-protective layer. The main technological schemes for backfilling operations in deposits of water-soluble minerals have been reviewed, with their efficiency and impact on the stability of underground workings being evaluated. Key criteria for selecting the mining system have been identified, depending on the depth of occurrence and morphology of the ore body. Special attention has been given to the comparative analysis of various backfilling technologies, their applicability at great depths, and under varying physical and mechanical characteristics of the host rocks.

Методика определения оптимальных параметров породной выпускной траншеи при комбинированной системе разработки пологопадающих месторождений

A specific feature of combined mining systems in conditions of flat deposits of medium thickness is the need to form an ore release trench from the interchamber pillar in the underlying rocks. The volume of the release trench is one of the main factors affecting the efficiency of the combined mining system. Reducing the slope angle and the height of the release trench, on the one hand, allows reducing operating costs for breaking, releasing and delivering ore, caving of overlying rocks, on the other hand, leads to deterioration in ore extraction indicators. Determining the optimal parameters of the release trench depending on the width of the interchamber pillar is an urgent scientific and technical task. To solve it, a methodology has been developed for assessing the efficiency and determining the optimal parameters of the rock release trench based on the profit criterion per 1 ton of the recovered balance reserves, including the established functional dependencies of ore extraction indicators and the operating costs for the main technological processes of ore mining on the thickness and the dip angle of the deposit, the width of the interchamber pillar, the slope angle and the height of the release trench. It has been established that the optimal slope angle and height of the release trench with an interchamber pillar width of 8–18 m are 65° and 4.8–16.1 m, with a width of 18–20 m – 60° and 13.2–15.1 m, respectively.

Experimental study on the dust control performance of rotating fog curtain under the perturbation of long-pressure and short-pumping ventilation

The dust source point in the coal-breaking operation prolonged activities generate substantial dust, diminished the air quality at the tunneling face. This study focuses on the pneumatic vortex fog curtain dust control system in the underground coal mine tunneling face. It explores the dust-trapping performance of this system under the disturbance of a long-pressure and short-suction auxiliary ventilation system. The results indicate that the respiratory dust captured by the fog curtain wall on the driver’s working side can be reduced from an average concentration of 135.5 mg/m3 to 2.5 mg/m3, and on the 15 m downwind side of the coal-cutting machine, it decreases from 70.2 mg/m3 to 2.5 mg/m3. Under the disturbance of the long-pressure and short-suction ventilation system, as the wind speed increases, the rotating fog curtain gap expands, reducing the sealing performance. Without compromising the fog curtain conditions, this combined system achieves efficient dust suppression, significantly improving the working environment at the tunneling face.

Methane Gas Sensor using Graphene Nanoflakes at Room Operating Temperature

Methane gas is commonly produced and used in various industries, including agriculture, coal mining, manure management, landfills, natural gas, and petroleum systems. This gas is colorless and odorless. High concentrations of methane gas can have detrimental effects on human health, such as causing headaches, visual issues, and memory loss. Moreover, prolonged exposure to higher concentrations may lead to respiratory and heart rate fluctuations, balance problems, and even unconsciousness. In order to address these concerns, a thick film gas sensor based on graphene nanoflakes is proposed in this work to detect different levels of methane gas at room operating temperature. The gas sensor was fabricated using screen-printing technology on a Kapton film. Graphene nanoflakes were mixed with a binder to create the sensing film. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the morphology and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural components of the sensing film. Two graphene gas sensors (PF-1 and PF-2) were fabricated using screen-printing to compare their performance to methane at room operating temperature with gas concentrations ranging from 300 to 1000 ppm. The results showed that both gas sensors responded robustly to changing concentrations of methane gas at room operating temperature within 20 s. PF-2 outperforms PF-1, with the result of sensitivity being approximately 0.0000353, 0.0000288, and 0.0000262 for the first, second, and third exposures to methane gas. Both gas sensors also exhibited excellent repeatability characteristics with similar patterns each time exposed to the methane.

Evaluation of Vegetation Health in the PT X Reclamation Area Using the NDVI Method Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Multispectral Orthophoto Data

Abstract According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2023, Indonesia became the third-largest coal-producing country globally after China and India. Indonesia’s coal production amounted to 775.2 million tons in 2023, and around 27% was used for domestic needs. Coal mining in Indonesia generally uses an open-pit mining system, which impacts changes in land cover, landscape form, and the loss of flora and fauna. To dismiss this stigma, good mining practices must be applied in every process to ensure the balance of post-mining land’s natural and social functions. One effort to restore the condition of post-mining land is revegetation. Revegetation activities on ex-mining land require much time, money, and energy, so the planted vegetation must be monitored and evaluated. The problem often encountered when using Landsat and Sentinel satellite image data is that clouds cover many areas because the island of Kalimantan has a tropical climate with high rainfall, humidity, and temperature throughout the year. Then, using multispectral aerial photography data is one solution for monitoring plant health. With the advancement of photogrammetric technology using multispectral cameras, it is possible to analyze the health of reclaimed plants using the NDVI method. The results of the NDVI analysis on reclaimed plants produced the highest index value of 0.877 and the lowest value of 0.013. With very healthy plant criteria covering 12.47 ha (71.5%), healthy plant criteria covering 4.95 ha (28.4%), and unhealthy criteria covering 0.02 ha (0.1%).

Thermodynamic Analysis of Asteroid Mining Systems: Insights from Optical Mining Bag Materials

This study investigates the thermodynamic behaviors of materials within an optical mining system aimed at extracting water from asteroids. The spacecraft utilizes solar reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto the captured asteroid, initiating the extraction process. The focus lies on analyzing the thermodynamic properties of the asteroid mining bag, constructed with layers of Nomex (outer layer), Kevlar (supporting layer), and a PANI thin film (inner layer). Through a MATLAB Simulink model, a 10-day mining simulation is conducted, revealing the system's capability to extract water at a rate of 77 g/s. Key parameters such as temperature, pressure, heat flow rate, and gas flow rate are measured within the mining bag. Additionally, the study accounts for thermal insulation effects on the asteroid bag and heat losses to the surrounding environment. The thermodynamic equations governing heat transfer, mass conservation, and energy within the asteroid bag are analyzed, providing insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of the mining process. This research contributes to understanding the thermodynamic principles underlying asteroid mining operations and guides future developments in this field.

Optimal scale combination selection based on genetic algorithm in generalized multi-scale decision systems for classification

Optimal scale combination (OSC) selection plays a crucial role in multi-scale decision systems for data mining and knowledge discovery, and its aim is to select an appropriate subsystem for classification or decision-making while keeping a certain consistency criterion. Selecting the OSC with existing methods requires judging the consistency of all multi-scale attributes; however, judging consistency and selecting scales for unimportant multi-scale attributes increases the selection cost in vain. Moreover, the existing definitions of OSC are only applicable to rough set classifiers (RSCs), which makes the selected OSC perform poorly on other machine learning classifiers. To this end, the main objective of this paper is to investigate multi-scale attribute subset selection and OSC selection applicable to any classifier in generalized multi-scale decision systems. First, a novel consistency criterion based on the multi-scale attribute subset is proposed, which is called p-consistency criterion. Second, the relevance and redundancy among multi-scale attributes are measured based on the information entropy, and an algorithm for selecting the multi-scale attribute subset is given based on this. Third, an extended definition of OSC, called the accuracy OSC, is proposed, which can be widely applied to classification tasks using any classifier. On this basis, an OSC selection algorithm based on genetic algorithm is proposed. Finally, the results of many experiments show that the proposed method can significantly improve the classification accuracy and selection efficiency.

Effect Of The Utilization Of Chicken Egg Shell Waste As A Lime Mixture On Ph Parameters In Mine Acid Water

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a significant environmental impact of coal mining, particularly in open-pit mining systems. To neutralize AMD acidity, the commonly used method involves adding quicklime (CaO). This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using eggshells, which contain calcium carbonate (CaCO3), as an additive to quicklime in AMD treatment. Experiments were conducted with varying doses of ground and calcined eggshells at 150°C and 300°C. The results indicate that calcining eggshells at higher temperatures enhances their effectiveness in increasing AMD pH. Without calcination, the pH increased by 1.87%, while calcination at 150°C and 300°C resulted in pH increases of 1.87% and 8.6%, respectively. However, excessive doses of eggshells may decrease pH. Therefore, using calcined eggshells as an additive to quicklime offers a more economical and environmentally friendly solution for AMD treatment.

History of development of the Russian mining and geological information systems

History of development of the Russian mining and geological information systems

Algorithm for monitoring water quality parameters in optical systems based on artificial intelligence data mining

Due to the increasingly serious water environment pollution, the difficulty of Water Quality Monitoring (abbreviated as WQM for convenience) is also constantly increasing, which puts forward more requirements for the capabilities of various aspects of WQM systems. However, the current WQM method has drawbacks such as slow speed, long monitoring time, complex operation, poor stability, and the inability to obtain accurate information on water pollution in the first time, as well as the generation of toxic and harmful secondary pollutants after some measurement parameters are tested. To address these issues and ensure water quality safety, this paper investigated the algorithm for monitoring water quality parameters using artificial intelligence data mining optical systems. This article applied an artificial intelligence data mining system to detect water quality and designed various system through this method to improve system performance. To verify the actual effectiveness of artificial intelligence data mining systems, this article selected 10 water plants as experimental research subjects and compared the differences between traditional WQM methods and WQM methods based on artificial intelligence data mining systems in terms of WQM time, accuracy, sensitivity, and protective performance. The experimental results showed that the optical system based on artificial intelligence data mining took an average of 2.7 days in WQM and the average accuracy was 85.95%. The average sensitivity value was 84.19% and the average protective score was 8.46 points. This indicated that artificial intelligence data mining optical technology had vital significance and value for WQM.

Optimization and Numerical Verification of Microseismic Monitoring Sensor Network in Underground Mining: A Case Study

A scientific and reasonable microseismic monitoring sensor network is crucial for the prevention and control of rockmass instability disasters. In this study, three feasible sensor network layout schemes for the microseismic monitoring of Sanshandao Gold Mine were proposed, comprehensively considering factors such as orebody orientation, tunnel and stope distributions, blasting excavation areas, construction difficulty, and maintenance costs. To evaluate and validate the monitoring effectiveness of the sensor networks, three layers of seismic sources were randomly generated within the network. Four levels of random errors were added to the calculated arrival time data, and the classical Geiger localization algorithm was used for locating validation. The distribution of localization errors within the monitoring area was analyzed. The results indicate that when the arrival time data are accurate or the error is between 0% and 2%, scheme 3 is considered the most suitable layout; when the error of the arrival time data is between 2% and 10%, scheme 2 is considered the optimal layout. These research results can provide important theoretical and technical guidance for the reasonable design of microseismic monitoring systems in similar mines or projects.

3D point cloud regularization method for uniform mesh generation of mining excavations

Mine excavation systems are usually dozens of kilometers long with varying geometry on a small scale (roughness and shape of the walls) and on a large scale (varying widths of the tunnels, turns, and crossings). In this article, the authors address the problem of analyzing laser scanning data from large mining structures that can be used for various purposes, with focus on ventilation simulations. Together with the quality of the measurement data (diverse point-cloud density, missing samples, holes induced by obstructions in the field of view, measurement noise), this creates problems that require multi-stage processing of the obtained data. The authors propose a robust methodology to process a single segmented section of the mining system. The presented approach focuses on obtaining a point cloud ready for application in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of airflow with minimal need for additional manual corrections on the generated mesh model. This requires the point cloud to have evenly distributed points and reduced noise (together with removal of objects inside) while keeping the unique geometrical properties and shape of the scanned tunnels. Proposed methodology uses trajectory of the excavation either obtained during the measurements or by skeletonization process explained in the article. Cross-sections obtained on planes perpendicular to the trajectory are processed towards the equalization of point distribution, removing measurement noise, holes in the point cloud and objects inside the excavation. The effects of the proposed algorithm are validated by comparing the processed cloud with the original cloud and testing within the CFD environment. The algorithm proved high effectiveness in improving skewness rate of the obtained mesh and geometry mapping accuracy (standard deviation below 5 centimeters in cloud-to-mesh comparison).

Determination of the stable state of man-made outcrops during the mining of inclined ore deposits by a chamber-pillar mining system

Статья посвящена разработке ресурсосберегающих технологий отработки наклонных залежей с применением камерно-столбовой системы разработки. В статье установлены закономерности изменения напряженно-деформированного состояния массива горных пород в зависимости от технологических параметров очистного забоя для обоснования применения камерно-столбовой системы разработки при отработке наклонных рудных залежей. Изучение изменения напряженно-деформированного состояния массива горных пород при отработке наклонных залежей камерно-столбовой системой разработки проводилось методом конечных элементов. Получены закономерности изменения напряженно-деформированного состояния (НДС) вокруг очистной выработки Мақала камералық-бағаналы қазу жүйесін қолдана отырып, көлбеу кен орындарын өңдеудің ресурс үнемдейтін технологияларын жасауға арналған. Мақалада көлбеу кен орындарын өңдеу кезінде камералық-бағаналы қазу жүйесін қолдануды негіздеу үшін тазарту кенжарының технологиялық параметрлеріне байланысты тау жыныстары массивінің кернеулі-деформацияланған күйінің өзгеру заңдылықтары анықталған. Көлбеу кен орындарын камералық-бағаналы қазу жүйесімен өңдеу кезінде тау жыныстары массивінің кернеулі-деформацияланған күйінің өзгеруін зерттеу соңғы элементтер әдісімен жүргізілді. Тазарту қазбасының айналасындағы кернеулі-деформацияланған күйдің (КДК) өзгеру заңдылықтары алынды The article is devoted to the development of resource-saving technologies for mining inclined deposits using a chamber-pillar mining system. The article establishes the patterns of changes in the stress-strain state of the rock mass depending on the technological parameters of the treatment face to justify the use of a chamber-column mining system for mining inclined ore deposits. The study of changes in the stress-strain state of a rock mass during the mining of inclined deposits by a chamber-column mining system was carried out by the finite element method. Patterns of changes in the stress-strain state (VAT) around the treatment plant have been obtained

Effects of fluid properties on coarse particles transport in vertical pipe

The mineral resources in deep-seabed are attracting extensive attention. A numerical simulation of particle transport in a vertical pipe for a deep-sea mining system is conducted using the CFD-DEM method. The effects of fluid density, fluid viscosity and rheological parameters of non-Newtonian fluids on the liquid-solid flow behavior in a vertical pipe are investigated. For Newtonian fluids, increasing the density or viscosity enhances the particles' performance in following the fluid and reduces the slip velocity, but also increases the pressure drop. The efficient lifting of particles can be facilitated by adjusting fluid density and viscosity, while considering factors such as energy consumption. For non-Newtonian fluids, an increase in either the flow behavior index n or the consistency coefficient k results in an increase in the fluid's apparent viscosity. This leads to an increase in the particle suspension capacity and local particle velocity, along with a decrease in local particle concentration.

A Multidimensional Financial Data Model for User Interface with Process Mining Systems

A Multidimensional Financial Data Model for User Interface with Process Mining Systems

Analysis of forces on nodules during Coandă-effect-based hydraulic collection

The nodule pickup device is a crucial component of a deep-sea mining system. It is widely perceived that leveraging water flow for the separation and retrieval of nodules is a promising approach. A series of experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to examine the impact of non-dimensional parameters on the force characteristics and flow field of the particle in Coandă-effect-based hydraulic collection. The results showed that the lift coefficient of the particle initially increased before subsequently diminishing from the jet nozzle to the rear. Notably, the lift coefficient α reached its maximum at the convex curved surface between x/d = −0.17 and 0.33. Furthermore, a distinct linear correlation was established between the maximum lift coefficient αmax and Froude number Fr across varying h/d, and an empirical formula for predicting the lift coefficient was developed through data fitting. Upon experimental validation, the prediction exhibited a maximum error of less than 20%. Additionally, numerical simulations revealed that the particle significantly influenced the flow dynamics within the collection area, and the flow field characteristics and the particle forces can be corroborated with each other. The findings not only provided a reliable quantitative tool for assessing the particle force but also facilitated precise predictions of collection performance, aiding in the selection of optimal operational parameters in deep-sea hydraulic collection.